《最新全国高考理综化学试题及答案-福建卷优秀名师资料.doc》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《最新全国高考理综化学试题及答案-福建卷优秀名师资料.doc（94页珍藏版）》请在三一文库上搜索。
1、2009年全国高考理综化学试题及答案-福建卷2009年普通高校招生统一考试福建卷(理综) 相对原子质量:H 1 C 12 N 14 O 16 Mg 24 Zn 65 第?卷(选择题 共108分) 本题共18小题，每小题6分，共108分。一、选择题(本题共12小题。在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项符合题目要求。) 6. 下列类型的反应，一定发生电子转移的是A. 化合反应 B. 分解反应 C. 置换反应 D. 复分解反应 答案C【解析】置换反应中肯定有单质参加，一定属于氧化还原反应，即一定有电子转移，C项正确。7. 能实现下列物质间直接转化的元素是 +NaOH或HCl+O+HO22氧化物酸或
2、碱盐单质 A. 硅 B. 硫 C. 铜 D. 铁 答案B 【解析】S与O生成SO，再与HO生成HSO，可以与NaOH生成NaSO，B项正确。A项，2222323SiO不与水反应，错;C项中CuO，D项中FeO均不与HO反应，故错。 23428. 设N为阿伏伽德罗常数，下列叙述正确的是 A-1+ A. 24g镁的原子量最外层电子数为N B. 1L0.1mol?L乙酸溶液中H数为0.1N AAC. 1mol甲烷分子所含质子数为10N D. 标准状况下，22.4L乙醇的分子数为N AA答案C ，【解析】A项，镁的最外层电子数为2，故错;B项，乙酸为弱电解质，部分电离，故H小于0.1NA，错;C项，C
3、H的质子数为10，正确;D项，乙醇标状下不是气体，错。 49. 下列关于常见有机物的说法不正确的是A. 乙烯和苯都能与溴水反应 B. 乙酸和油脂都能与氢氧化钠溶液反应 C. 糖类和蛋白质都是人体重要的营养物质 D. 乙烯和甲烷可用酸性高锰酸钾溶液鉴别 答案A 【解析】苯不与溴水反应，只能液溴反应，A项错。乙酸与NaOH发生酸碱中和，油脂在碱性条件能水解，B项正确;C项，糖类，油脂和蛋白质是重要营养的物质，正确;D项，乙烯可以使高锰酸钾褪色，而甲烷不可以，正确。 2-CO + HOHCO + OH32310. 在一定条件下，NaCO溶液存在水解平衡:。下列说23法正确的是 A. 稀释溶液，水解平
4、衡常数增大 B. 通入CO，平衡朝正反应方向移动 2,cHCO()3 C. 升高温度，减小 D. 加入NaOH固体，溶液PH减小 2,cCO()3答案B 【解析】平衡常数仅与温度有关，故稀释时是不变的，A项错;CO通入水中，相当于生成2,HCO，可以与OH反应，而促进平衡正向移动，B项正确;升温，促进水解，平衡正向移动，23故表达式的结果是增大的，C项错;D项，加入NaOH,碱性肯定增强，pH增大，故错。 3，,2，22FeI，2FeI，211. 控制适合的条件，将反应设计成如右图所示的原电池。下列判断不正确的是 A. 反应开始时，乙中石墨电极上发生氧化反应 3+ B. 反应开始时，甲中石墨电
5、极上Fe被还原 C. 电流计读数为零时，反应达到化学平衡状态 D. 电流计读数为零后，在甲中溶入FeCl固定，乙中石墨电极为2负极 答案D ,3，【解析】乙中I失去电子放电，故为氧化反应，A项正确;由总反应方程式知，Fe被还原2，成Fe，B项正确;当电流计为零时，即说明没有电子发生转移，可证明反应达平衡，C项2，2，3，正确。加入Fe，导致平衡逆向移动，则Fe失去电子生成Fe，而作为负极，D项错。 HClCHCOCHBr，CHCOCHBrHBr，3323212. 某探究小组利用丙酮的溴代反应()来研究反应物浓度与反应速率的关系。反应速率通过测定溴的颜色消失所需的vBr()2时间来确定。在一定温
6、度下，获得如下实验数据: 分析实验数据所得出的结论不正确的是A. 增大cCHCOCHvBr(),()增大 B. 实验?和?的vBr()相等 3322C. 增大vBr()cBr()vBr()增大 D. 增大，增大 cHCl(),222答案D 【解析】从表中数据看，?中CHCOCH,HCl的浓度是相同的，而?中Br比?中的大，所332以结果，时间变长，即速率变慢了，D项错。其他选项依次找出表中两组相同的数据，看一变量对另一变量的影响即可。 二、选择题(本题共6小题。在每小题给出的四个选项中，有的只有一个选项正确，有的有多个选项正确，全部都选对的得6分，选对但不全的得3分，有选错的得0分。) 第?卷
7、(非选择题 共192分) 必考部分 第?卷必考部分共9题，共157分。 23.(15分)短周期元素Q、R、T、W在元素周期表中的位置如右图所示，期中T所处的周期序数与主族序数相等，请回答下列问题: (1)T的原子结构示意图为_. (_W(填“强于”2)元素的非金属性为(原子的得电子能力):Q或“弱于”)。 (3) W的单质与其最高价氧化物的水化物浓溶液共热能发生反应，生成两种物质，其中一种是气体，反应的化学方程式为_. (4)原子序数比R多1的元素是一种氢化物能分解为它的另一种氢化物，此分解反应的化学方程式是_. (5)R有多种氧化物，其中甲的相对分子质量最小。在一定条件下，2L的甲气体与0.
