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1、高中英语语法表最新高中英语语法表高中英语语法表 一(名词 I. 名词的种类: 专有名词 普通名词 国名地名人名，团体机构名称 可数名词 不可数名词 个体名词 集体名词 抽象名词 物质名词 II. 名词的数: 1. 规则名词的复数形式: 名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下: 规则 例词 1 一般情况在词尾加-s map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days 2 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-es class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes 3
2、 以-f或-fe结尾的词 变-f和-fe为v再加-es leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives加-s belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs 4 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-es party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities 5 以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-
3、days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys6 以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词 一般加-es hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-s piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos 两者皆可 zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos 7 以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos 8 以-th结
4、尾的名词加-s truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths, 2. 不规则名词复数: 英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下:规则 例词 1 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2 单复数相同 sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, 3 只有复数形式 ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods,
5、 glasses, compasses, contents 4 一些集体名词总是用作复数 people, police, cattle, staff5 部分集体名词既可以作单数(整体)也可以作复数(成员)audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party6 复数形式表示特别含义 customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩),
6、 papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟) 7 表示“某国人” 加-s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans 单复数同形 Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-women Englishmen, Frenchwomen 8 合成名词 将主体名词变为复数 sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, sto
7、ry-tellers, boy friends 无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数 grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches 将两部分变为复数 women singers, men servantsIII. 名词的所有格: 名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种:一是名词词尾加s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。1. s所有格的构成: 单数名词在末尾加s the boys father, Jacks book, her son-in-laws photo, 复数名词 一般在末尾加 the teachers room, the twins mothe
8、r, 不规则复数名词后加s the childrens toys, womens rights, 以s结尾的人名所有格加s或者 Dickens novels, Charless job, the Smiths house 表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加s Japans and Americas problems, Janes and Marys bikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加s Japan and Americas problems, Jane and Marys father 表示:某人家:店铺:，所有格后名词省略 the doctors, the barbers, t
9、he tailors, my uncles 2. s所有格的用法: , 表示时间 todays newspaper, five weeks holiday 2 表示自然现象 the earths atmosphere, the trees branches 3 表示国家城市等地方的名词 the countrys plan, the worlds population, Chinas industry 4 表示工作群体 the ships crew, majoritys view, the teams victory 5 表示度量衡及价值 a miles journey, five dollar
10、s worth of apples 6 与人类活动有特殊关系的名词 the lifes time, the plays plot 7 某些固定词组 a birds eye view, a stones throw, at ones wits end(不知所措) 3. of所有格的用法: 用于无生命的东西:the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时:the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名词化的词:the struggle of the oppressed ? 二(
11、冠词 冠词分为不定冠词(a, an)，定冠词(the)，和零冠词。I. 不定冠词的用法: 1 指一类人或事，相当于a kind of A plane is a machine that can fly. 2 第一次提及某人某物，非特指 A boy is waiting for you.3 表示“每一”相当于every，one We study eight hours a day.4 表示“相同”相当于the same We are nearly of an age.5 用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事A Mr. Smith came to visit you when y
12、ou were outThat boy is rather a Lei Feng. 6 用于固定词组中 A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time 7 用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后 This room is rather a big one. 8 用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后 She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet. II. 定冠词的用法: 1 表示某一类人或物
13、 The horse is a useful animal.2 用于世上独一无二的事物名词前 the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean 3 表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事 Would you mind opening the door? 4 用于乐器前面 play the violin, play the guitar5 用于形容词和分词前表示一类人 the reach, the living, the wounded 6 表示“一家人”或“夫妇” the Greens, the Wangs7 用8 用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词
14、前 the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French9 用于表示发明物的单数名词前 The compass was invented in China. 10 在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代 in the 1990s11 用于表示单位的名词前 I hired the car by the hour.12 用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的词组前 He patted me on the shoulder. III. 零冠词的用法: 1 专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前 Beijing Univers
15、ity, Jack, China, love, air 2 名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制 I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this?3 季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前 March, Sunday, National Day, spring 4 表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前 Lincoln was made President of America. 5 学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前 He likes playing football/chess. 6 与by连用
16、表示交通工具的名词前 by train, by air, by land7 以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时 husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night 8 表示泛指的复数名词前 Horses are useful animals.三(代词: I. 代词可以分为以下七大类: 1 人称代词 主格 I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they宾格 me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them2 物主代词 形容词性 my, your, his, her, its, our, their名词性 m
