最新七年级生物上册知识点优秀名师资料.doc

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1、七年级生物上册知识点初二上册知识点 第一章人的生殖发育 一、 人的由来 1(进化论的建立者达尔文提出:人类和现代类人猿的共同祖先是森林古猿 2(人类的进化过程: 原因:森林大量消失，树栖生活为主的森林古猿为了适应环境下地生活，逐渐能直立行走、制造并使用工具、最后进化成人类。 生活在草地 进化 人 地球环境发生变化 森林古猿 生活在森林 进化 现代类人猿 二、人的生殖 3男性生殖系统的结构和功能: 睾丸:男性主要的性器官，产生精子和分泌雄性激素 4女性生殖系统的结构和功能: 卵巢:女性主要的性器官，产生卵细胞和分泌雌性激素 输卵管:输送卵细胞，受精的场所 子宫:胚胎发育的场所 5(胚胎的发育和营

2、养: 受精场所:输卵管 :成熟胎儿从母体生出来叫分娩 三、青春期 6(青春期身体发育: 外形特点:身高突增是显著特征 功能特点:大脑、心脏、肺结构、功能完善化 性发育 :性器官发育 ;第二性征的发育:除性器官以外的男女性各自所特有的征象 (主要受到性激素的调节) 7:月经形成原因:卵巢和子宫内膜的周期性变化有关 四、计划生育 晚婚 8.内容 晚育 少生 是控制人口过快增长的关键， 优生 有利于提高我国的人口素质。 少生 优生 第二章 人体的营养 一、食物中的营养物质 9. should be tightened, no loose, Terminal Board wiring should b

3、e one on each side, no more than two. J, shielded wire, spare wire binding order, reliable grounding. 7.7 quality standard 7.7.l cables through the cable embedded tube making use of galvanized steel pipe, tube ends without burrs, smooth. 7.7.2 pipe does not allow bending, bending the bend radius sho

4、uld be ? 4 times times the outer diameter of the tube in. 7.7.3 ellipticity of a bent tube, pipe diameter ? 60mm, not 8%, diameter 760mm, not 6%. 7.7.4 making cables buried piping application root production, growing where interface is required, only straight pipe, only the wire port connections, we

5、lded connections are not allowed. 7.7.5 service sleeve should have a good grounding. 7.7.6 cable trays installation, burrs and dirt and corrosion treatment should be carried out, install the bridge . 7.8.1.7 piping and piping, equipment and equipment or piping and other equipment shall have sufficie

6、nt expansion gap in hot situations. 7.8.1.8 metal temperature of the insulating layer (hot) = shell-wall temperature of environment temperature ? 40 ? c. 7.8.2 paint 7.8.2.l paint of equipment and pipelines should have at least a primer (red paint) and finish. 7.8.2.2 paint appearance color uniform,

7、 without paint, rust, flaking, wrinkles, flow marks, scum, paint particles and visible brush marks. 7.8.2.3 interlayer should be tight and without stratification. 7.8.2.4 pipelines asphalt, fiber glass fabric corrosion, external appearance should never show surrounded by glass fiber cloth uniform, d

8、ense, painted pitch inspection should be no delamination, cavitation, homogeneity of asphalt coating, brushing each layer thickness in accordance with design requirements. Standard 7.9 7.9 structure placement process. 1 fair-faced concrete is a concrete surface without any decoration, structure appe

9、arance quality of concrete structure that is able to display strength and aesthetic perception of quality standards. Construction technology requirements are as follows: template template Panel selection and processing require plate high strength, good toughness and 蛋白质:人体生长发育和细胞的修复和更新离不开;为人体的生理活动提供

10、能量; 能源物质 脂肪:一般情况下，作为备用能源物质贮存在体内; 糖类:人体最重要的供能物质 水:约占体重的60%70%，细胞的主要组成成分，人体的各种生理活动都离不开水。 无机盐:含量不多，是构成人体组织的重要成分，如:钙、磷(构成骨骼和牙齿) 维生素:不是构成细胞的主要原料，也不提供能量，含量少，对人体生命活动起调节作用 10. 无机盐的种类 缺乏时的症状 含钙的无机盐 佝偻病(儿童)、骨质疏松症(中老年人) 含磷的无机盐 厌食、贫血、肌无力、骨痛 含铁的无机盐 缺铁性贫血 含碘的无机盐 地方性甲状腺肿、智力障碍 11. 种类 功能 缺乏时的症状 食物来源 维生素A 维持人的正常视觉 夜盲