8、5L的氯气相混合，若该混合气体被足量的NaOH溶液完全吸收后没有气体残留，所生成的R的含氧酸盐的化学式是_. (6)在298K下，Q、T的单质各1mol完全燃烧，分别放出热量aKJ和bKJ。又知一定条件下，T的单质能将Q从它的最高价氧化物中置换出来，若此置换反应生成3molQ的单质，则该反应在298K下的,H=_(注:题中所设单质均为最稳定单质) 答案(1) (2)弱于 ?(3)S + 2HSO(浓) 3SO?+ 2HO 2422(4)2HO MnO2HO + O?(或其他合理答案) 22222(5)NaNO 2(6)(3a 4b)KJ/mol 【解析】本题考查无机物的性质，涉及化学用语、方程
9、式书写、氧化还原反应以及热化学的知识。从给出的表，结合T在周期表的位置与族数相等这一条件 ，不难得出T为Al，Q为C，R为N，W为S。(1)T为Al，13号元素。(2)S、C最高价氧化物对应的酸为硫酸强于碳酸，则可得非金属性S强于C。(3)S与HSO发生归中反应，从元素守恒看，肯定有水生成，24另外为一气体，从化合价看，只能是SO。(4)比R质子数多1的元素为O，存在HO转化222为HO的反应。(5)N中相对分子质量最小的氧化物为NO，2NO + O = 2NO，显然NO过量2221L，同时生成1L的NO，再用NaOH吸收，从氧化还原角度看，+2价N的NO与+4价N的NO，22 应归中生成+3
10、N的化合物NaNO。(6)C + O CO H= ,a Kj/mol?，4Al +3 O =2AlO 222223 H= ,4bKj/mol?。Al与CO的置换反应，写出反应方程式为:4Al + 3CO3C + 2AlO，2223此反应的 H为可由?,?3得， H=,4b,(-3a)=(3a-4b)Kj/mol. 24.(13分) AlOSiOFeO从铝土矿(主要成分是，含、MgO等杂质)中提取两种工艺品的流23223程如下: 请回答下列问题: 3+(1)流程甲加入盐酸后生成Al的方程式为_. 2,(2)流程乙加入烧碱后生成Si的离子方程式为_. o33，(3)验证滤液B含，可取少量滤液并加入
11、_(填试剂名称)。 Fe(4)滤液E、K中溶质的主要成份是_(填化学式)，写出该溶液的一种用途_ ,12(5)已知298K时，的容度积常数=5.6,取适量的滤液B,加入一定10MgOH()K2SP量的烧碱达到沉淀溶液平衡，测得PH=13.00，则此温度下残留在溶液中的2，=_. cMg()，3，1)AlO + 6H 2Al +3HO 答案(232 ,2 ,(2)SiO + 2OH SiO + HO 232(3)硫氰化钾(或硫氰酸钾、苯酚溶液等合理答案) (4)NaHCO;制纯碱或做发酵粉等合理答案 3-10(5)5.610mol/L 3，【解析】本题考查铝土矿中氧化铝提取的工艺流程。(1)与H
12、Cl反应生成Al，应为铝土矿3，中AlO。(2)SiO可以溶于NaOH中生成NaSiO。(3)检验Fe的特征反应很多，如与KSCN23223,显血红色，与苯酚显紫色，与OH显红褐色沉淀等。(4)生成E、K时，CO均是过量的，故22，2,-122-102，K,c(Mg)c(OH)应生成NaHCO。(5)，=5.610/(0.1)=5.610。 c(Mg)3sp25.(17分)某研究性小组借助A-D的仪器装置完成有关实验 【实验一】收集NO气体。 (1) 用装置A收集NO气体，正确的操作上 (填序号)。 a.从?口进气，用排水法集气 b.从?口进气，用排气法集气 c.从?口进气，用排水法集气 d.
