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1、（一）定义及相关术语1.定语从句:修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。2.先行词:被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。3.关系词:引导定语从句的词叫关系词。4.关系代词有: that, which, who, whom, whose, as等5.关系副词有: when, where, why6.关系词通常有下列三个作用:A.引导定语从句B.代替先行词C.在定语从句中担当一个成分。The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman.（二）关系代词引导的定语从句1.who 指人，在定语从句中作主语。T
2、he boys who are playing football are from Class One.Those who want to go to the museum must be at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morning. Yesterday I helped an old man who had lost his way.That is the teacher who teaches us physics.2. whom 指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。Mr Liu is the person ( whom ) you talked ab
3、out on the bus. Li Ming is just the boy ( whom ) I want to see.The professor ( whom ) you are waiting for has come.The girl ( whom ) the teacher often praises is our monitor.注意:关系代词 whom 在口语或非正式文体中常可用 who 来代替，也可省略。The man ( whom / who ) you met just now is my old friend.3. which 指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时
4、常可省略。 Football is a game which is liked by most boys.The factory which makes computers is far away from here. He likes to read books which are written by foreign writers.The house which is by the lake looks nice. This is the pen ( which ) he bought yesterday.The film ( which ) they went to see last
5、night was not interesting at all. 4that 指人时，相当于 who 或 whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。The number of people that / who come to visit this city each year reaches one million.Where is the man that / whom I saw this morning?The person that /whom you introduced to me is very kind.The season that
6、/ which comes after spring is summer.Yesterday I received a letter that / which came from Australia. 5. whose 通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country. He has a friend whose father is a doctor. I once lived in the house whose roof has fallen in.注意:指物时，常用下列结构
7、来代替:The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow?（三）“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。The school (which / that) he
8、once studied in is very famous.The school in which he once studied is very famous.Tomorrow Ill bring here the magazine (which / that) you asked for.Tomorrow Ill bring here the magazine for which you asked. This is the boy (whom / who / that) I played tennis with yesterday.This is the boy with whom I
9、 played tennis yesterday.Well go to hear the famous singer (whom / who / that) we have often talked about.Well go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked. The manager whose company I work in pays much attention to improving our working conditions.The manager in whose company I work
10、 pays much attention to improving our working conditions.注意：1.含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如：look for, look after, take care of 等。This is the watch (which / that) I am looking for. This is the watch for which I am looking . The babies (whom / who / that) the nurse is looking after arevery healthy. Th
11、e babies after whom the nurse is looking are very healthy. .若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom，不可用who, that；关系代词指物时只可用which，不可用that。关系代词是所有格时用whose。正确：The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour. 错误：The man with that / who you talked just now is my neighbour.正确：The plane in which we flew to Canada
12、was really comfortable.错误：The plane in that we flew to Canada was really comfortable.“介词+关系代词”前还可有some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each , few等代词或者数词。 He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad
13、. There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities. Up to now, he has written ten stories, three of which are about country life. （四）关系副词引导的定语从句1.when 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。I still remember the day when I first came to this school.The time when we got together finally arrived
14、.October 1, 1949 was the day when the Peoples Republic of China was founded. Do you remember the years when he lived in the countryside with his grandparents.2. where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。Shanghai is the city where I was born. The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.I visited the farm
15、where a lot of cows were raised .Is this the place where they fought the enemy? 3.why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.The reason why he was punished is unknown to us.I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today.注意：关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。 From the
16、years when / in which he was going to primary school in the country he had known what he wanted to be when he grew up. （五）限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句A.限制性定语从句形式上不用逗号“，”与主句隔开。用逗号“，”与主句隔开。意义上是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。B.非限制性定语从句只是对先行词的补充说明，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思。译法上译成先行词的定语“的” 通常译成主句的并列句。关系词的使用上如下列所示：A作宾语时可省略B不可省略