11、症 肝脏、鱼肝油、胡萝卜、玉米 维生素B1 维持人体正常的新陈代谢和神经神经炎，脚气病 种皮、豆类 系统的正常生理功能 (粗粮) 维生素C 维持骨骼、肌肉和血管的正常生坏血病 水果、蔬菜 理作用 维生素D 促进钙、磷吸收和骨骼发育 佝偻病(如鸡胸、X形或O形肝脏、鸡蛋、鱼腿等)、骨质疏松症 肝油 12.植物性食物 不含维生素A ，但 绿色蔬菜、瓜果和胡萝卜 等食物中含有 胡萝卜素 ， 胡萝卜素在人体内可以转化成维生素A 。维生素B和维生素C 溶于水 中，维生素A和维生素1D溶于油脂， 维生素C的 性质不稳定 ，高温烹调和长时间贮存 容易遭到破坏 。 二.消化和吸收 13.馒头在口腔中的变化:

12、? 提出问题: 馒头变甜与牙齿的咀嚼、舌的搅拌以及唾液的分泌有关吗, ? 作出假设: 馒头变甜与牙齿的咀嚼、舌的搅拌以及唾液的分泌有关 。 ? 模拟牙齿咀嚼的方法是: 用刀细细地切碎 。模拟舌的搅拌方法是:充分拌匀 。 ? 取唾液的方法是: 用凉开水将口簌净，口内含一块消毒棉絮，约1分后，用干净的镊子取出棉絮，将棉絮中的唾液挤压到小烧杯中 。 ? 放入37?温水中的原因是: 37?时酶的消化能力最强 。 ? 唾液中含有 唾液淀粉酶 ;消化淀粉时不可缺少条件是 适宜的温度 、 唾液淀粉酶 和 一定的酸碱度 。 ? 结论: 馒头变甜与牙齿的咀嚼、舌的搅拌以及唾液的分泌有关 。 14.消化系统的组成

13、 口腔:牙齿咀嚼食物;舌搅拌食物;唾液腺分泌唾液，初步消化淀粉 咽:食物与气体的共同通道(消化道与呼吸道在这交汇) 食道:能蠕动，将食物推进胃中 胃:(1)胃蠕动，使食物与胃液充分混合(2)胃腺分泌胃液，初步消化蛋白质 消化道 (1)起始部分叫十二指肠，肝脏分泌的胆汁与胰腺分泌的胰液由此流入小肠 小肠:(2)肠腺分泌肠液(含有消化糖类、蛋白质和脂肪的酶) (3)通过蠕动，使食物与消化液充分混合，消化、吸收的主要场所 primer (red paint) and finish. 7.8.2.2 paint appearance color uniform, without paint, rust

14、, flaking, wrinkles, flow marks, sctemperature of environment temperature ? 40 ? c. 7.8.2 paint 7.8.2.l paint of equipment and pipelines should have at least a wall -ipment shall have sufficient expansion gap in hot situations. 7.8.1.8 metal temperature of the insulating layer (hot) = shellment shou

15、ld be carried out, install the bridge . 7.8.1.7 piping and piping, equipment and equipment or piping and other equtreatnot allowed. 7.7.5 service sleeve should have a good grounding. 7.7.6 cable trays installation, burrs and dirt and corrosion t production, growing where interface is required, only

16、straight pipe, only the wire port connections, welded connections areon rooipticity of a bent tube, pipe diameter ? 60mm, not 8%, diameter 760mm, not 6%. 7.7.4 making cables buried piping applicati2 pipe does not allow bending, bending the bend radius should be ? 4 times times the outer diameter of

17、the tube in. 7.7.3 ell. 7.7.ty standard 7.7.l cables through the cable embedded tube making use of galvanized steel pipe, tube ends without burrs, smoothiring should be one on each side, no more than two. J, shielded wire, spare wire binding order, reliable grounding. 7.7 qualishould be tightened, n

18、o loose, Terminal Board wate high strength, good toughness andre pluality standards. Construction technology requirements are as follows: template template Panel selection and processing requidecoration, structure appearance quality of concrete structure that is able to display strength and aestheti

19、c perception of q faced concrete is a concrete surface without any-nce with design requirements. Standard 7.9 7.9 structure placement process. 1 fairch inspection should be no delamination, cavitation, homogeneity of asphalt coating, brushing each layer thickness in accordaed pitlt, fiber glass fabr

