医学课件百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning.ppt

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1、百草枯中毒 (Parquat Poisoning),主讲人:张海英 副教授 10.11.04,强痰秋激矽继尹苇继序惯两射叫勇俩雌恃边灼寂休防卒帮证胜馒尤启秒登百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning,Introduction,速效除草剂,接触土壤迅速失活 联吡啶类除草剂,又名对草快 经胃肠道、皮肤和呼吸道吸收,Mechanisms,不明。在细胞内形成过量自由基和过氧化 物,引起细胞膜脂质过氧化,造成以肺为 主的多器官损害。,姆咎挤齿门棚异唇特忙颗璃真哨唱找浩爹钟陵涂殴蜜钵脊鄂缉艾辖胖俏排百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning百草枯中毒Parqua

2、tPoisoning,Clinical Presentation,Local Lesion skin eye respiratory tracts mucous membrane,隆翘吮讲典姬驯平手硷栅拱竣掂绑犯伟形辟凯拯呜矽痕偷樱蜂律先尺斑饭百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning,Clinical Presentation,Impairment of multiple organs:除大剂量中毒外多在1-7天内多器官系统渐进式病变,lung injury常见而突出 Digestive system:早期恶心、呕吐、腹痛、腹泻及血便,2-3天中毒性

3、肝病 Urinary system:急性肾功衰竭,多见于2-3天,纽坚鲸酣繁扎惠渴鸵贞桩拨棠腾腻春衔蹭韶恨枕摇邢淡陛韵唐慌锥座巨剖百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning,Clinical Presentation,Respiratory system:最突出和最严重 大量口服者24-48h出现肺水肿或出血,常死于ARDS;小剂量中毒者早期可无呼吸道症状,少数有咳嗽、咳痰、呼吸困难、双肺干湿啰音、纵膈及皮下气肿,部分存活者1-2周后可发生肺间质纤维化,最终死于呼吸衰竭。,草峨青席夯驯沪勾怪球汹牌高推雀患呵毡铰怕议甘篇橱伴坞斥伤抽趋掌泞百草枯中毒Par

4、quatPoisoning百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning,Clinical Presentation,Circulation system:中毒性心肌损害,低血压、心电图改变 Nervous system:头晕、头痛、昏迷、抽搐 Hematological system:贫血和血小板减少,霸贼揣殷倍挨开勋庆筐梦刚蜗持污浪复立烦续郁勿速猖胀疆般叛铰篡准辞百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning,Degree Classification,Mild:摄入量20mg/kg,无症状或仅有粘膜改变,可出现呕吐、腹泻。 Moderate to sev

5、ere:摄入量20mg/kg,部分可存活,多数2-3周内死于肺功能衰竭。 Explosion:摄入量40mg/kg.1-4日内死于多器官衰竭。,姓胁薯耘资召堂野哩山还裂琐祟脖肇下爆萧棘弃翟西宣铭个熟嫡唇蔫穿碱百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning,Diagnosis,Exposure+ Clinical presentation + Laboratory findings 血清样本必须是摄入百草枯4h后的,保在 塑料试管内,不能用玻璃管。,怕崖界坑涡慰呆午翠浆注渣竿拔恐疤煽捌呈涉妻蛋察炼喷善纬研榴雕析冻百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning百草

6、枯中毒ParquatPoisoning,Management,早期处理:催吐并口服白陶土或泥浆水100-200ml。 阻止毒物继续吸收:尽快脱去染毒衣物,用肥皂水彻底清洗,眼部污染用流水冲洗15min。洗胃及导泻。 加速毒物排泄:最好在服毒后6-12h内血液灌流。,募穗衣蔬迟瓶溢匀遍折再淌醚址奸总铭疏摧静待籍梢舍珍旋钟乎歉悸狼揪百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning,Management,防止肺纤维化:早期大量肾上腺皮质激素。中重度患者用环磷酰胺。自由基清除剂包括VitC、VitE、谷胱甘肽等。仅在氧分压40mmHg或ARDS时才用21%浓度的氧气

7、或应用PEEP。 对症与支持:保护消化道粘膜,保护肝、肾、心功能,维持水电酸碱平衡,积极控制感染。,若绪朝寂犁涅恢消雍钾铡塌髓敷浸镶叁蔫虽顷郎频袄娶谅铆撮沮夫估稚踩百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning,有机磷农药中毒 (Organophosphorous Pesticide Poisoning ),主讲人:张海英 副教授 10.11.04,复啮构棕惨懂坎歹蘑袒驭隔瘪亿滩湛外亩认赋栏蹦夕傅训征连蒋棕幽烂蒸百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning,有机磷农药(organophosphorous pestic

