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1、语言学第二章练习题Chapter2Phonology1. Whatarethetwomajormediaofcommunication?Ofthetwo,whichoneisprimaryandwhy?Twomajormediaofcommunicationarespeechandwriting,Ofthetwo,speechisprimary.Thereasonsareasfollows.1) Fromthepointofviewoflinguisticevolution,speechispriortowriting.Thewritingsystemofanylanguageisalways
2、uinvented*byitsuserstorecordspeechwhentheneedarises.2) Ineverydaycommunication,speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed.3) Speechisalwaysthewayinwhicheverynativespeakeracquireshismothertongue,andwritingislearnedandtaughtlaterwhenhegoestoschool.4) Formodernlinguists,s
3、pokenlanguagerevealsmoretruefeaturesofhumanspeechwhilewrittenlanguageisonlythe“revised“recordofspeech.2. Whatisvoicingandhowisitcaused?Voicingisaqualityofspeechsounds.Itiscausedbythevibrationofthevocalcords.3. Explainwithexampleshowbroadtranscriptionandnarrowtranscriptiondiffer.Whenweuseasimplesetof
4、symbolsinourtranscription,itiscalledbroadtranscription.Narrowtranscriptionistheuseofmorespecificsymbolstoshowphoneticdetails.Inbroadtranscription,thesymbol1isusedforthesound1inwordsleafli:fZandfeelEfi:11.The1in1li:f,occurringbeforeavowel,iscalledclear11.The1inLfi：1occurringintheendofawordorbeforeano
5、therconsonant,iscalleddarkL1J.Andinnarrowtranscriptionthediacritictildeisusedtoindicateit.4. How are the Englishconsonantsclassified?English consonants canbe classified in two ways： one isin terms ofmanner of articulation and the other isin terms of place of articulation.In terms of manner of articu
6、lation, fricatives, affricates, liquids, glides articulation, it can be classified into alveolar, palatal, velar and glottal, the English vowels?it can be classifiedand nasals. In termsinto stops,of place ofbilabial, labiodental, dental,5. What criteria are used to classifyAccordingtotheplaceoftheto
7、ngue,vowelscanbedistinguishedasfront,centralandback.Accordingtotheopennessofthemouth,vowelscanbeclassifiedintofourgroups：closevowels,semi-closevowels.,semi-openvowelsandopenvowels.Accordingtotheshapeofthelips,allthefrontvowelsandthecentralvowelcanareunroundedvowelsandallthebackvowelsareroundedvowels
8、.6. Givethephoneticsymbolforeachofthefollowingsounddescriptions：1)voicedpalatalaffricatived?2)voicelesslabiodentalfricativeLf13)voicedalveolarstopEg4)frontcloseshortEi15)backsemi-openlong?：6)voicelessbilabialstopEp1Givethephoneticfeaturesofeachofthefollowingsounds1)dvoicedalveolarstop2)L11voicedalve
9、olarliquid3)t?voicelesspalatalaffricate4)wvoicedbilabialglide5)ubackcloseshort6)aefrontopen7. Howdophoneticsandphonologydifferintheirfocusofstudy?Whodoyouthinkwillbemoreinterestedinthedifferencebetween,say,clearElanddark1,aspiratedpandunaspiratedEp,aphoneticianoraphonologist?why?Phonologyandphonetic
10、sdifferintheirapproachandfocus.Phonologyaimsatdiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.Phoneticsisofageneralnatureanditisinterestedinallthespeechsoundsusedinallhumanlanguages.Thedifferencebetweenclear1anddark1iswhatthephoneticians
11、areinterestedin.Forthephonologists,thesetwosoundsarefundamentallythesame,sincetheyhaveoneandthesamefunctionincommunication,indistinguishingbetweenwordsandmeaningsdespitetheirdifferenceinpronunciation.8. Whatisaphone?Howisitdifferentfromaphoneme?Howareallophonesrelatedtoaphoneme?Aphoneisaphoneticunit
12、orsegment.Aphonemeisaphonologicalunit.Itisaunitthatisdistinctive,abstractanditisthesmallestunit.Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.Forexample,inthewordleafli：fandtheworddealEdi:1,/1/isonephonemeandthe1inEli:fisclear,theE11inE
13、di:1isdark.Theyareallallophonesofthephoneme/I/.9. Explainwithexamplesthesequentialrule,theassimilationrule,andthedeletionrule.Sequentialrulesaretherulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguage.Forexample,ifawordbeginswithallori,thenthenextsoundmustbeavowel.Thus,LIbikEilkbareimpossiblein
14、English.TheyhaveviolatedtherestrictionsonthesequencingofphonemesTheassimilationruleassimilatesonesoundtoanotherbycopyingafeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophonessimilar.Forexample,thei:soundisnasalizedinwordslikebean,greenandteam.Thisisbecauseinallthesesoundcombinationthei：soundisfollowedb
15、yanasalLnJorm.Thedeletionruletellsuswhenasoundistobedeletedalthoughitisorthographicallyrepresented.Forexample,inthepronunciationofsuchwordssign,design,thereisnogsoundalthoughitisrepresentedinspellingbytheletterg10. Whatarethesuprasegmentalfeatures?HowdothemajorsuprasegmentalfeaturesofEnglishfunction
16、inconveyingmeaning?唐明 谢江兰Thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentsarecalledsuprasegmentalfeatures.Themainsuprasementalfeaturesincludestress,intonationandtone.ThelocationofstressinEnglishdistinguishesmeaning.Tonesarepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibrationofvocalcords
17、.Intonationplaysanimportantroleintheconveyanceofmeaninginalmosteverylanguage,especiallyinalanguagelikeEnglish.Intonationhasfourtones.：thefallingtone,therisingtone,thefall-risetone,therise-falltone.Whenspokenindifferenttones,thesamesequenceofwordsmayhavedifferentmeanings.杨晓娅李克燕李佳卉2021级英语二班感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。