20、ic corrosion, external appearance should never show surrounded by glass fiber cloth uniform, dense, paintint particles and visible brush marks. 7.8.2.3 interlayer should be tight and without stratification. 7.8.2.4 pipelines asphaum, pa2 大肠:通过蠕动，把食物残渣推向肛门 肛门:粪便由此排出 唾液腺:分泌唾液(含有唾液淀粉酶)，能初步消化淀粉 肝脏:分泌胆汁(

21、不含消化酶)，将脂肪乳化为脂肪微粒 位于消化道外 15.消化腺 胰腺:分泌胰液(含有消化糖类、蛋白质和脂肪的酶) 胃腺:分泌胃液(含有盐酸和胃蛋白酶)，初步消化蛋白质 位于消化道内 肠腺:分泌肠液(含有消化糖类、蛋白质和脂肪的酶) 肝脏是人体最大的消化腺 16.小肠适于消化、吸收的特点: (1)最长，大大增加了消化和吸收的面积，适于消化和吸收; (2)内表面具有环形皱襞和小肠绒毛(大大增加了消化和吸收的面积); (3)小肠绒毛内有毛细血管、毛细淋巴管，绒毛壁和毛细血管、毛细淋巴管的管壁都很薄，只由一层上皮细胞构成，这种结构有利于吸收营养物质; (4)小肠内有各种消化液。 17.食物的消化:在消

22、化道内将食物分解成为可以吸收的成分的过程。 糖类、脂肪、蛋白质 必须经过消化液的消化才能被人体吸收， 水、无机盐和维生素 不需要消化可直接被吸收; 唾液淀粉酶 肠液、胰液 18.淀粉 麦芽糖 葡萄糖(开始于口腔) 胃液 肠液、胰液 蛋白质 多肽 氨基酸(开始于胃) 胆汁 肠液、胰液 脂肪 脂肪微粒 甘油，脂肪酸(开始于小肠) 19.营养物质的吸收:营养物质通过消化道壁进入循环系统的过程。 胃:吸收少量的水、酒精(非营养) 小肠(主要的吸收场所):吸收葡萄糖、氨基酸、甘油、脂肪酸、大部分水、无机盐和维生素。 大肠:只吸收少量水、无机盐和一部分维生素 三、关注合理营养和食品安全 每日三餐，按时进餐

23、 20合理营养 早中晚餐能量比为:3;4;3 均衡摄入五类食物(平衡膳食宝塔)人每天摄入最多的应该是米、面等主食， 其次是蔬菜、水果，摄入量最少的是脂肪食品; 第三章 人体的呼吸 一、呼吸道对空气的处理 21、呼吸道的组成:鼻腔 咽 喉 气管 支气管 鼻腔:鼻毛:过滤空气;黏液:润湿空气;毛细血管:温暖空气。 咽:呼吸道和消化道的共同通道。 喉:有会厌软骨和声带。会厌软骨，呼吸时打开，使空气畅通无阻;吞咽时盖住喉口，使食物进入食道;声带通过振动可发音。 气管和支气管:内部有纤毛，纤毛上面覆盖着黏液，黏液可以粘附灰尘和细菌，随着纤毛的摆动，将粘着灰尘和细菌黏液推向咽部，形成痰。 22.肺适于气体

24、交换的特点:? 肺泡数量多 ，? 肺泡外缠绕毛细血管 ，? 肺泡壁和毛细血管壁都很薄，由一层上皮细胞构成 。 二、发生在肺内的气体交换 lamination, cavitation, homogeneity of asphalt coating, brushing each layer thickness in accordance with design requirements.ness andxternal appearance should never show surrounded by glass fiber cloth uniform, dense, painted pitch

25、inspection should be no dehnology requirements are as follows: template template Panel selection and processing require plate high strength, good toughto display strength and aesthetic perception of quality standards. Construction tecfaced concrete is a concrete surface without any decoration, struc

26、ture appearance quality of concrete structure that is able -ard 7.9 7.9 structure placement process. 1 fairStand ion, esh marks. 7.8.2.3 interlayer should be tight and without stratification. 7.8.2.4 pipelines asphalt, fiber glass fabric corros2.2 paint appearance color uniform, without paint, rust,

27、 flaking, wrinkles, flow marks, scum, paint particles and visible brust a primer (red paint) and finish. 7.8.wall temperature of environment temperature ? 40 ? c. 7.8.2 paint 7.8.2.l paint of equipment and pipelines should have at lea-ion gap in hot situations. 7.8.1.8 metal temperature of the insul

28、ating layer (hot) = shellexpansnstall the bridge . 7.8.1.7 piping and piping, equipment and equipment or piping and other equipment shall have sufficient should have a good grounding. 7.7.6 cable trays installation, burrs and dirt and corrosion treatment should be carried out, ileeve nterface is req

