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1、高中英语语法表高中语法表(清晰好看) 语法表 一(名词 I. 名词的种类: 专有名词 普通名词 可数名词 不可数名词 国名地名人名，团体机构名称 个体名词 集体名词 抽象名词 物质名词 II. 名词的数: 1. 规则名词的复数形式: 名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下: 规则 例词 一般情况在词尾加-s 1 map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days class-classes, box-boxes, 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-es 2 watch-watches, dish-dishes 变-
2、f和-fe为v再加leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, 以-f或-fe-es loaf-loaves, wife-wives 3 结尾的词 belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, 加-s roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变yparty-parties, family-families, 4 为i加-es story-stories, city-cities 以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays,
3、 5 专有名词以y结尾的，加-s Henry-Henrys 以辅音字hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, 一般加-es 6 母加-o结potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes 尾的名词 piano-pianos, photo-photos, 不少外来词加-s auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ 两者皆可 volcanos radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, 以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s 7 zoo-zoos trut
4、h-truths, mouth-mouths, 以-th结尾的名词加-s 8 month-months, path-paths, 2. 不规则名词复数: 英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下: 规则 例词 改变名词中的元音字母或其他man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, 1 形式 goose-geese, mouse-mice sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, 单复数相同 2 species li, yuan, jin, ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, 只有复数
5、形式 3 glasses, compasses, contents 一些集体名词总是用作复数 4 people, police, cattle, staff audience, class, family, crowd, couple, 部分集体名词既可以作单数(整group, committee, government, 5 体)也可以作复数(成员) population, crew, team, public, enemy, party customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), 复数形式表示特别含义 spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands
6、(沙滩), 6 papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟) Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, 表示加-s Swedes, Europeans “某单复数同形 7 Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese 国以-man或-woman结尾人” Englishmen, Frenchwomen 的改为-men,-women sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, 将主体名词变为复数 st
7、ory-tellers, boy friends 合成无主体名词时将最后一8 名词 grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches 部分变为复数 将两部分变为复数 women singers, men servants III. 名词的所有格: 名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种:一是名词词尾加s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。 1. s所有格的构成: the boys father, Jacks book, her son-in-laws 单数名词在末尾加s photo, 一般在末尾加 the t
8、eachers room, the twins mother, 复数名不规则复数名词后词 the childrens toys, womens rights, 加s Dickens novels, Charless job, the Smiths 以s结尾的人名所有格加s或者 house 表示各自的所有关系时,各名词Japans and Americas problems, Janes and 末尾均须加s Marys bikes 表示共有的所有关系时在最后Japan and Americas problems, Jane and 一词末加s Marys father 表示:某人家:店铺:，所
9、有the doctors, the barbers, the tailors, my 格后名词省略 uncles 2. s所有格的用法: , 表示时间 todays newspaper, five weeks holiday 表示自然现象 2 the earths atmosphere, the trees branches 表示国家城市等地方the countrys plan, the worlds population, Chinas 3 的名词 industry 表示工作群体 4 the ships crew, majoritys view, the teams victory 表示度量
10、衡及价值 5 a miles journey, five dollars worth of apples 与人类活动有特殊关6 the lifes time, the plays plot 系的名词 a birds eye view, a stones throw, at ones wits 某些固定词组 7 end(不知所措) 3. of所有格的用法: 用于无生命的东西:the legs of the chair, the cover of the book 用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时:the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名词化的
11、词:the struggle of the oppressed 二(冠词 冠词分为不定冠词(a, an)，定冠词(the)，和零冠词。 I. 不定冠词的用法: 指一类人或事，相当于a kind 1 A plane is a machine that can fly. of 第一次提及某人某物，非特指 2 A boy is waiting for you. 表示“每一”相当于every，3 We study eight hours a day. one 表示“相同”相当于the same 4 We are nearly of an age. 用于人名前，表示不认识此人A Mr. Smith ca