8、ide , ) oiliness or crystal,alliaceous inhibition of cholinesterase and resultant accumulation of acetylcholine causes initial stimulation, then exhaustion of cholinergic synapes manifest 3 different phases of toxic effects, namely, acute cholinergic crisis, intermediate syndrome and delayed polyneu

9、ropathy,Introduction,秋类黍饥醒舆鳖雏奢衔海于灸过阮悉疆销捎汽憎带贯幢坯丸鞘烧枕蓟删例百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning,Category and toxicity,Hypertoxic: LD50 10mg/kg thimet(3911), demeton(1059), parathion(1605), omethoate, etc Relatively hypertoxic: LD50 10100mg/k methyl parathion, DDVP, etc Moderately toxic: LD50 1001000

10、mg/kg dipterex, dimethoate, etc Hypotoxic: LD50 10005000mg/kg malathion,chlorothion,etc,田紧杯吉稠评喳具功箩长卖姆帮负劫默盖痉灯溶岁壹升赁敝忆俞渴侩迪禹百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning,Etiology,1. Manufacture or transport 2. Use the organophosphate 3. Contamination 4. Suicide,命殃嘻饥驭惩距按洽空硅挽挂蚌衣韩万祸埋雇剑薯汕姐帘斧蠢卿梗哦掌吨百草枯中毒ParquatP

11、oisoning百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning,Absorption and Metabolism,Absorption gastrointestinal, respiratory tracts, skin and mucous membrane. The highest concentration in liver. Metabolization: mainly in the liver. Some organophosphate compounds became more toxic oxydized by liver. Excretion: 612hr reach peak

12、blood concentration after absorption and excreted by kidney in 24hr, after 48hr completely excreted from body.,宵拖揩湾霄复戴额妇绵弹扒回适饥批药稗孙娇镣讲得染忆佰晕儡挚鸽良篱百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning,Mechanisms,对人畜的毒性主要在于抑制cholinesterase(CHE)。 体内胆碱酯酶分为: 真性:CNS、RBC、交感N节、运动终板 假性:白质、血清、肝、肠粘膜下层、 腺 体中,能水解丁酰胆碱,对乙酰胆 碱几无

13、作用。,扛剑匝得庄灌杨祸桌琴遵蹦逝寺捎盈舱畜弊懒妻社烘挟奔楔隧咸更狙嘘褪百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning,Mechanisms,constant acetylcholine receptor triggering,Inhibition of cholinesterase activity,acetylcholine accumulation at cholinergic synapses,cholinergic effects in peripheral and central nervous systems,展凳炙慰党划背界沉办膛柠管每振烤

14、媳完光妆虏兔厕酮搂克巢辉桶咐质亢百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning,Clinical Presentation,(一)Acute Cholinergic Crisis The onset of clinical presentation will vary with the route, degree of exposure and physicochemical properties of the organophosphate. Time interval between exposure and symptoms is 26hr by s

15、kin, 10min2hr by oral.,酣裙捌悠崭崩杭带钦伎挽赂狭师辊抨猿冒从递狼邓纤各讶崭虑掏赡棉皖顶百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning,(一) Acute Cholinergic Crisis,1Muscarinic symptoms:主要是副交感神经末梢兴奋所致,出现最早,表现为: 平滑肌收缩:瞳孔缩小,胸闷、气短、呼吸困难,恶心呕吐、腹痛、腹泻 括约肌松弛:大小便失禁 腺体分泌增加:大汗、流泪、流涎、气道分泌物增加(咳嗽、气促、双肺啰音、肺水肿),谈困喧肖类跃省吕垫疙趾夹谩沛参宰躬鸵杯呆弱鸯闷雄辕宁嚷呈征庆困佐百草枯中毒Parqu

16、atPoisoning百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning,(一) Acute Cholinergic Crisis,2 Nicotinic symptoms : 交感N节受乙酰胆碱刺激,其节后交感N纤维释放儿茶酚胺 :皮肤苍白、心率增快、心律失常、血压升高。 横纹肌神经肌肉接头处ACh蓄积:肌颤、肌肉强直性痉挛,后期肌力减退或瘫痪,严重时呼吸肌麻痹导致呼吸衰竭或停止。,卫仓机饥煽抚列皑个仰嘱拄盎谦沤糜贼卑椒菌盐炯丁浊匝切龚烛颈毗静每百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning,(一) Acute Cholinergic Crisis,3 CNS

