1、 Derivation DerivationnDefinition of DerivationnPrefixation:Definition/ClassificationnSuffixation:Definition/Classification2English Lexicology(II)I.Derivation/Affixationn1.The definition of DerivationnDerivation may be defined as a process of forming new words by the addition of a word element,such
2、as a prefix,suffix or combining form,to an already existing word.3English Lexicology(II)2.Combining form:neg.auto-n hydro-n tele-n hydro-n macro-n hypro-nIntro-nIntra-n-scopen-graphyn-logy4English Lexicology(II)II.Prefixation n2.1 The definition of prefixationnPrefixation is the formation of new wor
3、ds by adding prefixes to stems.Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning.However,there is an insignificant number of class-changing prefixesnNon-class-changing prefixes:natural-unnatural,like-dislike,fair-unfair nClass-changing prefixes:force-enforce,dan
4、ger-endanger,form-deform,little-belittle,war-postwar,college-intercollege 5English Lexicology(II)n2.2 The classification of prefixesnIn some reference books,prefixes(and suffixes)are classified according to their source,but this does not seem to help from a practical point of view.It seems more help
5、ful to classify the most important productive prefixes by their meaning into the following ten categories:6English Lexicology(II)1)Negative prefixesa-/an-amoral,asexual,atheism,anacid,anarchy,dis-dishonest,discontent,discover,disobey,disagreein-Incomplete,inconsistent,incorrect,invulnerable,illogica
6、l,illegal,impolite,immoral,imbalance,irrational,irregularnon-nonviolent,non-cooperation,nonautomatic,nonadjustable,nonalcoholic un-uninformative,unexpected,unease,unrest7English Lexicology(II)nOrdernLiteratenSymmetrynGovernmental nRelevantnProductivenBelievable nDisordernIlliteratenAsymmetrynNongove
7、rnmental nIrrelevantnUnproductivenUnbelievable 8English Lexicology(II)nVulnerablenSanenRelated nAlignednMaturenInvulnerablenInsanenUnrelatednNonalignednImmature9English Lexicology(II)2)Reversative or privativede-defrost,deregulation,degeneration,deformed,denationalizeun-undo,unpack,untie,unwrap,unma
8、skdis-disconnect,dishearten,disinterested10English Lexicology(II)nCentralizenPlanenInfectnZip nRegulatenPossessnPollute nDecentralizenDeplanenDisinfect nUnzip nDeregulatenDispossess nDepollute 11English Lexicology(II)3)Pejorative prefixesmis-misguide,misapplication,misbehavior,mischoice,misgiving ma
9、l-maladjustment,maldigestion,malfunction,maldevelopmentpseudo-pseudonym,pseudoscience,pseudoclassic,pseudo-friend 12English Lexicology(II)4)Prefixes of degree or sizehyper-hyperactive,hypercritical,hyperaggressive,hypercautiousultra-ultramodern,ultrasecret,ultraclean,ultrasonic,ultraconservativemini
10、minibus,minicamera,miniskirtout-outdo,outgrow,outlive13English Lexicology(II)over-overwork,overestimate,overemphasize,overabundance,overburdenunder-underdeveloped,underpopulation,undergraduatesuper-supermarket,superpower,superstarsub-subadult,subtitle,subbreed,subatom14English Lexicology(II)nComput
11、ernCriticalnConsciousnNaturalnSensitivenSimplenNumbernStatementnculturenMinicomputernUltracritic/hypercriticnSubconsciousnSupernaturalnHypersensitive/ultrasensitivenOversimplenOutnumbernUnderstatementnSubculture15English Lexicology(II)5)Prefixes of orientation and attitudeco-Co-author,co-star,co-pro
12、sperity,cooperation counter-Counterexample,counterclaim,counteractive,counterattack,counterculture,countermeasure anti-anti-abortion,anti-art,antiwar,antibacterial,antisocial,anticancer,antibody pro-pro-American,pro-revolutionary,pro-Fascism,pro-student,proslavery 16English Lexicology(II)6)Locative