12、me to visit you when you 或与某名人有类似性质的人5 were out 或事 That boy is rather a Lei Feng. A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a 用于固定词组中 6 hurry, have a walk, many a time 用于quite, rather, many, half, 7 This room is rather a big one. what, such之后 用于so(as, too, how)+形容词She is as clever a girl as you can w
13、ish to 8 之后 meet. II. 定冠词的用法: 表示某一类人或物 1 The horse is a useful animal. the universe, the moon, the Pacific 用于世上独一无二的事物名词前 2 Ocean 表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到3 Would you mind opening the door? 过的人或事 用于乐器前面 4 play the violin, play the guitar 用于形容词和分词前表示一类人 5 the reach, the living, the wounded 表示“一家人”或“夫妇” 6 the G
14、reens, the Wangs 用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最7 He is the taller of the two children. 高级前 用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山the United States, the Communist 8 川群岛的名词前 Party of China, the French 用于表示发明物的单数名词前 9 The compass was invented in China. 在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的10 in the 1990s 某个年代 用于表示单位的名词前 11 I hired the car by the hour. 用于方位名词，身体
15、部位名词，及12 He patted me on the shoulder. 表示时间的词组前 III. 零冠词的用法: 专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人1 Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air 名地名等名词前 名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, I want this book, not that one. / 2 each, every等限制 Whose purse is this? 季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三3 March, Sunday, National Day, spring 餐前 Lincoln wa
16、s made President of 表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前 4 America. 学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前 5 He likes playing football/chess. 与by连用表示交通工具的名词前 6 by train, by air, by land 以and连接的两个相对的名词并用husband and wife, knife and fork, day 7 时 and night 表示泛指的复数名词前 8 Horses are useful animals. 三(代词: I. 代词可以分为以下七大类: 人主格 I, you, he, she, it, we, y
17、ou, they 称1 代宾格 me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them 词 物形容词my, your, his, her, its, our, their 主性 2 代名词性 mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs 词 myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, 反身代词 3 themselves 指示代词 4 this, that, these, those, such, some who, whom, whose, whic
18、h, what, whoever, whichever, 疑问代词 5 whatever 关系代词 6 that, which, who, whom, whose, as one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ 不定代词 little/ a few/ a little, 7 other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either II. 不定代词用法注意点: 1. one, some与any: 1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定
19、句。 One should learn to think of others. Have you any bookmarks? No, I dont have any bookmarks. I have some questions to ask. 2) some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。 Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money? 3) some 和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。 I have read this article in some ma
20、gazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any. 4) some和数词连用表示“大约”，any可与比较级连用表示程度。 There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today? 2. each和every: each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。 Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We ea
21、ch have a dictionary. Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points. 3. none和no: no等于not any，作定语。none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以。 There is no water in the bottle. How much water is there in the bottle? None. None of the students are (is) afraid of di
22、fficulties. 4. other和another: 1) other泛指“另外的，别的”常与其他词连用，如:the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way, the other特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others。如: He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other. Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam. 2) another指“又一