13、从?口进气，用排气法集气 ,Zn【实验二】为了探究镀锌薄铁板上的锌的质量分数和镀层厚度，查询得知锌易溶于碱:Zn+2NaOH=NaZnO+H?据此，截取面积为S的双面镀锌薄铁板试样，剪碎、232称得质量为mg。用固体烧碱和水作试剂，拟出下列实验方案并进行相关实验。 1 方案甲:通过测量试样与碱反应生成的氢气体积来实现探究木目标。 (2)选用B和 (填仪器标号)两个装置进行实验。 (3)测得充分反应后生成氢气的体积为VL(标准状况)，= 。 ,()Zn,(4)计算镀层厚度，还需要检索的一个物理量是 。 (5)若装置B中的恒压分液漏斗改为普通分液漏斗，测量结果将(填“偏大”、“偏小”或“无影响”)
14、。 方案乙:通过称量试样与碱反应前后的质量实现探究目标。选用仪器C做实验，试样经充分反应，滤出不溶物、洗涤、烘干，称得其质量为mg 。 2(6) 。 ,()Zn,方案丙:通过称量试样与碱反应前后仪器、试样和试剂的总质量(其差值即为H的质2量)实现探究目标。实验同样使用仪器C。 (7)从实验误差角度分析，方案丙 方案乙(填“优于”、“劣于”或“等同于”)。 65V2.9V答案(1)C (2)D (3) (或等其他合理答案) m22.4m11(4)金属锌的密度(或其他合理答案) (5)偏大 m,m12(6)(或其他合理答案) m1(7)劣于 【解析】本题考查实验的探究，涉及NO气体的收集，混合物中
15、金属含量的计算等。(1)NO遇空气立即被氧化，故不能用排空气法收集，只能用排水法收集。排水时应用短进长出。(2)方案甲:Zn和Fe中只有Zn可以与NaOH产生气体，通过排水收集气体，依据反应方程式即可算出Zn的质量分数。所以需要的装置有测H的体积的D装置。(3)Zn与H之间量为1:2265V1，则n(Zn)=V/22.4 mol,w (Zn)=m(Zn)/m = 。(4)有了Zn的质量，如果有密度，122.4m1)恒压式分液漏则可以求出Zn的体积，再由Zn的截面积，即可求出Zn的高度(厚度)。(5斗产生的气体有部分残留在分液漏斗上方，故排气时收集少了，所以用普通漏斗时收集的H多一些，则计算出的
16、Zn的量偏大。(6)减少的质量即为Zn的质量。(7)丙方案根据H22的质量差值，显然误差大，因为产生的H质量很小，计算偏差大。 2选考部分 第II卷选考部分共5题，共35分。其中第28、29题为物理题，第30、31题为化学题，考生从两道物理题、两道化学题中各任选一题作答，若第28题、29题都作答，则按第28题计分，若第30、31题都作答，则按第30题计分，第32题为生物题，是必答题。请将答案都填写在答题卡选答区域的指定位置上。 30.化学物质结构与性质(13分) Q、R、X、Y、Z五种元素的原子序数依次递增。已知: ?Z的原子序数为29，其余的均为短周期主族元素; nn ?Y原子价电子(外围电
17、子)排布msmp?R原子核外L层电子数为奇数; ?Q、X原子p轨道的电子数分别为2和4。 请回答下列问题:2+ (1)Z的核外电子排布式是 。 2+2+(2)在Z(NH)离子中，Z的空间轨道受NH分子提供的 形成配位键。 343(3)Q与Y形成的最简单气态氢化物分别为甲、乙，下列判断正确的是 。 a.稳定性:甲乙，沸点:甲乙 b.稳定性:甲乙，沸点:甲乙 c.稳定性:甲乙，沸点:甲乙 d.稳定性:甲乙 (4) Q、R、Y三种元素的第一电离能数值由小到大的顺序为 (用元素符号作答) (5)Q的一种氢化物相对分子质量为26，其中分子中的键与键的键数之比为 。 (6)五种元素中，电负性最大与最小的两
18、种非金属元素形成的晶体属于 。 226269答案(1)1s2s2p3s3p3d (2)孤对电子(孤电子对) (3)b (4)Si C SiH。因为SiH 的44444相对分子质量比CH大，故分子间作用力大，沸点高。(4)C、N和Si中，C、Si位于同一4主族，则上面的非金属性强，故第一电离能大，而N由于具有半充满状态，故第一电离能比相邻元素大，所以NCSi。(5)C、H形成的相对分子质量的物质为CH，结构式为H-C?C-H，22单键是键，叁键中有两个是键一个键，所以键与键数之比为3:2。(6)电负性最大的非元素是O，最小的非金属元素是Si，两者构成的SiO，属于原子晶体。 231. 化学有机化
19、学基础(13分) 有机物A是最常用的食用油氧化剂，分子式为CHO可发生如下转化: ，10125已知B的相对分子质量为60，分子中只含一个甲基。C的结构可表示为: 请回答下列问题: (1)根据系统命名法，B的名称为 。 (2)官能团-X的名称为 ，高聚物E的链节为 。 (3)A的结构简式为 。 (4)反应?的化学方程式为 。 (5)C有多种同分异构体，写出期中2种符合下列要求的同分异构体的结构简式 。 i.含有苯环 ii.能发生银镜反应 iii.不能发生水解反应 (6)从分子结构上看，A具有抗氧化作用的主要原因是 (填序号)。 a.含有苯环 b.含有羰基 c.含有酚羟基 答案【解析】本题考查有机
20、物的推断及性质。从框图中的信息知，C中含有羧基及酚基和苯环，又C的结构中有三个Y官能团，显然为羟基，若为羧基，则A的氧原子将超过5个。由此可得出C的结构为。A显然为酯，水解时生成了醇B和酸C。B中只有一个甲基，相对分子质量为60，60,15,17=28，则为两上亚甲基，所以B的结构式为CH3CH2CH2OH，即1-丙醇。它在浓硫酸作用下，发生消去反应，可生成CH3CH=CH2,双键打开则形成聚合物，其键节为。由B与C的结构，不难写出酯A的结构简式为:。C与NaHCO3反应时，只是羧基参与反应，由于酚羟基的酸性弱，不可能使NaHCO3放出CO2气体。(5)C的同分异构体中，能发生银镜反应，则一定
21、要有醛基，不能发生水解，则不能是甲酸形成的酯类。显然，可以将羧基换成醛基和羟基在苯环作位置变换即可。(6)抗氧化即为有还原性基团的存在，而酚羟基易被O2氧化，所以选C项。 (英文版 ) easily blame, to prevent the broken window effect. Supervise the leading cadres to play an exemplary role, take the lead in the strict implementation of the and , lead to safeguard the solemnity and authorit
22、y of the party discipline, ensure that the party discipline and the laws and regulations for implementation in place. Throughout the discipline in the daily supervision and management , strengthen supervision and inspection, from the thorough investigation of violations of discipline behavior. Stren
23、gthen to key areas, key departments and key projects as well as the masses reflect the concentration of the units and departments for supervision. - strengthening supervision, discipline inspection and supervision of cadres to set an example for compliance with the and is a man must be hexyl, blacks
24、mith needs its own hardware. Discipline inspection organs as the executor of the party discipline, and supervisor of the defenders, for its supervision must be more strictly, discipline inspection and supervision of cadres to firmly establish the awareness of Party Constitution, sense of discipline