17、A可用that B不用thatA可用who 代替 whom B不可用who 代替 whomGreat changes are taking place in the city where / in which they live.The reason why / for which he refused the invitation is quite clear. 限制性定语从句举例：The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on. China is a country which has a lo
18、ng history. In the street I saw a man who was from Africa.非限制性定语从句举例 ：His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful. Last summer I visited the Peoples Great Hall, in which many important meetings are held every year.注意区分下
19、列几组句子的不同含义：1. Her brother who is now a soldier always encourages her to go to college. 她那当兵的哥哥总是鼓励她上大学.（意含：她还有其他哥哥。）Her brother, who is now a soldier, always encourages her to go to college. 她哥哥是当兵的，他总是鼓励她上大学。（意含： 她只有一个哥哥。）2. All the books that have pictures in them are well written. 所有里面带插图的书都写得很好。
20、（意含： 不带插图的书则不一定写得好。）All the books, which have pictures in them, are well written. 所有的书都带插图，这些书都写得很好。（意含： 没有不带插图的书。）（一）限制性定语从句中只能用that 引导定语从句的情况1.当先行词是everything, anything, nothing (something 除外), all, none, few, little, some等代词时，或当先行词受every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等代词修饰时。 Have you take
21、n down everything that Mr. Li said?There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world. All that can be done has been done. There is little that I can do for you. He stayed in the library and looked up any information that they needed. 注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who， All the guests that / who
22、were invited to her wedding were important people. Any man that / who has a sense of duty wont do such a thing.2.当先行词被序数词修饰时。The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.3.当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。This is the best film that I have ever seen. 4当先行词被 the very, the only 修饰时。This is the very dictio
23、nary that I want to buy. After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thingthat he owns.注意：当先行词指人时，通常用关系代词 who。Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend themeeting. 5.当先行词前面有who, which 等疑问代词时。 Who is the man that is standing by the gate? Which is the T-shirt that fits me most
24、? 6.当先行词为人与动物或人与物时。 They talked about the persons and things that theyremembered at school Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up thestreet. （二）关系代词as和which 引导的定语从句as 和which 引导非限制性定语从句时， 其用法有相同之处，也有不同之处。具体情况是 1. as 和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语，代表前面整个句子。 He married her, as / which was natural. H
25、e is honest, as / which we can see. 2. as 引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至还可以分割主句。 which引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。另外，as 常常有“正如、正像”的含义。As is known to all, China is a developing country.He is from the south, as we can know from his accent.John, as you know, is a famous writer. Zhang Hua has been to Paris more th
26、an ten times, which I dont believe. 注意：当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往只用which。如：Tom was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angry.These tables are made of metal, which made them very heavy.3.当先行词受such, the same 修饰时，关系词常用as。Ive never heard such stories as he tells. He is not such
27、a fool as he looks. This is the same dictionary as I lost last week.注意：当先行词受the same 修饰时，偶尔也用 that引导定语从句，但与as引导的定语从句意思有区别。 She wore the same dress that she wore at Marys wedding.She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore.(三) 以the way为先行词的限制性定语从句通常由in which或that引导，而且通常可以省略。 The way (that / in
28、 which ) he answered the questions was surprising. I dont like the way (that / in which) you laugh at her.（四）关系代词与关系副词的选择用关系代词还是关系副词引导定语从句主要看关系词在定语从句中的作用（即所担当的成分）.Compare :A. I know a place where we can have a picnic.I know a place which / that is famous for its beautiful natural scenery. B. I will
29、never forget the days when we spent our holidays together. I will never forget the days that / which we spent together. C. This is the reason why he was dismissed.This is the reason that / which he explained to me for his not attending the meeting.（五）but 有时也用作关系词引导定语从句。 There are very few but admire
30、 his talents. （but = who dont） （六）定语从句与同位语从句的区别1定语从句修饰限定先行词，它与先行词是修饰关系；同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，它与先行词是同位关系。The plane that has just taken off is for Paris. The fact that he has already died is quite clear. 2定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导，关系词在从句中担当相应的句子成分，关系代词在从句中作宾语时经常可省略。同位语从句主要由连词that引导，在从句中一般不担当成分；有时也由where, when, how,
31、who, whether, what等连词引导，这些连词则在从句中担当成分。The news that he told me is true. The news that he has just died is true. The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money. The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve. The question that he raised puzzled all of us. T
32、he question whether he is sure to win the game is hardto answer. 3同位语从句与先行词一般可以用动词 be 发展成一个完整的句子, 而定语从句则不能。 A. The idea that he we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful. The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice.B. The fact that the earth moves around the sun is known to all. The fact is that the earth moves around the sun.C. Pay attention to the problem how we can protect the wild animals. The problem is how we can protect the wild animals.