17、ine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs3 反身代词 myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves 4 指示代词 this, that, these, those, such, some5 疑问代词 who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever 6 关系代词 that, which, who, whom, whose, as 7 不定代词 one/ some/ any, e
18、ach/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, other/ another, all/ both, neither/ eitherII. 不定代词用法注意点: 1. one, some与any: 1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。 One should learn to think of others. Have you any bookmarks? No, I dont have any bookmarks.I have some quest
19、ions to ask. 2) some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。 Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money?3) some 和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。 I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any. 4) some和数词连用表示“大约”，any可与比较级连用表示程度。There are some 3,000 students in t
20、his school. Do you feel any better today? 2. each和every: each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。 Each student has a pocket di Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points.3. none和no: no等于not any，作定语。none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以。 There
21、is no water in the bottle. How much water is there in the bottle? None.None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.4. other和another: 1) other泛指“另外的，别的”常与其他词连用，如:the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way, the other特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others。如:He held a book in one hand a
22、nd his notes in the other.Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam. 2) another指“又一个，另一个”无所指，复数形式是others，泛指“别的人或事”如: I dont like this shirt, please show me another (one). The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others. Some like football, while others
23、 like basketball.5. all和both, neither和either all表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数。both和all加否定词表示部分否定，全部否定用neither和none. All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English. Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher. 四(形容词和副词 I. 形容词
24、: 1. 形容词的位置: 1) 形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况后置: 1 修饰some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等构成的复合不定代词时 nobody absent, everything possible2 以-able, -ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的名词之后 the best book available, the only solution possible3 alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以后置 the only person awake 4 和空间、时间、单位连用时 a bri
25、dge 50 meters long5 成对的形容词可以后置 a huge room simple and beautiful6 形容词短语一般后置 a man difficult to get on with2) 多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序: 代词 数词 性状形容词 冠词前的形容词 冠词 指示代词 不定代词 代词所有格 序数词 基数词 性质 状态 大小 长短 形状 新旧 温度 颜色 国籍 产地 材料 质地 名词 all both such the a this another your second next one four beautiful good poor large shor
26、t square new cool black yellow Chinese London silk stone 3) 复合形容词的构成: 1 形容词+名词+ed kind-hearted 6 名词+形容词world-famous 2 形容词+形容词 dark-blue 7 名词+现在分词peace-loving 3 形容词+现在分词 ordinary-looking 8 名词+过去分词snow-covered 4 副词+现在分词 hard-working 9 数词+名词+edthree-egged 5 副词+过去分词 newly-built 10 数词+名词 twenty-yearII. 副
27、词 副词的分类: 1 时间2 地点副词 here, nearby, outside, upwards, above 6疑问副词 how, where, when, why 3 方式副词 hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really 7连接副词 how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile4 程度副词 almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather 8关系副词 when, where, why III. 形容词和副词比较等级: 形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，
28、比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est，多音节和一些双音节词前加more 和most。 1. 同级比较时常常用 asas以及not so(as)as如:I am not so good a player as you are. 2. 可以修饰比较级的词有:much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal。3. 表示一方随另一方变化时用“the morethe more”句型。如:The harder you work, the more
29、progress you will make.4. 用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如:I have never spent a more worrying day. 5. 表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型: Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours. 6. 表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如:favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect
30、。 五(介词 I. 介词分类: 1 简单介词 about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on 2 合成介词 inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, without 3 短语介词 according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to 4 双重介词 from among, from behind, from un
31、der, till after, in between 5 分词转化成的介词 considering(就而论), including5、多一份关心、帮助，努力发现他们的闪光点，多鼓励、表扬他们，使其体验成功、努力学习。6 形容词转化成的介词 like, unlike, near, next, opposite互余关系sinA=cos(90A)、cosA=sin(90A)II. 常用介词区别: 函数的增减性：1 表示时间的in, on, at at表示片刻的时间，in表示一段的时间，on总是与日子有关 (1)相交: 直线与圆有两个公共点时,叫做直线和圆相交,这时直线叫做圆的割线.2 表示时间的s
32、ince, from since 指从过去到现在的一段时间，和完成时连用，from指从时间的某一点开始 3 表示时间的in, after in指在一段时间之后，after表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中 2. 俯角：当从高处观测低处的目标时，视线与水平线所成的锐角称为俯角4 表示地理位置的in, on, to in表示在某范围内，on指与什么毗邻，to指在某环境范围之外 11.利用三角函数测高5 表示“在上”的on, in on只表示在某物的表面上，in表示占去某物一部分 (一)数与代数6 表示“穿过”的through, across through表示从内部通过，与in有关，a
33、cross表示在表面上通过，与on有关 7 表示“关于”的about, on about指涉及到，on指专门论述0 抛物线与x轴有2个交点；8 between与among的区别 between表示在两者之间，among用于三者或三者以上的中间 9 besides与except的区别 besides指“除了还有再加上”，except指“除了，减去什么”，不放在句首 10 表示“用”的i11 as与like的区别 as意为“作为，以地位或身份”，like为“象一样”，指情形相似 12 in与into区别 in通常表示位置(静态)，into表示动向，不表示目的地或位置 六(动词 (4)直线与圆的位置
34、关系的数量特征:I. 动词的时态: 弦心距:从圆心到弦的距离叫做弦心距.1. 动词的时态一共有16种，以ask为例，将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下: 现在时 过去时 将来时 过去将来时 一般 ask / asks asked shall/will ask should/would ask进行 am/is/are asking was/were asking shall/will be asking should/would be asking 完成 have/has asked had asked shall/will have askedshould/would have asked 完成进行 have/has been asking had been asking shall/will have bee