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1、一定语从句定义及相关术语1定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。2先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。3关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词有 when, where, why 等。关系词通常有下列三个作用：A.引导定语从句B.代替先行词，C.在定语从句中担当一个成分二.关系代词表格关系词先行词从句成分例句关 系 代 词who人主语，宾语Do you know the man who is talking with your moth
2、er?whom人宾语The boy (whom) she loved died in the war.Mr. Smith is the pers on with whom I am work ingwhose人，物定语I like those books whose topics are about history. The boy whose father works abroad is my classmate.that人，物主语，宾语表语A pla ne is a machi ne that can fly.She is the pop star (that) I want to see
3、 very much.She is not the pers on that she used to bewhich物主语，宾语The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.The picture which was about the accident was terrible.as人，物主语，宾语He is such a pers on as is respected by all of us.This is the same pen as I lost yesterday.备 注Who,whom, which和that在从句中做宾语时，常 可以省略，
4、但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略， 也不可以用that和who关 系 副 词whe n时间状语I will n ever forget the days whe n we spe nt our holi days together.where地点状语I know a place where we can have a pic nicwhy原因状语This is the reason why he was fired.例如：（注意关系代词在定语从句中所充当的成分） Do you know the professor who/that will give us a speech n ext wee
5、k?（作主语） I read a report about his new novel that/ which will soon be published.（作主语） The pla n that/which they argued about was settled at last.（作宾语） This is the new secretary （who/whom/that） I would like to in troduce to you.（作宾语） The soldier whose legs were badly woun ded was operated on without d
6、elay.（作定语）三.6个关系代词的用法1 ）关系代词 that禾口 which 的用法which, that在代替物时，一般可以通用。His father works in a factory that/which makes TV sets.The coat （which/that） I put on the desk is black.但在有些情况下，只用 that1先行词是最高级形容词或它的前面有最高级形容词修饰时。 This is the best way that has bee n used aga inst polluti on. En glish is the most d
7、ifficult subject that you will lear n duri ng these years.2. 先行词是序数词，或它前面有一个序数词时。 This is the last place （that） I want to visit. It is the first American movie of this kind that I ve ever seen.3. 先行词是 all, much, little, someth ing, everyth ing, anything, nothing, non e,a ny, few, little, no, all, mu
8、ch, every 等不定代词时。 You should hand in all that you have. We haven t got much that we can ffer you. The little money （that） he had was stolen.4. 先行词前面有 the on ly, the very,等修饰时。The only thing that we can do is to give you some mon ey.5. 先行词既有人又有物时。Do you know the things and pers ons that they are talk
9、 ing about?6. 主句已有疑问词 which时。避免重复使用Which is the bike that you lost?7. that在定语从句中作表语Mary is no Ion ger the girl that she used to be.不用that的情况 引导非限定性定语从句时。例如：He takes exercise everyday, which has done a lot of good to his health. 介词后不能用。We depe nd on the land from which we get our food.有些情况只用which 引导非
10、限定性定语从句修饰某物或整个句子。Bruce went towards the fire, which was still smok ing.Tom came back late, which made his pare nts very an gry. 关系代词作介词的宾语。This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived.2）关系代词 who禾口 whom 的用法who指人，在句中作主语和宾语，作宾语可省略。Whom指人，在句中只能作宾语，可省略，但在介词后面不能省略。She has a brother who worked at that fact
11、ory ten years ago.The doctor who/whom/that /x she went to the Un ited States with last mon th is very famous. =The doctor with whom she went to the United States last month is very famous.3）关系代词 whose的用法whose是代词的所有格，它既可以代人也可以代物。 I saw a woma n whose bag was stole n. Please show me the book whose cov
12、er is red. 当whose表示物与物的所有格关系时，亦可用of which的形式。 The buildi ng whose roof you can see from here is a new restaura nt.t The buildi ng, the roof of which you can see from here, is a new restaura nt. 或t The buildi ng, of which the roof you can see from he re is a new restaura nt.4）关系代词as的用法先行词前有such、the s
13、ame时关系代词用asI veever heard such stories as he tells.He is not such a fool as he looks.This is the same dicti onary as I lost last week.5 ）关系副词的用法含义相当于介词+ which结构，因此常常和介词+ which结构交替使用关系副词引导的定语从句 whe n指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。I still remember the day when I first came to this school.The time whe n we got togeth
14、er fin ally arrived. where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。Shan ghai is the city where I was born.The house where I lived ten years ago has bee n pulled dow n. why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。Please tell me the reas on why you missed the pla ne.whe n=on whichwhere=in which reas on=for whichThe day whe n /on which I met him first
