考研考博考博英语中共中央党校模拟考试题含答案18.docx

1、考研考博-考博英语-中共中央党校模拟考试题含答案1. 翻译题The freedom of art is more than an ideal. If, despite the small chance of success, the profession of artist is so popular, it is because it offers the prospect of a labor that is apparently free of narrow specialization, allowing artists, like heroes in the movies, to e

2、ndow work and life with their own meanings. Equally for the viewers of art, there is a corresponding freedom in appreciating the purposeless play of ideas and forms, not in slavishly attempting to divine artists intentions, but in allowing the work to elicit thoughts and sensations that connect with

3、 their own experiences. The wealthy buy themselves participation in this free zone through ownership and patronage, and they are buying something genuinely valuable; the state ensures that a wider public has at least the opportunity to breathe for a while the scent of freedom that works of art emit.

4、Yet there are reasons to wonder whether free trade and free art are as antithetical as they seem. Firstly, the economy of art closely reflects the economy of finance capital. In a recent analysis of the meaning of cultural dominance, Donald Sassoon explored patterns of import and export of novels, o

5、pera, and films in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Culturally dominant states have abundant local production that meets the demands of their home markets, importing little and successfully exporting much. In the nineteenth century, France and Britain were the dominant literary powers. The US

6、 is now by far the most dominant cultural state, exporting its products globally while importing very little.As Sassoon points out, this does not mean that everyone consumes American culture, just that most of the culture that circulates across national boundaries is American.Sassoon rules fine art

7、out of his account on the sensible grounds that it has no mass market. It is hard to read trade figures for signs of cultural dominance in a system that is thoroughly cosmopolitan, so that you have a German collector buying through a British dealer the work of a Chinese artist resident in the US. We

8、 can, however, get an idea of the volume of trade in each nation, and, given the high proportion of international trade in the art market, this does give an indication of global hegemony. Here there are striking parallels with the distribution of financial power. It is hardly surprising that the US

9、is dominant, accounting for a little less than a half of all global art sales; Europe accounts for much of the rest, with the UK taking as its share around a half of that.【答案】艺术的自由不仅仅是一种理想。尽管成功的几率很小，艺术家这个行业很受欢迎，这是因为它提供了一种劳动前景，这显然摆脱了专业狭隘化的限制，让艺术家像电影里的英雄一样，赋予自己工作和生活的意义。同样地，对于艺术欣赏者来说，在欣赏无目的的艺术思想和形式时也有一

10、种相应的自由，而这种欣赏不是盲目地试图揣测艺术家的意图，而是让作品激发他们与个人自身经历相关的想法和感觉。然而，我们有理由怀疑自由贸易和自由艺术是否和它们看起来那样相反。首先，艺术经济严密地反映了金融资本经济。文化占主导地位的国家拥有丰富的当地文化，能够满足国内市场的需求，因而可以少引进，多出口。正如Sassoon指出，这并不意味着每个人都要消费美国文化，只是大多数跨国界传播的文化都是美国文化。Sassoon挑选好的艺术作品是经过自己理智考虑的，在于它有没有巨大的市场。在一个完全国际化的体系中，很难从贸易数据中判断文化是否处于主导地位。所以，可能存在这样的情况，一位德国收藏家从一个英国商人那里

11、买到了一位华裔艺术家的作品。然而，了解每个国家文化产品的贸易量，鉴于一个国家艺术产品在整个艺术市场所占的比例，可以判断出这个国家的文化艺术品是否处于国际领导地位。下面是一些有关于金融大国比例分配惊人的相似点。2. 单选题Crimea is a center of pro-Russian sentiment, which can （ ） separatism. The region-a peninsula on Ukraines Black Sea coast-has 2.3 million inhabitants, most of whom identify themselves as eth

12、nic Russians and speak Russian.问题1选项A.spill overB.spill out ofC.spill down towardsD.spill into【答案】D【解析】固定搭配。spill over “外溢”；spill out of “溅出”；spill down towards “溢出”；spill into “涌进”。句意：克里米亚是亲俄情绪的中心，这种情绪能够涌进各种分裂主义。选项D符合题意。3. 单选题The poor industrialist had said that the minimum wage would put him out o