13、prefixesfore-forearm,foreleg,forename,forewordinter-international,intergovernmental,intertwine,interdisciplinary,intercollege trans-transatlantic,transoceanic,transform,transplanttele-telephone,telegram,telecommunication17English Lexicology(II)nViewnConferencenContinentalnGroundnCastnpacificnRacialn
14、Shore nInterviewnteleconferencenIntercontinentalnForegroundnTelecast nTranspacificnTransracial nForeshore18English Lexicology(II)7)Prefixes of time and orderex-ex-husband,ex-president,ex-colony,ex-convictfore-foresee,foretell,forefather,forewarnpre-premature,prewar,prehistoric,prepay,premaritalpost-
15、post-election,postwar,postgraduate,postdoctoral19English Lexicology(II)8)Number prefixesuni-/mono-unilateral,unicell,unicircuit,unicolor,unicycle,unidimensional,uniform,monogamy,monologue bi-/di-bicycle,bilingual,bimonthly,dialogue,dichotomy,disyllable tri-triangular,triatomic,trimonthly,trilateral,
16、trilingualmulti-/poly-multipurpose,multipolar,multiangular,multilingual,polyatomic,polygamy semi-semicircle,semiliterate,semivowel,semiannual,semicolony,semiautomatic20English Lexicology(II)Note:nBimonthly is notoriously ambiguous,in that it can mean either every two months or twice every month.Biwe
17、ekly has the same ambiguity.Biennial normally has only the meaning every two years in contrast with biannual,twice a year,but many speakers find it as ambiguous as bimonthly.21English Lexicology(II)nsemi-(half):semicircle,semiannuallyuni(one)uniform,unilateralbi(two):bicuspid,bicepstri(three):triang
18、le,triplequad/quadri(four):quadruple,quadrant quadrilateralquinque(five):quinquagenariansex(six):sexennial,sextet(te)sept(seven):September22English Lexicology(II)noct(eight):October,octavonona(nine):nonagon,nonagenariandec(ten):December,decimalpoly(many):polygon,polychromaticcenti(100):centigrade,ce
19、ntimetre.ncentipedemilli(1000):millennium,millepedemulti(many):multitude,multiple23English Lexicology(II)nhemi(half):hemisphere,hemicyclenmono(mon/one):monocle,monographdi(two):diphthong,dioxidetetra(four):tetrameterpenta(five):pentagon,pentameterhexa(six):hexameterhecto(hundred):hectolitre,hectomet
20、re24English Lexicology(II)Greek PrefixesLatin PrefixesHalf Hemi-Semi-,demi-oneMono-Uni-Two-Di-Bi-threetri-Tri-fourtetraQuadri-25English Lexicology(II)Greek PrefixesLatin PrefixesfivePenta-Quint-sixHextra-Sex-sevenHepta-Sept-eightOct-Oct-nineEnnea-Nona-tenDeca-Deci-26English Lexicology(II)nLingual nL
21、ateral nPolar nDimensional nUnilingual,bilingual,trilingual,multilingualnUnilateral,bilateral,trilateral,multilateralnUnipolar,bipolar,tripolar,multipolarnUnidimensional,bidimensional,tridimensional(three-dimensional),multidimensional27English Lexicology(II)9)Conversion prefixesa-aloud,asleep,aglow,
22、awashbe-belittle,bestir,befriend,bewitchen-endanger,enforce,enable,embody,embitter,empower28English Lexicology(II)10)Miscellaneous prefixesExtra-Extralinguistic,extraordinary,extraterrestrialNeo-Neo-classicism,neo-colonialism,neo-fascism,Neolithic Pan-Pan-Pacific,Pan-Arabism,Pan-Africanism.29English
23、 Lexicology(II)III.Suffixation n3.1 The definition of suffixationnSuffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems.Unlike prefixes which primarily change the meaning of the stem,suffixes have only a small semantic role,their primary function being to change the grammatical funct
24、ion of stems.In other words,they mainly change the word class.However,they may also add attached meaning to the stem.30English Lexicology(II)n3.2 The classification of suffixesnSince suffixes mainly change the word class,we shall group suffixes on a grammatical basis inton1)noun suffixes n2)adjectiv