15、 was May 1st.This is the house where/in which I lived two years ago.I don t know the reason why /for which he didn t come.并非先行词表示时间或地点时都分别用when或where来引导相应的定语从句，若关系词在修饰表示时间或地点的先行词的定语从句中充当主语、宾语等而不是状语时，需用which或that引导相应的定语从句。Do you still remember the days which/that we spent together in school? 先行词 the
16、days 表时间， 但是其定语从句的引导词在定语从句中作宾语而不是状语，因此不能用 when而应该用which 或 that。This is the day whe n I jo ined the party/which he spe nt read ing the books/which I still n ever forget.This is the place where I found the book./ which we once visited/which I will n ever forget/which I am look ing forThis is the reas
17、on why he was late /that he gave at the meeti ng for his being late. .以the way为先行词的限制性定语从句通常由in which或that引导，而且通常可以省略。The way (that / in which ) he answered the questions was surprising.I don like the way (that / in which) you laugh at her.四介词+关系代词关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由介词+关系代词”引出。介词+which (指事)介词+who
18、m (指人) The school (which / that) he once studied in is very famous.The school in which he once studied is very famous. Tomorrow I bring here the magazine (which / that) you asked for.Tomorrow I bring here the magazine for which you asked. This is the boy (whom / who / that) I played tennis with yest
19、erday.This is the boy with whom I played tennis with yesterday. we ll go to hear the famous sin ger (whom / who / that) we have ofte n talked about.we llgo to hear the famous sin ger about whom we have ofte n talked. The boss whose compa ny I work in pays much atte ntio n to improvi ng our work ing
20、con diti ons.The boss in whose compa ny I work pays much atte ntio n to improvi ng our work ing con diti ons.若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom，不可用who, that ;关系代词指物时只可用which，不可用that。关系代词是所有格时用whose。The man with whom you talked just now is my n eighbour.The pla ne in which we flew to Can ada was really comfor
21、table.五代词/数词+介词+关系代词some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few 等代词或者数词。如： He loves his pare nts deeply, both of whom are very ki nd to him. In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad. There are forty stude nts in our class in all, most of whom are from big
22、 cities. Up to now, he has written ten stories, three of which are about country life.六限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句形式上：不用逗号“与主句隔开。意义上：是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。译法上：译成先行词的定语：.的”关系词的使用上：A .作宾语时可省略B .可用that C .可用who代替whom非限制性定语从句形式上：用逗号 “与主句隔开。意义上：只是对先行词的补充说明，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思。译法上：通常译成主句的并列句。关系词的使用上：A .
23、不可省略B .不用thatC .不可用who代替whom限制性定语从句举例：The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depe nd on. 老师告诉我说汤姆是 我唯一的可以依靠的人。Ch ina is a country which has a long history.中国是一个历史悠久的国家。In the street I saw a man who was from Africa. 在街上我看至U个来自非洲的人。非限制性定语从句举例：His mother, who loves him very much,
24、 is strict with him.他妈妈十分地爱他， 对他要求很严格。China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful. 中国是 1949 年成立 的，现在正变得越来越强大。Last summer I visited the People GSeat Hall, in which many important meetings are held every y ear.去年夏天，我参观了人民大会堂，在那儿每年都要举行许多重要会议。七. As和which引导非限定性定语从句的辨析关系。关系代词as和wh
25、ich都能引导非限定性定语从句代表整个句子的内容，as引导的从句可位于句首或句末，which引导的定语从句则不能位于句首。As语义正如” He was late aga in, as / which we had expected. =As we had expected, he was late aga in. The street hasn t been cleared for weeks, which makes it very dirty.As has already bee n poin ted out, En glish is rather difficult for a fore
26、ig ner.She has bee n late aga in, as was expected. She has married aga in, as was expected.She has married aga in, which was un expected.八关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句中的主谓一致关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词在人称和数上应与先行词一致。 Who is the guy that is read ing over there?The nu mber of people that are going to the exhibiti on is ex
27、pected to be over 25,000.All that n eeds to be done has bee n done. He is one of the stude nts who use computer a lot for study.Timmy is the only one of the pupils that has failed the exam.九定语从句与强调结构It is the place where they lived before.It is in the place that they lived before.第一个句子为定语从句，where指代the place，在定语从句中作状语，第二个句子为强调结构，强调in the place, that没有意义，把放回后面句子，句子意思完整。Where is it that he found the lost watch?（强调句型，强调疑问副词 where.）Where is the watch he found yesterday?（定语从句，that 指代 the watch.）