13、f business, （ ）by the noble academic that it would not need to if he ran his company properly.问题1选项A.to be only toldB.only being toldC.only to be toldD.being only told【答案】C【解析】语法和固定搭配。根据题意，空格前后的事情形成对比，存在转折关系。所以可排除选项B和D。句意：这位可怜的实业家曾经说过，最低工资会让他破产，但是却被这位高贵的学者告知，如果当初正确经营公司，就不会有这样的结果。only to be told为固定搭配

14、却被告知”。没有搭配to be only told。选项C符合题意。4. 翻译题When ConAgra Foods came to China five years ago, the company had high hopes and big worries. Previously, the company entered the Japanese market and repeatedly ran into obstacles like communication breakdowns, cultural missteps and missed deadlines. While th

15、ose wrinkles were eventually straightened out，ConAgra knew it could not afford to make the same mistake in China. Intent on finding a guide who could shorten the cultural distance, Julie Williams, who was then the companys human resources manager responsible for international organization, hired Car

16、la Kearns, founder of TLI-The Mandarin School, based in Toronto, to provide its executives with intercultural business training.Ms. Kearns teaches companies to understand the fundamental values that Western and Chinese cultures see differently and that if ignored can wreak havoc on their bottom line

17、 They include concepts of time, hierarchy, individualism, personal relationships and saving face.Western executives flying into China for a week of back-to-back meetings but getting nowhere with their Chinese business partners? They may be investing money in the trip, but not something just as vita

18、l: time. Rushed schedules leave no time for skillful negotiation and can offend Chinese, who want to build trust and develop relationships, or guanxi, often by socializing over dinners and drinks.Another pitfall is when Westerners lay all the problems on the table, while Chinese will only address tw

19、o at any given meeting because criticism or blame will make them look bad in front of their peers.Western executives assuming their business practices are successful if their Chinese employees dont object? Think again. Chinese are taught to obey authority and are often loath to disagree with their b

20、osses. Ms. Kearns charges corporations about $5,000 for a day of training for 5 to 100 people and speaks to both Westerners and Chinese, focusing on the “core gut reactions” each audience has when facing cultural obstacles at the office. Part therapist, motivational speaker and management consultant

21、 Ms. Kearns, who has worked across East Asia, begins by telling clients like ConAgra to leave their Western assumptions at home. “Im able to explain these cultural issues to Westerners because Ive been through that frustration, too,” she said. “So many times I see Westerners go to China and see som

22、ething different than what happens in North America, and it becomes this judgment and condemnation.” 【答案】当最终克服这些困难后，康尼格拉公司深知决不能在中国重蹈覆辙。卡恩斯教导企业要理解中西文化对基本价值的不同看法，忽视这些会带来不良后果。西方的管理人员飞到中国，一周内开会不断，但和中国商业伙伴却无任何进展？他们可以为旅行投资，而没有为同样重要的东西时间投资。另一个易犯错误是西方人把全部问题摆到桌面上，而中国人在特定会议上只愿意讨论少数几个问题，因为批评和责备会使他们在同行面前尴尬。近年来外

23、国公司大量涌入中国，催生了不少新兴的文化交流和创新咨询机构，它们受雇对西方人和中国人就外语、管理风格和企业文化进行培训。称职的文化培训者首先会谈到中国多数职场新手了解的礼仪，如交换名片要用双手，宴请时座次恰当，这些可能有助于进入会议室，但要成交且看到利润显然还需要细腻的方法。她说：“因为我曾经也经历过这种挫败，所以我能向西方人解释这些文化差距导致的问题。”5. 单选题When discussing cultural perspectives, we need to recognize that there are two kinds: emic and etic. Emic perspecti

24、ves are （1） articulated by members of the culture to explain themselves and their culture, while etic perspectives are those of outsiders to the culture who use their own criteria to explain （2）culture.Etic perspectives include those of visitors to the culture, the criteria they use to describe and

25、explain what they encounter, （3） categories for cross-cultural description and analysis established by anthropologists and other cultural researchers（4） many cultures. （5） the continuum, etic perspectives consist of simple explanations from ones own cultural background. This is a common reaction to

26、cultural phenomenaexplaining them （6） perceived similarities or differences to ones own culture, better （7）ethnocentrism. At the other end of the spectrum, etic perspectives consist of categories that can be used to describe （8） cultures. Some of these categories are drawn from notions of cultural u

27、niversals and（9）the table of contents of introductory cultural anthropology textbooks. They reflect cultural practices and products: institutions like family, kinship, economy, leisure, music, or government. Other etic classifications come from theories of cultural perspectives: value orientations s