23、个，另一个”无所指，复数形式是others，泛指“别的人或事”如: I dont like this shirt, please show me another (one). The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others. Some like football, while others like basketball. 5. all和both, neither和either all表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数。both和all加否定词表示部分否定，全部否定用neither和none. All o
24、f the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English. Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher. 四(形容词和副词 I. 形容词: 1. 形容词的位置: 1) 形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况后置: 修饰some, any, every, no和body, thing, onenobody absent, everything 1 等构成的复
25、合不定代词时 possible 以-able, -ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级2 the best book available, the 或only修饰的名词之后 only solution possible alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以后置 3 the only person awake 和空间、时间、单位连用时 4 a bridge 50 meters long a huge room simple and 成对的形容词可以后置 5 beautiful 形容词短语一般后置 6 a man difficult to get on with
26、 2) 多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序: 代词 数词 性状形容词 冠冠词 词指示代新前词 基大小 序数性质 旧 国籍 材料 的不定代数长短 颜色 词 状态 温产地 质地 形词 词 形状 度 容代词所名词 有格 词 the all a onbeautiflarge neChinesbotseconblack silk this e ul short w e h d yellostonanothefougood squarcooLondosucnext w e r r poor e l n h your 3) 复合形容词的构成: 形容词+名词名词+形容词 1 kind-hearted world-
27、famous 6 +ed 形容词+形容名词+现在分2 dark-blue 7 peace-loving 词 词 形容词+现在名词+过去分3 ordinary-looking snow-covered 8 分词 词 副词+现在分数词+名词+ed 4 hard-working three-egged 9 词 副词+过去分数词+名词 5 newly-built twenty-year 10 词 II. 副词 副词的分类: 时间副频度副soon, now, early, finally, always, often, frequently, 1 5 词 词 once, recently seldom,
28、 never 地点副疑问副here, nearby, outside, 2 6 how, where, when, why 词 词 upwards, above how, when, where, why, 方式副连接副hard, well, fast, slowly, 3 7 whether, however, 词 词 excitedly, really meanwhile 程度副关系副almost, nearly, very, 4 8 when, where, why 词 词 fairly, quite, rather III. 形容词和副词比较等级: 形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较
29、级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est，多音节和一些双音节词前加more 和most。 1. 同级比较时常常用 asas以及not so(as)as如:I am not so good a player as you are. 2. 可以修饰比较级的词有:much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal。 3. 表示一方随另一方变化时用“the morethe more”句型。如:The harder you work, the more p
30、rogress you will make. 4. 用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如:I have never spent a more worrying day. 5. 表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型: Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours. 6. 表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如:favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect
31、。 五(介词 I. 介词分类: 简单介词 1 about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on 合成介词 2 inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, without 短语介词 3 according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to 双重介词 4 from among, from behind, from un
32、der, till after, in between 分词转化成的considering(就而论), including 5 介词 形容词转化成6 like, unlike, near, next, opposite 的介词 II. 常用介词区别: 表示时间的in, on, at表示片刻的时间，in表示一段的时间，on总是与日1 子有关 at 表示时间的since, since 指从过去到现在的一段时间，和完成时连用，2 from指从时间的某一点开始 from in指在一段时间之后，after表示某一具体时间点之后表示时间的in, after 3 或用在过去时的一段时间中 表示地理位置的in
33、, in表示在某范围内，on指与什么毗邻，to指在某环境4 范围之外 on, to 表示“在上”的on只表示在某物的表面上，in表示占去某物一部分 5 on, in 表示“穿过”的through表示从内部通过，与in有关，across表示在6 表面上通过，与on有关 through, across 表示“关于”的about指涉及到，on指专门论述 7 about, on between与amongbetween表示在两者之间，among用于三者或三者以8 的区别 上的中间 besides与exceptbesides指“除了还有再加上”，except指“除了，9 的区别 减去什么”，不放在句首
34、with表示具体的工具，in表示材料，方式，方法，度表示“用”的in, with 10 量，单位，语言，声音 as意为“作为，以地位或身份”，like为“象一样”，as与like的区别 11 指情形相似 in通常表示位置(静态)，into表示动向，不表示目的in与into区别 12 地或位置 六(动词 I. 动词的时态: 1. 动词的时态一共有16种，以ask为例，将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下: 现在时 过去时 将来时 过去将来时 一般 ask / asks asked shall/will ask should/would ask 进行 am/is/are was/were shall/w
35、ill be should/would be asking asking asking asking 完成 have/has had asked shall/will have should/would have asked asked asked 完成进have/has had been shall/will have should/would have 行 been asking asking been asking been asking 2. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别: 1) 现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况，但和现在有联系，强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果，它不能同表示过去
