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1、CHAPTER 11. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:T 1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.F 2. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.T 3. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a wholeT 4. P
2、honetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.T 5. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology.T 6. Applied linguistics is the application of linguistic principles and
3、theories to language teaching and learningT 7 Competence and performance refer respectively to a language user ' underlying knowledge about the system of rules and the actual use of language in concreteF 8 Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the
4、deaf-mute is not languageT 9. By diachronic study we mean to study the changes and development of languageF 10. Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitraryF 11. There is universal agreement about the origin of language.F 12. Pet dogs can speak human languages.F 13. All human infants can spea
5、k some language.F 14. By creativity we mean the creative use of language as often practiced by poets.F 15. With different cultures there will be different languages.T 16. Not all uses of language are meant to convey new information.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choic
6、e that can best complete the statement.1. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said tobe.A. prescriptive B. analytic C. descriptive D. linguistic2. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A. Arbitrariness B. Displacement C. Dua
7、lity D. Meaningfulness3. Modern linguistics regards the written language as.A. primary B. correct C. secondary D. stable4. The function of the sentence “ water boil at 100 degrees centigrade”A interrogativeB directive C informative D performative5. A historical study of language is a study of langua
8、ge.A. synchronicB. diachronic C. prescriptive D. comparative6. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols for human.A contact B communication C relation D community7. Languages isA instinctive B non-instinctive C static D genetically transmitted8. A linguist regards the change in language and l
9、anguage use asA unnatural B something to be feared C natural D abnormal9. Which of the following words is entirely arbitraryA treeB crash C typewriter D bang10. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because .A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB. spe
10、ech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.C. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongueD. All of the aboveCHAPTER 2I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:T 1. Voicing is a phonological feat
11、ure that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.F 2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution.F 3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.F 4. English is a tone language
12、 while Chinese is not.T 5. In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.T 6. In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.F 7. Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a
13、 speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph.F 8. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest.T 9. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.F 10. English consonants
14、can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest.F 11. According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.T 12. Vowel sounds can be differentiated
15、 by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.F 13. According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels.F 14. Any sound produ
16、ced by a human being is a phoneme.F 15. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.F 16. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.T 17. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another results in
17、 a change of meaning.F 18. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.T 19. The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.T 20. Distinctive
18、features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments.III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:35. Of all the speech organs, the is/ are the most flexible.A. mouth B. lips C. to
19、ngue D. vocal cords36. The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal37. is a voiced alveolar stop.A./z/B. /d/C. /k/D./b/a feature of a38. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by“ copyingsequential phoneme, thus making t
20、he two phones.A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similar39. Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they candistinguish meaning, they are said to be.A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair40. The sound /f/ is.A
21、. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative41. A vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintainingthe highest position.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middlesegments. The phonemic features42. Distinctive featur
22、es can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemicthat occur above the level of the segments are calledA. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsD. semantic featuresC. suprasegmental features43. A(n) is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of di
23、stinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB.soundC. allophoneD. phoneme44. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the of that phoneme.A. phonesB.soundsC. phonemesD. allophones页脚内容5CHAPTER 3I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True
24、or False:T 1. Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.F 2.Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.T 3. Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.T 4. The sma
25、llest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.T 5. Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes.T 6. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case.T 7. The existing form to
26、 which a derivational affix can be added is called a stem, which can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself.F 8. Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it.F 9. There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem t
27、o form a new word. Therefore, words formed according to the morphological rules are acceptable words.T 10. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choic
28、e that can best complete the statement:21. The morpheme “ vision " in the common word a television " is a(n)A. bound morpheme B. bound formC. inflectional morpheme D. free morpheme22. The compound word “ bookstore " is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of
29、 a compound.A. is the sum total of the meaning of its componentsB. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemesC. is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.D. None of the above.23. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of .A. the firs
30、t elementB. the second elementC. either the first or the second elementD. both the first and the second elements.24. are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.A. Free morphemes B. Bound morphemesC. Bound words D. Wo
31、rds25.is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.A. Syntax B.GrammarC. Morphology D. Morpheme26. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is.A. lexical B. morphemicC. grammatical D. semantic27. Bound morphemes are those that.A
32、. have to be used independentlyB. can not be combined with other morphemesC. can either be free or boundD. have to be combined with other morphemes.28.modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.A. Prefixes B. SuffixesC. Roots D. Affixes29 .are o
33、ften thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.A. Words B. Morphemes C. Phonemes D. Sentences30 . -sin the word “ books " is.A. a derivative affix B. a stemC. an inflectional affix D. a rootCHAPTER 4I. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or fal
34、se:T 1. Grammatical sentences are formed following a set of syntactic rules.T 2. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.F 3. An endocentric construction is also kno
35、wn as headed construction because it has just one headT 4. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.F 5. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase,
36、 verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.T 6. Number and gender are categories of noun and pronoun.T 7. Word order plays an important role in the organization of English sentences.T 8. Like English, modern Chinese is a SVO language.T 9. In English the subject usually precedes the verb a
37、nd the direct object usually follows the verb.T 10. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.111. There are four given choices for each statement below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:112. The head of the phrase “the city Rome " isA the city B Rom
38、e C cityD the city and Rome113. A in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A. coordinator B. particleC. Preposition D. subordinator3 Phrase structure rules have properties.A. recursiveB. grammaticalC. socialD. functional4 . Phrase structure rules all
39、ow us to better understand.A. how words and phrases form sentences.B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of wordsC. how people produce and recognize possible sentencesD. All of the above.5 The phrase “ on the half " belongs to constructionA endocentric B exocentric C subordinate D c
40、oordinate6 . The theory of case condition accounts for the fact that.A. nounphrases appear only in subject and object positions.B. nounphrases can be used to modify another noun phraseC. nounphrase can be used in adverbial positionsD. nounphrase can be moved to any place if necessary.7 The sentence
41、structure is.A. only linearB. Only hierarchicalC. compelD. both linear and hierarchical8. The syntactic rules of any language are in number.A. largeB. small C. finiteD. infinite9. The rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammaticalsentences.A. lexical B. morphological C. linguis
42、tic D. combinational10. The sentence “ They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves is asentenceA simple B coordinateC compound D complexCHAPTER 539. Interrogative and imperative（祈使）sentences do not have truth value. T40. Componential analysis is based on the belief that the meaning
43、 of a word cannot be dissected （切分）into meaning components, called semantic feature. F （ can be41. One merit of componential analysis is that by specifying the semantic features of certain words, it will be possible to show how these words are related in meaning. T 42. Hyponymy is a matter of class
44、membership, so it is the same as meronymy. F(Meronymy is a term used to describe a part-whole relationship.)43. Two sentences using the same words may mean quite differently. T44. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situationswhile linguistic forms with
45、the same reference always have the same sense. F45. An important difference between presupposition and entailment is that presupposition, unlike entailment, is not vulnerable to negation. That is to say, if a sentence is negated, the original presupposition is still true. T46. Conceptualists maintai
46、n that there is no direct link between linguistic form and what it refers to. This view can be seen by the Semantic triangle. T47. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations. T 48. Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning
47、 from or reduce meaning to observable contexts. T49. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components. F50. Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of formality. T51. “it is hot.-plaiceapmedication
48、because it contains no argument. T52. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic analysis ofa sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. TCHAPTER 6I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:F 1. Both semantics and pragmatics study how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communicationF 2. Pragmatics treats the mea