25、and rules consciousness, politics loyalty, sense obey. Action speak Ji Ordinance to set an example of the regulations of the rule of law, strengthen supervision and accept the supervision of the firmness and consciousness, do comply with and . To firmly establish the discipline must first be discipl
26、ined, the supervisor will be subject to the supervision of concept, and consciously safeguard and implement party compasses party, take the lead in practicing three strict real strict, so loyal, clean, play. To be good at learning, the Constitution and the as morality, politics and brought to fruiti
27、on; to implement , do not want to, dare not, not with disciplinary ruler to supervision; to discipline a ruler, often the control inspection, and consciously in the ideological red line to draw the row Ming Good accumulation is indeed the bottom line, so that the heart has fear, said to have quit, t
28、he line has ended. Attached: indifferent to heart, calmly to the table in our life, there are many unpredictable things will happen, some good, some bad things, we cannot control is powerless to stop, but with time, you will find in life sometimes turns out to be not good, some bad things finally tu
29、rned out to be a good thing, but then we muddy however did not know, this is the life teach us things. 1, life can be complex, can also be simple. Want simple life of precipitation, to have enough time to reflect, to make Become more perfect. Life is the most important thing is not to win, but the s
30、truggle; not to have conquered, but to have fought well. 2, the plain is the background of life. Live a plain life, give up on themselves is not a coward, but the wise answers; not disillusioned after the heart, such as ashes, but experience the storm after the enlightenment; not unrewarding perfunc
31、torily, but calm attitude of life of unrestrained self-confidence. Plain living, there is no noise noisy, no earthly troubles, more did not fill in the discontent of desire, some just a calm, a calm. 3, memory of heart will not good things to erase the, life is a When no movie, pain is a beginning,
32、the struggle is a kind of process, death is a kind of ending. Give up this giving up is the helpless, do not give up the abandoned, do not give up this giving up is ignorance, do not give up should not give up is persistent. 4, a thing figured is heaven, think impassability is hell. Since the living
33、, to live better. Sometimes we because of too narrow-minded, too care around the chores and penny wise and pound foolish, not worth the candle. Some things to attract trouble and worry, completely depends on how we look at and deal with it. Dont always take everything back to things, and dont get in
34、to a blind alley, dont want to face, dont be narrow-minded. Poke to care, is a kind of open-minded, a free and easy. 5, I am not afraid of others behind me a knife, I afraid to look back and see stab me, is my intention to treat people; I am not afraid of the truth to tell the best friend, Im afraid
35、 he turned to it as a joke to tell dont 6, when we are in a positive frame of mind, you will find many good things; and when we are in a negative state of mind, you will find many depressed things; life happy and worry, all is you of life attitude, optimistic, good luck; loss of sink, Eritrea compan