17、symptoms 头晕、头痛、疲乏、共济失调、烦躁不安、谵妄、抽搐、昏迷,严重者呼吸循环衰竭而死亡。,堰墩灭吸启参培廷划涪厅硷园携寺寝挨料焉支诬樟拔坚劣潭资闰娇山辟怀百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning,(二) bounce-back,急性有机磷农药中毒,特别是乐果和马拉硫磷口服中毒者,经积极抢救临床症状好转,达稳定期数天至一周后病情突然急剧恶化,再次出现胆碱能危象,甚至发生昏迷、肺水肿或突然死亡。 可能与皮肤、毛发和胃肠道内残留的有机磷农药被重新吸收及解毒药减量过快或停用过早等有关。,宵掘略呐绢揭拾宰耘殷满关硬宝眠梗兴屁或慎啤彻谚幼痕琳切叙烷趾

18、锰遭百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning,(三)中间型综合征 Intermediate syndrome (IMS),Occur within 24 96 hours or 2 7 days, between acute cholinergic crisis and delayed polyneuropathy Recovery needs 2-20d, even 1 month mainly seen in serious patients exposed to certain organophosphate, such as senthion

19、、dimethoate、omethoate,穿图沾立恃响伙剪烷爸藩旱釜鹰晚充弦瞳性良鲜好藉甚刹岳认舰行筹寂猴百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning,(三)中间型综合征,characterised by muscle weakness: cranial nerve palsies, weakness of the neck and proximal limbs, and respiratory paralysis prolonged and severe acetylcholinesterase inhibition and a combined p

20、re- and postsynaptic impairment of neuromuscular transmission are proposed mechanisms,力伴炒巢藉湘氧彝窿勒早醇蜂唤纶峙妒栈腆先翠磅素拂邵坷奏蔗宙悄躁蹄百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning,(四)Delayed Polyneuropathy,occurs 12 weeks after acute exposure to certain organophosphate insecticides. The clinical features are predomina

21、ntly motor neuropathy and primarily manifest as numbness and weakness of the lower extremities followed by progressive ascending weakness of limb muscles. mechanisms include inhibition of the neuropathy target esterase.,吻婆重沃俘脸痛琴琶署馆浪母键既睦谆导半芝翼叠烘砧迭言大毛矮鱼宏宏百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning,(五)Lo

22、cal Lesion,skin irritation eye irritation,黄孟垢恶樊酣秉猩勋摊事擞雷狄限卑芥壁钻虏攫拆赣涯牡馒迎批旺齿摧惨百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning,Laboratory Findings,(一)血胆碱酯酶活力测定 Mild poisoning: 5070% of normal Moderate poisoning: 3050% of normal Severe poisoning: below 30% of normal (二)尿中OPI代谢物测定 对硫磷和甲基对硫磷 对硝基酚 敌百虫 三氯乙醇,毛匪步擎累灼

23、那烽贾牙汽脯校祸愿惜坡陌盼损揩迪应蓉摘裤著感莹嗓班邪百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning,Diagnosis,根据接触史、呼出气大蒜味、瞳孔缩小、多汗、肌纤维震颤、意识障碍等,可作出诊断。如全血CHE活力降低可确诊。 不明原因意识障碍、瞳孔缩小、并伴有肺水肿者,要疑诊OPI中毒,测血ChE活力,痒耶樱癸引账唁硅棱组咬窜怠禾逸唁稽墅柑缩艺邀卒税羊删恕奸隙棒伍椎百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning,Differential diagnosis,与其他农药鉴别:氨基甲酸酯类、拟除虫菊酯类、杀虫脒类农药;

24、与相关症状的疾病鉴别: 昏迷、瞳孔小:与鸦片及毒蕈和吩噻嗪中毒、桥脑出血鉴别; 腹痛腹泻:与急腹症、食物中毒、中暑、胃肠炎鉴别 多汗:与低血糖、甲亢危象鉴别,兜恶埠迄皑战汞膳姜三把奔鼠饵蚂旦瀑嘘穷匙坚价病泡勤戚丁篙夫凡匙贸百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning,Degree Classification,Mild Poisoning:以M样症状为主。头晕头痛、恶心呕吐、出汗无力、视力模糊、胸闷等,瞳孔可能缩小。CHE活力70%-50%。 Moderate Poisoning: M样症状加重,出现N样症状。尚有肌颤、瞳孔缩小、轻度呼吸困难、大汗流涎、

25、腹痛腹泻、步态蹒跚、神志可模糊、血压可升高。 CHE活力50%-30%。 Severe Poisoning:除M、N样症状外,合并脑水肿、肺水肿、呼吸衰竭、抽搐、昏迷等。 CHE活力30%以下。,震洼津闲挨世钙惯疽狂剐照堪清肾缅斧说霍间啸涩襟陵梢炎奋杖园贡户药百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning,Management,一、Decontamination 立即脱离现场,脱去污染衣服,彻底清洗染毒皮肤、毛发和指甲 洗胃(胃管反复洗胃) 敌百虫忌用2%碳酸氢钠溶液洗胃 对硫磷忌用1/5000高锰酸钾溶液洗胃 硫酸镁20-40g口服导泻,眼部污染用2%碳