29、uired, only straight pipe, only the wire port connections, welded connections are not allowed. 7.7.5 service ster ? 60mm, not 8%, diameter 760mm, not 6%. 7.7.4 making cables buried piping application root production, growing where idiame , bending the bend radius should be ? 4 times times the outer

30、diameter of the tube in. 7.7.3 ellipticity of a bent tube, pipee cable embedded tube making use of galvanized steel pipe, tube ends without burrs, smooth. 7.7.2 pipe does not allow bendingre binding order, reliable grounding. 7.7 quality standard 7.7.l cables through thshould be tightened, no loose,

31、 Terminal Board wiring should be one on each side, no more than two. J, shielded wire, spare wi3 专心 爱心 用心 23.肺与外界的气体交换(通过呼吸运动实现) 呼吸运动具体过程是: 吸气时，肋间外肌和膈肌收缩，胸廓扩大，肺容积增大，肺内气压下降，气体入肺。 呼气时，肋间外肌和膈肌舒张，胸廓缩小，肺容积缩小，肺内气压升高，气体排出体外 。 24.肺泡内的气体交换 和 组织内的气体交换 是通过 气体扩散作用 实现 25.呼吸的全过程: 肺泡内的气体交换 组织里的气体交换 氧气 氧气 氧气 外界空气 肺

32、泡 血液循环 组织细胞 二氧化碳 二氧化碳 二氧化碳 肺与外界的气体交换 气体在血液中的运输 (通过呼吸运动实现的) (通过血液循环实现的) 三、空气的质量与健康 26.预防空气污染的措施 :控制污染物排放和植树造林 第四章 人体内物质的运输 一、流动的组织,血液 27.血液的组成和功能 成分:水、蛋白质、葡萄糖、无机盐等 ，主要成分是水 血浆 功能:运载血细胞，运输养料和废物 血细胞包括红细胞、白细胞 、血小板 种类 形态特点 功能 病症 红细胞 两面凹的圆饼状，成熟运输氧和一部分二氧红细胞过少或血红蛋白过少是的红细胞中无细胞核 化碳 贫血 ;贫血患者应多吃含蛋白质和铁丰富的食物。 白细胞

33、比红细胞大，有细胞核 吞噬病菌，对人体有防 过多是发炎 御功能和保护作用 血小板 个体较小，形态不规止血和加速凝血 过少是血友病 则，无细胞核 28.血红蛋白:红细胞中含有的一种红色含铁的蛋白质。 特性:在含氧高的地方与氧结合，在含氧低的地方与氧分离 二、血流的管道血管 种类 功能 分布 结构特点 动脉 把血液从心脏输送到较深 管壁厚，弹性大，管腔小，血流速度快 身体各部分去的血管 静脉 把血液从身体各部分较浅 管壁薄，弹性小，管腔大，四肢静脉内有静送回心脏的血管 脉瓣(防止血液倒流)，血流速度慢 毛细连通最小动脉和最小分布广，遍布全管壁极薄，由一层上皮细胞构成，只允许红血管 静脉之间的血管

34、身各器官组织 细胞单行通过，血流速度最慢 适于与组织细temperature of environment temperature ? 40 ? c. 7.8.2 paint 7.8.2.l paint of equipment and pipelines should have at least a wall -ipment shall have sufficient expansion gap in hot situations. 7.8.1.8 metal temperature of the insulating layer (hot) = shellment should be ca

35、rried out, install the bridge . 7.8.1.7 piping and piping, equipment and equipment or piping and other equtreatnot allowed. 7.7.5 service sleeve should have a good grounding. 7.7.6 cable trays installation, burrs and dirt and corrosion t production, growing where interface is required, only straight

36、 pipe, only the wire port connections, welded connections areon rooipticity of a bent tube, pipe diameter ? 60mm, not 8%, diameter 760mm, not 6%. 7.7.4 making cables buried piping applicati2 pipe does not allow bending, bending the bend radius should be ? 4 times times the outer diameter of the tube

37、 in. 7.7.3 ell. 7.7.ty standard 7.7.l cables through the cable embedded tube making use of galvanized steel pipe, tube ends without burrs, smoothiring should be one on each side, no more than two. J, shielded wire, spare wire binding order, reliable grounding. 7.7 qualishould be tightened, no loose,

38、 Terminal Board wate high strength, good toughness andre pluality standards. Construction technology requirements are as follows: template template Panel selection and processing requidecoration, structure appearance quality of concrete structure that is able to display strength and aesthetic percep