36、的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“已经”等词。简言之，利用过去，说明现在。如: I have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer. (已经看过，且了解这本书的内容) 2) 一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态，和现在无关，它可和表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“过”，“了”等词。简言之，仅谈过去，不关现在。如: I read the novel last month. (只说明上个月看了，不涉及现在是否记住) I lived in Beijing for ten years.(只说明在北京住过十年，与现在无关) 3
37、. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别: 两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”，在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时，多用现在完成时，如着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性时，则多用现在完成进行时。一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。 I have read that book.我读过那本书了。 I have been reading that book all the morning. 我早上一直在读那本书。 4. 一般将来时的表达方式: 将来时 用法 例句 表示将来发生的动作或存在的状will/shall+动词My sister will be ten next 1 原形 态
38、 year. Its going to clear up. 含有“打算，计划，即将”做某be going to+2 Were going to have a 动词原形 事，或表示很有可能要发生某事 party tonight. He is moving to the go, come, start, move, leave, be + doing 进south. arrive等词可用进行时表示按计3 行时表示将来 Are they leaving for 划即将发生的动作 Europe? I was about to leave 表示安排或计划中的马上就要发be about to + when
39、 the bell rang. 生的动作，后面一般不跟时间状4 动词原形 The meeting is about to 语 close. be to + 动词Were to meet at the 表示按计划进行或征求对方意见 5 原形 school gate at noon. The meeting starts at 时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好一般现在时表five oclock. 的事情，可用一般现在时表示将6 示将来 The plane leaves at ten 来 this evening. II. 动词的被动语态: 常用被动常用被动 构成 构成 语态 语态 一般现在过去进行1
40、am/is/are asked 6 was/were being 时 时 asked 一般过去现在完成2 was/were asked 7 have/has been asked 时 时 一般将来过去完成3 shall/will be asked 8 had been asked 时 时 过去将来将来完成4 should/would be 9 will/would have been 时 时 asked asked 现在进行含有情态5 am/is/are being asked 10 can/must/may be 时 动词的 asked 注 被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加no
41、t，短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构be 意 going to, used to, have to, had better变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动态。 如: 事 Trees should not be planted in summer. / The boy was made fun of by his classmates. 项 Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl. 汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如: It is believed that It is generally c
42、onsidered that It is said that It is well known that It must be pointed out that It is supposed that It is reported that It must be admitted that It is hoped that 下面主动形式常表示被动意义:如: The window wants/needs/requires repairing. The book is worth reading twice. The door wont shut. / The play wont act. The
43、 clothes washes well. / The book sells well. The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold. 下面词或短语没有被动态: leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consis
44、t of, have on, lose heart等等 七(情态动词 I. 情态动词基本用法: 情态动用法 否定式 疑问式与简答 词 能力(体力，智力，技能) can not / cannot Cando? can 允许或许可(口语中常用) /cant do Yes,can. 可能性(表猜测，用于否定No,cant. could couldnt do 句或疑问句中) Maydo? may may not do Yes,may. 可以(问句中表示请求) No,mustnt/cant. 可能，或许(表推测) Mightdo? 祝愿(用于倒装句中) might might not do Yes,mi
45、ght No,might not. Mustdo? 必须，应该(表主观要求) must not/mustnt Yes,must. 肯定，想必(肯定句中表推must do No,neednt/dont 测) have to. Dohave to do? 只好，不得不(客观的必须，have to dont have to do Yes,do. 有时态人称变化) No,dont. Oughtto do? 应当(表示义务责任，口语ought ought not Yes,ought. 中多用should to to/oughtnt to do No,oughtnt. 将要，会 用于一三人称征求对方意Sh
46、alldo? shall not/shant 见 shall Yes,shall. do 用于二三人称表示许诺、命No,shant. 令、警告、威胁等 应当，应该(表义务责任) should should Shoulddo? 本该(含有责备意味) not/shouldnt do 意愿，决心 will will not/wont do Willdo? 请求，建议，用在问句中Yes,will. would would would比较委婉 No,wont. not/wouldnt do Daredo? 敢(常用于否定句和疑问句dare not/darent dare Yes,dare. 中) do No,darent. 需要 Needdo? need not/neednt 必须(常用于否定句和疑问need Yes,must. do 句中) No,neednt. Usedto do? u