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1、. 一、外文原文 Talling building and Steel constructionAlthough there have been many advancements in building construction technology in general. Spectacular archievements have been made in the design and construction of ultrahigh-rise buildings.The early development of high-rise buildings began with struc
2、tural steel framing.Reinforced concrete and stressed-skin tube systems have since been economically and competitively used in a number of structures for both residential and commercial purposes.The high-rise buildings ranging from 50 to 110 stories that are being built all over the United States are
3、 the result of innovations and development of new structual systems.Greater height entails increased column and beam sizes to make buildings more rigid so that under wind load they will not sway beyond an acceptable limit.Excessive lateral sway may cause serious recurring damage to partitions,ceilin
4、gs.and other architectural details. In addition,excessive sway may cause discomfort to the occupants of the building because their perception of such motion.Structural systems of reinforced concrete,as well as steel,take full advantage of inherent potential stiffness of the total building and theref
5、ore require additional stiffening to limit the sway.In a steel structure,for example,the economy can be defined in terms of the total average quantity of steel per square foot of floor area of the building.Curve A in Fig .1 represents the average unit weight of a conventional frame with increasing n
6、umbers of stories. Curve B represents the average steel weight if the frame is protected from all lateral loads. The gap between the upper boundary and the lower boundary represents the premium for height for the traditional column-and-beam frame.Structural engineers have developed structural system
7、s with a view to eliminating this premium.Systems in steel. Tall buildings in steel developed as a result of several types of structural innovations. The innovations have been applied to the construction of both office and apartment buildings.Frame with rigid belt trusses. In order to tie the exteri
8、or columns of a frame structure to the interior vertical trusses,a system of rigid belt trusses at mid-height and at the top of the building may be used. A good example of this system is the First Wisconsin Bank Building(1974) in Milwaukee.Framed tube. The maximum efficiency of the total structure o
9、f a tall building, for both strength and stiffness,to resist wind load can be achieved only if all column element can be connected to each other in such a way that the entire building acts as a hollow tube or rigid box in projecting out of the ground. This particular structural system was probably u
10、sed for the first time in the 43-story reinforced concrete DeWitt Chestnut Apartment Building in Chicago. The most significant use of this system is in the twin structural steel towers of the 110-story World Trade Center building in New YorkColumn-diagonal truss tube. The exterior columns of a build
11、ing can be spaced reasonably far apart and yet be made to work together as a tube by connecting them with diagonal members interesting at the centre line of the columns and beams. This simple yet extremely efficient system was used for the first time on the John Hancock Centre in Chicago, using as m
12、uch steel as is normally needed for a traditional 40-story building.Bundled tube. With the continuing need for larger and taller buildings, the framed tube or the column-diagonal truss tube may be used in a bundled form to create larger tube envelopes while maintaining high efficiency. The 110-story
13、 Sears Roebuck Headquarters Building in Chicago has nine tube, bundled at the base of the building in three rows. Some of these individual tubes terminate at different heights of the building, demonstrating the unlimited architectural possibilities of this latest structural concept. The Sears tower,
14、 at a height of 1450 ft(442m), is the worlds tallest building.Stressed-skin tube system. The tube structural system was developed for improving the resistance to lateral forces (wind and earthquake) and the control of drift (lateral building movement ) in high-rise building. The stressed-skin tube t
15、akes the tube system a step further. The development of the stressed-skin tube utilizes the façade of the building as a structural element which acts with the framed tube, thus providing an efficient way of resisting lateral loads in high-rise buildings, and resulting in cost-effective column-f