28、uch as individualism / collectivism, low-context / high-context, polychromic / monochromic, and （10） .Etic perspectives, （11）, provide frameworks to describe, analyze, and explain a culture from the （12）. Each etic category carries assumptions about the nature of culture, and it is important to （13）

29、 these assumptions.Emic explanations are perspectives that members of the culture use to describe or explain their own way of life. These perspectives do not necessarily correspond to etic categories, （14） that the members use for their explanations. （15）, members may easily express the reasons for

30、cultural products and practice. Or, given that many fundamental cultural perspectives are outside awareness, like the submerged bulk of the cultural iceberg, members may have difficulty finding words to fully explain them; （16） I had no explanation on American toilet training practices.It is a daunt

31、ing task to identify the perspectives of a culture. Fortunately for language teachers, anthropologists, interculturalists, and others have devised frameworks for explaining cultures. These frameworks, because they apply to all cultures, are examples of the （17） perspectives.A number of models of eti

32、c perspectives are （18） in the field. （19）, these models presume that there is a finite set of realities that all cultures must address. These realities are part of the human condition. Different cultures perceive these realities in distinct ways. These distinct perceptions, （20）, lead to different

33、beliefs, values, attitudes, and practicesin a word, to different worldviews.问题1选项A.whatB.whichC.theseD.those22.问题2选项A.anothersB.the othersC.the othersD.others问题3选项A.exceptB.as well asC.besideD.besides问题4选项A.to describeB.describingC.describedD.describe问题5选项A.At an end ofB.At the end ofC.At one end of

34、D.At end of问题6选项A.in term ofB.in terms ofC.on term ofD.on terms of问题7选项A.been known asB.been known forC.known asD.known for问题8选项A.any and allB.all otherC.some otherD.one another问题9选项A.read fromB.read inC.read likeD.read as问题10选项A.the likeB.the likesC.a likeD.likes问题11选项A.neverthelessB.moreoverC.ther

35、eforeD.however问题12选项A.insideB.outsideC.visitorsD.nature问题13选项A.bring aboutB.bring inC.bring offD.bring out问题14选项A.no the terminology doesB.no does the terminologyC.nor the terminology doesD.nor does the terminology问题15选项A.When been askedB.When askedC.When askingD.When having asked问题16选项A.becauseB.ju

36、st asC.thoughD.since问题17选项A.anthropologicalB.interculturalC.eticD.emic问题18选项A.prevalentB.prevalenceC.prevailD.prevailed问题19选项A.Of the essenceB.In the essenceC.Of essenceD.In essence问题20选项A.out of turnB.on the turnC.by turnD.in turn【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:B第4题:A第5题:C第6题:B第7题:C第8题:C第9题:A第10题:A第11题:C第12题:B第1

37、3题:D第14题:D第15题:B第16题:B第17题:C第18题:A第19题:D第20题:D【解析】（1）语法题。根据句子结构，可知空格中填入代词充当表语成分，可用those指代perspectives，并且后面的-ed分词作后置定语。句意：主位观点是由文化成员表达的，用来解释他们自己和他们的文化。选项D符合题意。（2）语法题。another为形容词，其后接名词单数，不需要再用名词所有格，选项A排除。The other 表示两者中的另外一个，the others表示特定范围内剩下的所有，others泛指其他的，常和some搭配使用，句意：非母语视角是文化的局外人，他们用自己的标准来解释他人的文

38、化。选项C符合题意。（3）语法题。except “除此之外”；as well as “和”；beside “在旁边”；besides “除了还有”。根据句子意思，可知这里criteria和categories构成并列关系，选项B符合题意。（4）语法题。根据句子结构，可知空格中应该填入动词不定式作目的状语。句意：由人类学家和其他文化研究者建立的跨文化描述和分析的类别目的是描述许多文化。选项A符合题意。（5）词组辨析。没有at an end of 搭配，选项A可排除。At the end of “在末尾”；at one end of “在一端，在一方面”，可下文的at the other end

39、of搭配使用；没有at end of搭配，选项D可排除。选项C符合题意。（6）固定短语。in terms of “依照，按照，就而言”。没有A、C和D项的搭配，可排除。选项B符合题意。（7）语法题。be known as “作为.被熟知”；be known for “因为而被熟知”，根据句子结构，空格为过去分词作状语，省掉be动词。选项A和B可排除。句意：被大家熟知为民族优越感。选项C符合题意。（8）固定搭配。Any and all “任何”；all other “所有其他”；some other “另外的”；one another “互相”。句意：在谱系的另一端，非本位观点包含了可以用来描述