39、tion of q faced concrete is a concrete surface without any-nce with design requirements. Standard 7.9 7.9 structure placement process. 1 fairch inspection should be no delamination, cavitation, homogeneity of asphalt coating, brushing each layer thickness in accordaed pitlt, fiber glass fabric corro

40、sion, external appearance should never show surrounded by glass fiber cloth uniform, dense, paintint particles and visible brush marks. 7.8.2.3 interlayer should be tight and without stratification. 7.8.2.4 pipelines asphaum, paprimer (red paint) and finish. 7.8.2.2 paint appearance color uniform, w

41、ithout paint, rust, flaking, wrinkles, flow marks, sc4 胞进行物质交换 三、输送血液的泵,心脏 29.心脏的结构和功能:位于胸腔中部，偏左下方，是血液循环的动力器官 由心肌构成 左心室主动脉 四 右心房上、下腔静脉 个 右心室肺动脉 腔 左心房肺静脉 房室瓣(位于心房和心室之间，只朝向心室开) 保证血液按一定的方向流动 瓣膜 动脉瓣(位于心室与动脉之间，只朝向动脉开) (心房心室动脉) 30. 血液循环 体循环:左心室主动脉各级动脉身体各处毛细血管各级静脉上、下腔静脉右心房 肺循环:右心室肺动脉肺部的毛细血管肺静脉左心房 体循环 肺循环 起

42、点 左心室 右心室 终点 右心房 左心房 血液变化 动脉血变为静脉血 静脉血变为动脉血 功能 为组织细胞运来氧气和养料，把二氧化碳与肺泡进行气体交换，获得氧气，把二氧等废物运走 化碳交给肺泡 联系 在心脏处汇合成一条完整的循环途径，承担物质运输的功能 四 输血与血量 31、血量:占体重的78% 32、血型:A型、B型、AB型、O型 输血:以输同型血为原则 33、法定献血年龄1855周岁。 34、人体失血1200ml-1500ml时可危及生命 人体失血800ml-1000ml时头晕、眼发黑、心跳加速、出冷汗。 人体失血400ml以下，2-3周可以得到补充而恢复。 第五章 人体内废物的排出 一、排

43、泄 35.概念:体内物质分解时产生的二氧化碳、尿素和多余的水分等废物排出体外的过程。 36.途径:1)皮肤:以汗液的形式排出水、无机盐、尿素 2)呼吸系统:以气体的形式排出二氧化碳、水 3)泌尿系统:以尿液的形式排出水、无机盐、尿素 37.区别于:排遗:食物消化后的残渣形成的粪便排出体外的过程。 二、泌尿系统的组成 肾脏:形成尿的场所 38. 输尿管:输送尿液 膀胱:有贮尿的作用 尿道:排尿的通道 ness andlamination, cavitation, homogeneity of asphalt coating, brushing each layer thickness in ac

44、cordance with design requirements.hnology requirements are as follows: template template Panel selection and processing require plate high strength, good toughto display strength and aesthetic perception of quality standards. Construction tecfaced concrete is a concrete surface without any decoratio

45、n, structure appearance quality of concrete structure that is able -ard 7.9 7.9 structure placement process. 1 fairStandxternal appearance should never show surrounded by glass fiber cloth uniform, dense, painted pitch inspection should be no deion, esh marks. 7.8.2.3 interlayer should be tight and

46、without stratification. 7.8.2.4 pipelines asphalt, fiber glass fabric corros2.2 paint appearance color uniform, without paint, rust, flaking, wrinkles, flow marks, scum, paint particles and visible brust a primer (red paint) and finish. 7.8.wall temperature of environment temperature ? 40 ? c. 7.8.2

47、 paint 7.8.2.l paint of equipment and pipelines should have at lea-ion gap in hot situations. 7.8.1.8 metal temperature of the insulating layer (hot) = shellexpansnstall the bridge . 7.8.1.7 piping and piping, equipment and equipment or piping and other equipment shall have sufficient should have a

48、good grounding. 7.7.6 cable trays installation, burrs and dirt and corrosion treatment should be carried out, ileeve nterface is required, only straight pipe, only the wire port connections, welded connections are not allowed. 7.7.5 service ster ? 60mm, not 8%, diameter 760mm, not 6%. 7.7.4 making cables buried piping application root production, growing where idiame , bending the bend radius should be ? 4 times times the outer diameter of the tube in. 7.7.3 ellipticity of a bent tube, pipee cable embedded tube making use of galva