16、ree interior space with a high ratio of net to gross floor area.Because of the contribution of the stressed-skin façade, the framed members of the tube require less mass, and are thus lighter and less expensive. All the typical columns and spandrel beams are standard rolled shapes,minimizing th
17、e use and cost of special built-up members. The depth requirement for the perimeter spandrel beams is also reduced, and the need for upset beams above floors, which would encroach on valuable space, is minimized. The structural system has been used on the 54-story One Mellon Bank Center in Pittburgh
18、.Systems in concrete. While tall buildings constructed of steel had an early start, development of tall buildings of reinforced concrete progressed at a fast enough rate to provide a competitive chanllenge to structural steel systems for both office and apartment buildings.Framed tube. As discussed
19、above, the first framed tube concept for tall buildings was used for the 43-story DeWitt Chestnut Apartment Building. In this building ,exterior columns were spaced at 5.5ft (1.68m) centers, and interior columns were used as needed to support the 8-in . -thick (20-m) flat-plate concrete slabs.Tube i
20、n tube. Another system in reinforced concrete for office buildings combines the traditional shear wall construction with an exterior framed tube. The system consists of an outer framed tube of very closely spaced columns and an interior rigid shear wall tube enclosing the central service area. The s
21、ystem known as the tube-in-tube system , made it possible to design the worlds present tallest (714ft or 218m)lightweight concrete building ( the 52-story One Shell Plaza Building in Houston) for the unit price of a traditional shear wall structure of only 35 stories.Systems combining both concrete
22、and steel have also been developed, an examle of which is the composite system developed by skidmore, Owings &Merril in which an exterior closely spaced framed tube in concrete envelops an interior steel framing, thereby combining the advantages of both reinforced concrete and structural steel s
23、ystems. The 52-story One Shell Square Building in New Orleans is based on this system.Steel construction refers to a broad range of building construction in which steel plays the leading role. Most steel construction consists of large-scale buildings or engineering works, with the steel generally in
24、 the form of beams, girders, bars, plates, and other members shaped through the hot-rolled process. Despite the increased use of other materials, steel construction remained a major outlet for the steel industries of the U.S, U.K, U.S.S.R, Japan, West German, France, and other steel producers in the
25、 1970s.二、原文翻译 高层结构与钢结构近年来，尽管一般的建筑结构设计取得了很大的进步，但是取得显著成绩的还要属超高层建筑结构设计。最初的高层建筑设计是从钢结构的设计开始的。钢筋混凝土和受力外包钢筒系统运用起来是比较经济的系统，被有效地运用于大批的民用建筑和商业建筑中。50层到100层的建筑被定义为超高层建筑。而这种建筑在美国得广泛的应用是由于新的结构系统的发展和创新。这样的高度需要增大柱和梁的尺寸，这样以来可以使建筑物更加坚固以至于在允许的限度范围内承受风荷载而不产生弯曲和倾斜。过分的倾斜会导致建筑的隔离构件、顶棚以及其他建筑细部产生循环破坏。除此之外，过大的摇动也会使建筑的使用者们因感
26、觉到这样的的晃动而产生不舒服的感觉。无论是钢筋混凝土结构系统还是钢结构系统都充分利用了整个建筑的刚度潜力，因此不能指望利用多余的刚度来限制侧向位移。钢结构中的体系：钢结构的高层建筑的发展是几种结构体系创新的结果。这些创新的结构已经被广泛地应用于办公大楼和公寓建筑中。刚性带式桁架的框架结构：为了联系框架结构的外柱和内部带式桁架，可以在建筑物的中间和顶部设置刚性带式桁架。1974年在米望基建造的威斯康森银行大楼就是一个很好的例子。框架筒结构： 如果所有的构件都用某种方式互相联系在一起，整个建筑就像是从地面发射出的一个空心筒体或是一个刚性盒子一样。这个时候此高层建筑的整个结构抵抗风荷载的所有强度和刚
27、度将达到最大的效率。这种特殊的结构体系首次被芝加哥的43层钢筋混凝土的德威特红棕色的公寓大楼所采用。但是这种结构体系的的所有应用中最引人注目的还要属在纽约建造的100层的双筒结构的世界贸易中心大厦。斜撑桁架筒体： 建筑物的外柱可以彼此独立的间隔布置，也可以借助于通过梁柱中心线的交叉的斜撑构件联系在一起，形成一个共同工作的筒体结构。这种高度的结构体系首次被芝加哥的John Hancock 中心大厦采用。这项工程所耗用的刚才量与传统的四十层高楼的用钢量相当。筒体： 随着对更高层建筑的要求不断地增大。筒体结构和斜撑桁架筒体被设计成捆束状以形成更大的筒体来保持建筑物的高效能。芝加哥的110层的Sear
28、s Roebuck 总部大楼有9个筒体，从基础开始分成三个部分。这些独立筒体中的终端处在不同高度的建筑体中，这充分体现出了这种新式结构观念的建筑风格自由化的潜能。这座建筑物1450英尺（442米）高，是世界上最高的大厦。薄壳筒体系统：这种筒体结构系统的设计是为了增强超高层建筑抵抗侧力的能力（风荷载和地震荷载）以及建筑的抗侧移能力。薄壳筒体是筒体系统的又一大飞跃。薄壳筒体的进步是利用高层建筑的正面（墙体和板）作为与筒体共同作用的结构构件，为高层建筑抵抗侧向荷载提供了一个有效的途径，而且可获得不用设柱，成本较低，使用面积与建筑面积之比又大的室内空间。由于薄壳立面的贡献，整个框架筒的构件无需过大的质
29、量。这样以来使得结构既轻巧又经济。所有的典型柱和窗下墙托梁都是轧制型材，最大程度上减小了组合构件的使用和耗费。托梁周围的厚度也可适当的减小。而可能占据宝贵空间的墙上镦梁的尺寸也可以最大程度地得到控制。这种结构体系已被建造在匹兹堡洲的One Mellon银行中心所运用。钢筋混凝土中的各体系：虽然钢结构的高层建筑起步比较早，但是钢筋混凝土的高层建筑的发展非常快，无论在办公大楼还是公寓住宅方面都成为刚结构体系的有力竞争对手。框架筒：像上面所提到的，框架筒构思首次被43层的迪威斯公寓大楼所采用。在这座大楼中，外柱的柱距为5.5英尺（1.68米）。而内柱则需要支撑8英寸厚的无梁板。筒中筒结构：另一种针对
30、于办公大楼的钢筋混凝土体系把传统的剪力墙结构与外框架筒相结合。该体系由柱距很小的外框架与围绕中心设备区的刚性剪力墙筒组成。这种筒中筒结构使得当前世界上最高的轻质混凝土大楼（在休斯顿建造的独壳购物中心大厦）的整体造价只与35层的传统剪力墙结构相当。钢结构与混凝土结构的联合体系也有所发展。Skidmore ,Owings 和Merrill共同设计的混合体系就是一个好例子。在此体系中，外部的混凝土框架筒包围着内部的钢框架，从而结合了钢筋混凝土体系与钢结构体系各自的优点。在新奥尔良建造的52层的独壳广场大厦就是运用了这种体系。钢结构是指在建筑物结构中钢材起着主导作用的结构，是一个很宽泛的概念。大部分的钢结构都包括建筑设计，工程技术、工艺。通常还包括以主梁、次梁、杆件，板等形式存在的钢的热轧加工工艺。上个世纪七十年代，除了对其他材料的需求在增长，钢结构仍然保持着对于来自美国、英国、日本、西德、法国等国家的钢材厂钢材的大量需求。:第7页