36、y. When you are in adversity, may wish to change a point of view to think everything over to the good Think, because good mentality decided the fate of the! 7, people are tired, rest; heart tired, calm. Grow up, mature, this society read. Tired and sad, squat down, to their a hug. Because the world
37、no one can sympathize with you, have mercy on you. You cry, tears is your own; you pain, no one can understand. Then you only tears to smile. 8, each people have youth, Each youth are a story, the life of the world never gets easier, I want what, wish the world all know, as has been the same; now wa
38、nt anything, for fear that others know, or like to lose the same. 9, the heart move, everything in the world is followed by birth, Rangrang, important thing is often the most difficult to open ones mouth, because words will reduce its importance; to let strangers people care about your life in the g
39、ood things, the original is not easy 10, do not blame, do not laugh at who, also dont envy who. Like a person is a kind of feeling, not like a person is true. The truth is easy to explain, I feel Is unspeakable. The best travel life is that you in a strange place found a long lost touched. 11, happy
40、 life not in the bustling in, and in the peace of mind; no matter how many grievances, how uncomfortable, and ultimately to heal themselves or their own, others may got you to comfort, but never know your heart is how wanjianchuanxin. 12, maam, like a movie, learn to appreciate, learn to be grateful
41、, learn tolerance, and goodness, helping others. Instead of accusing the society, as into one; and an exception is better to give than to what 13, dont envy him A sum of, dont lose your life and the life, respectively is: the former is a we experienced cannot escape in a day finally will last minute
42、, while the latter is our persistent, we want to cherish the memory of those people and things. 14, learn to smile, learn to strong, the world you know so many people, so many people and you are, you cannot change also cant let everyone like you, so also do not want to do. Life is too short to go cr
43、azy to love to go to waste, to chase the dream to regret. 15, when temper, a blessing to go. A wounding elegant people, the key is to control their own emotions. With the mouth is the most stupid behavior. A control negative emotions than a can take a city more powerful water flow slow, language is
44、expensive. People spent two years of time to learn to speak, but to spend a few years time to shut up. That is a kind of ability, that is a kind of wisdom. 16, life is not perfect, sometimes, growth is not a cry, not an eyeful of tears, there is no trace of emotion, there is no gleam of hope, no des
45、ire, no action, no static, there is only one kind of downward sinking feeling, sink A murky? 6? 7? 6? 7 sink? 6? 7? 6? 7 toward the bottom of the sink. 17, in some way, do not go, you will not know the other side scenery is beautiful. To you is not good, you do not mind too much, no one has an oblig
46、ation to you; you learn knowledge, is you have weapons, you can start from scratch, but not unarmed; how do you treat people, does not represent how others treat you, if cannot see through this point, only inviting worry. 18, time is like a sponge in the water, as long as you are willing to squeeze,
47、 the total water is still there. Every life, after the ups and downs The best test of live, to life, survival and continuation, do not stop the struggle in the joys and sorrows of life on the road, so that different soul to bear life beat, acceptance of suffering. 19, indifferent to heart, calmly in table, elegant and comfortable life, do not take what is so important. The