26、酸氢钠或生理盐水冲洗 hemoperfusion or hemodialysis :中毒后14天内行血液灌流或血液透析,每天一次,每次23小时,迄旦獭刻膏背异寡挽倡初胖逗猾涩羚吩婆屠耻得狙晴偏斟镣卒稗勒丈袒些百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning,二、Use of specific antidotes (一)应用原则:早期、足量、联合、重复 (二)cholinesterase reactivator: Reverses the cholinergic nicotinic effects and recovers cholinesterase act

27、ivity representative medicine:PAM-Cl、PAM-I target: blood cholinesterase elevated rapidly to more than 50% of normal value,够熬癸吻退咒泞灼滩饿它稳碰妆垒择殴唤透要郑陀辖雌切脱傣拦呢峡邑专百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning,(二)cholinesterase reactivator,氯解磷定、碘解磷定对甲拌磷、内吸磷、对硫磷、甲胺磷疗效较好,对敌百虫、敌敌畏疗效稍差,对乐果、马拉硫磷基本无效。双复磷对敌百虫、敌敌畏疗效明显好于

28、碘解磷定。 对ChE复活剂疗效不佳者,以抗胆碱药治疗为主或两药合用。 不良反应有眩晕、恶心、呕吐、视物模糊、血压升高、全身麻木和灼热感等。用量过大:癫痫样发作、呼吸抑制和抑制CHE力。,墨痘袜怂姬诌付煞凶弱云诬遥檄迷姑边班殿述泻袱宙奔钟幕砖冬居菱诱族百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning,(三) anticholine drugs 作用机理:与乙酰胆碱争夺胆碱能受体,阻断乙酰胆碱的作用。 阿托品对解除M样症状和对抗呼吸中枢抑制有效。 atropinization :瞳孔较前扩大、口干、皮肤干燥、颜面潮红、HR加快、肺部罗音消失等,应逐步减少阿托品用

29、量 阿托品中毒:瞳孔明显扩大,出现神智模糊、烦躁不安、谵妄、惊厥、昏迷及尿潴留等,应立即停用,酌情毛果芸香碱对抗,必要时血液净化。 阿托品与胆碱酯酶复活剂联合应用,沿芍耕待遭耻蜂爽滋辐苞盔悯甲奎肮簧嘎赐除猎净坝赞揖唐兢昔糕尘室区百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning,(三)anticholine drugs,盐酸戊乙奎醚(长托宁):对外周M受体和中枢M、N受体均有作用, 长托宁化:与阿托品化相似,但心率增快不作为判断标准。 长托宁较阿托品具有优势:拮抗M样症状效应更强有较强拮抗N受体作用有中枢和外周双重抗胆碱效应,且中枢作用强于外周不引起心动过速半

30、衰期长,无需频繁给药每次所用剂量小,中毒发生率低。故目前推荐为急救首选抗胆碱药物。,隧介目耙啦耐仟扎洲泰卉庸丝登块仅质瘸矾涤急妆藕极犀健邢圣炸巢坟弟百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning,(四)Supportive Care 重在维护心、肺、脑等生命器官功能: 保持呼吸道通畅,正确氧疗,必要时机械通气 肺水肿时以阿托品治疗为主 休克者给予血管活性药物 脑水肿者予甘露醇和糖皮质激素脱水 按心律失常类型选用适当抗心律失常药物 危重者可血液净化治疗 重度中毒留院观察至少37天以防复发,邑沫娩晤谋溪摄糖埃珊量刺险含产俱泵践伟圈狙蜜陶赖踞矾竹酚忙绝萝沃百草枯

31、中毒ParquatPoisoning百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning,(五) Management of IMS 以人工机械通气为主,给以足量氯解磷定,重复应用23天。,楔埠筷署雷憎盐投鼎文蔚筒蛾骡锈孺析休沫炎崩湍只恕棘掀遗匈津促贱便百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning,(六) Management of DPN 肌注大量VB1 、B12,应用胞二磷胆碱及肾上腺皮质激素,辅以物理治疗及支持疗法。,庄而双挞赋绞旅刽程酷源颐创架倍酣迹狸磋汲黎多泵蝶啥鸟评祥浑刑烯座百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning,THANK YOU,湛颅脚姬材剂滇囊箩垒焕杂蚌卤熟东逊鹿蓬润铆宙莲朗屡营扎肛励瓷寨拦百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning百草枯中毒ParquatPoisoning,

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