40、其他文化的类别。选项C符合题意。（9）固定搭配。根据连词and可知，空格内容和上文的are drawn from构成并列关系。be drawn from “来自，从得到”，所以空格可填入be read from “从读到”。选项A符合题意。（10）固定短语。and the like “等等”，用于举例子。没有B、C和D项的表达可排除。句意：比如个人主义/集体主义、低语境/高语境、多色/单色等等。选项A符合题意。（11）语法题。根据文章第二段，主要对etic perspective非本位观点进行了讨论和阐述，所以在本段末尾进行总结，用连词therefore “因此”，表示上下文存在因果关系，可用

41、于下结论和总结。选项C符合题意。（12）名词词义辨析。Inside “内部”；outside “外部”；visitors “游客”；nature “自然”。句意：因此，非本位观点提供了从外部描述、分析和解释一种文化的框架。选项B符合题意。（13）短语辨析。bring about “引起，使掉头”；bring in “引进”；bring off “完成，救出”；bring out “呈现”。句意：每一个非本位类别都带有关于文化本质的假设，使这些假设呈现出来是很重要的。选项D符合题意。（14）语法题。本题考查nor引导的倒装句，运用部分倒装语序，表示 “也不”。选项A和B可排除。C项为陈述语序，可

42、排除。句意：人们用来解释的术语也一样不对应。选项D符合题意。（15）语法题。根据句子结构，可知句子的主语为members，谓语为may express，所以主句部分完整，空格中只能用非谓语动词。member和ask之间存在被动关系，所以用-ed分词表被动。选项B符合题意。（16）连词词义辨析。because “因为”；just as “正如，表示举例子”；though “尽管”；since “因为，由于”。句意：就像我对美国的如厕训练没有任何解释一样。选项B符合题意。（17）上下文语义理解题。根据第二段作者阐述的非本位观点的特点，以及because they apply to all cult

43、ures，他们适用于所有文化的特点，可知这里提到的是etic perspective。上下文相互照应。选项C符合题意。（18）形容词词义辨析。根据空格前的are，可知空格填入形容词构成系表结构。prevalent “流行的，普遍的”； D项prevailed为动词的过去分词，和are构成被动语态，可排除。B项为名词，可排除。C项prevail 为动词原形，可排除。句意：大量非本位观点的模型在这个领域是普遍流行的。选项A符合题意。（19）固定搭配。In essence “本质上，大体上”，没有选项A、B和C项的搭配，可排除。句意：本质上来说，这些模型假定，所有文化都必须处理有限的一系列现实。选项

44、D符合题意。（20）短语辨析。out of turn “不合时宜地”；on the turn “在转变中”；没有by turn搭配，选项C可排除。in turn “反过来，轮流地，依次”。句意：这些不同的观念，反过来，导致不同的信仰，价值观，态度和实践，总的来说，带来了不同的世界观。选项D符合题意。6. 单选题The existing child protection laws in China do allow for abusive parents （ ）of their custody rights, but they do not include details on implemen

45、tation.问题1选项A.depriveB.to be deprivedC.to depriveD.being deprived【答案】B【解析】语法题。根据句子结构，The existing child protection laws为句子的主语，allow for作谓语，所以空格的部分应该要填入非谓语动词，用来修饰前句的名词laws，因为动词deprive与其逻辑主语laws之间存在被动关系，选项A和C可排除。又根据空格中的动作发生在将来，所以选用动词不定式表将来。选项B符合题意。7. 单选题The Cuban government released the American contr

46、actor Alan Gross on “humanitarian grounds” on Wednesday after five years of captivity, an American government official said, （ ） a potential thaw in decades of tense relations with the United States.问题1选项A.to pave the way forB.paving the way forC.paving the way toD.to pave the way to【答案】B【解析】语法和固定搭配

47、根据题意，空格前一句提到的事情是空格后事情的原因，前后存在因果关系，所以空格中应该填入一个非谓语动词充当结果状语，选用动词的现在分词形式作结果状语，可排除选项A和D。根据固定搭配pave the way for“为.铺好道路，为.做好准备”。句意：为与美国几十年关系的缓解做好了准备。选项B符合题意。8. 单选题We are in the midst of a great investigation of those environmental questions. We do the Earth and ourselves the greatest （ ） in imagining that addressing them lies outsid