25、e suffixesn3)adverb suffixesn4)verb suffixes31English Lexicology(II)n1)Noun suffixesnNoun suffixes may be subdivided into the following five kinds.nDenominal nouns(concrete or abstract)nDeverbal nounsnDe-adjectival nounsnNoun and adjective suffixes 32English Lexicology(II)n1)Noun suffixesDenominal n
26、ouns(concrete)-eer auctioneer,engineer,mountaineer,pamphleteer,profiteer,racketeer-erLondoner,teenager,villager-essactress,waitress,stewardess,hostess,lioness-let booklet,leaflet,piglet,starlet33English Lexicology(II)n1)Noun suffixesDenominal nouns(abstract)-age baggage,luggage,mileage,percentage-do
27、mfreedom,kingdom,stardom,officialdom-ery/-rydrudgery,slavery,nunnery,nursery,machinery-ismidealism,optimism,individualism,consumerism-shipdictatorship,scholarship,friendship,sportsmanship-ocrasyaristocracy,democracy,meritocracy-hoodboyhood,brotherhood,neighborhood,adulthood-fulhandful,mouthful,plate
28、ful,tubful34English Lexicology(II)n1)Noun suffixesDeverbal nouns-ant contestant,inhabitant,assistant,informant-eeinterviewee,addressee,appointee,nominee,employee-er/-ordriver,employer,interviewer,computer,silencer,accelerator,supervisor,actor,window-shopper-ationfoundation,exploration,nomination,sta
29、rvation-ingbuilding,dwelling,earnings,savings,clothing,stuffing-alrefusal,revival,survival,arrival,dismissal-mentamazement,arrangement,movement,government-agebreakage,coverage,shrinkage,drainage35English Lexicology(II)5.3 Suffixation n1)Noun suffixesDe-adjectival nouns-itydiversity,equality,rapidity
30、verbosity,responsibility,actuality,regularity,popularity,respectability-nessaccurateness,falseness,kindness,selfishness,happiness,largeness,frankness,unexpectedness,thickness,goodness 36English Lexicology(II)5.3 Suffixation n1)Noun suffixesNouns and adjective suffixes-ese Burmese,Chinese,Cantonese,
31、officialese,journalese-(i)anDarwinian,republican,Elizabethan,Shakespearean,Indonesian,Russian-istcommunist,pianist,specialist,socialist37English Lexicology(II)5.3 Suffixation n2)Adjective SuffixesDenominal suffixes-eddogged,rugged,pointed,chocolate-flavored-fuldelightful,successful,faithful,meaningf
32、ul-ishchildish,foolish,snobbish,Irish,Turkish-lesshomeless,hopeless,merciless,harmless-likechildlike,ladylike,statesmanlike-lyfriendly,cowardly,motherly,daily,weekly-y milky,sandy,hairy,meaty 38English Lexicology(II)5.3 Suffixation n2)Adjective SuffixesDenominal suffixes-ic(-atic)ethnic,economic,his
33、toric,problematic-ous(-ious,-eous)ambitious,desirous,marvelous,courageous,erroneous,courteous-al(-ial,-ical)accidental,professional,residential,musical,philosophical39English Lexicology(II)5.3 Suffixation n2)Adjective SuffixesDeverbal suffixes-able(-ible,-uble)debatable,drinkable,changeable,perishab
34、le,permissible,visible,dissoluble,soluble-ive(-ative,-sive)attractive,reflective,productive,negative,decorative,talkative,affirmative,expansive,explosive,decisive40English Lexicology(II)5.3 Suffixation n3)Adverb Suffixes-lysmoothly,personally,extremely,publicly,naturally-ward(s)downward,eastward,hom
35、eward,forward-wise clockwise,lengthwise,weatherwise,educationwise,taxwise,moneywise41English Lexicology(II)5.3 Suffixation n4)Verb suffixes-ateOriginate,hyphenate-enDeepen,harden,strengthen,hasten-ifySolidify,modify,beautify,classify,identify-ize(-ise)Symbolize,computerize,legalize,publicize,specialize42English Lexicology(II)5.3 Suffixation nFalsenSterilenIntensenFatnHorrornMemorynApologynFalsifynSterilizenIntensifynFattennHorrifynMemorizenApologize43English Lexicology(II)
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