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1、专题3.1 Festivals around the world【学以致用】三、重点句型剖析1. 替代词one, ones, the one, the ones, that, those【教材原句】The most energetic and important festivals are the ones that look forward to the end of winter and to the coming of spring. 最富有生气而又最重要的节日，就是告别冬天、迎来春天的日子。【方法规律】(1)the ones在此句中指代the festivals，是后面that引导的限
2、制性定语从句的先行词。(2)one, ones, the one, the ones, that, those的用法及区别：one用来替代前面出现的单数名词，是泛指概念，相当于a/an+单数名词，如例。ones用来替代前面出现的复数名词，也是泛指概念，如例。the one用来替代前面的特指的单数名词，有时可用that代替(尤其在有后置定语的情况下)，如例。the ones用来替代前面的特指复数名词，有时可用those代替(尤其在有后置定语的情况下)，如例。that用来替代前面出现的特指的单数可数名词或特指的不可数名词，相当于the+单数/不可数名词，如例。张先生给了我一件非常有价值的礼物，我以
3、前从来没有见过它。Mr. Zhang gave me a very valuable present, one(=a present) that I had never seen.张先生给了我许多有价值的礼物，我以前从来没有见过它们。Mr. Zhang gave me many valuable presents, ones(=many presents) that I had never seen.书桌上面的这本书比书桌下面的那本好。The book on the desk is better than that/the one under the desk.北京的天气要比沈阳的天气热。Th
4、e weather in Beijing is hotter than that/the weather in Shenyang.那边的汽车要比这边的汽车好。The cars over there are better than those/the ones here.即学即练(1)There is still a copy of the book in the library. Will you go and borrow _?No, Id rather buy _ in the bookstore.A. it；oneB. one；oneC. one；itD. it；it【答案】A【解析】考
5、查代词。第一空指代前面的a copy of the book，就那一本，为同名同物，用it；而第二空指到书店去买一本，泛指某一本，为同名异物，用one。故选A。(2)This rose does not smell so sweet as _ I bought the other day.A. itB. the oneC. suchD. which【答案】B【解析】考查代词。句意：这朵玫瑰闻起来没有我几天前买的香甜。空格处代指rose，但与前面的this rose不是同一事物，再根据后面有定语从句I bought the other day修饰，故要用the one，故选B。(3)This y
6、ears fashions are quite different from _ of last year.A. thoseB. oneC. itD. them【答案】A(4)The dialect spoken in this region sounds like _ spoken in my hometown.A. this B. one C. it D. that【答案】D【解析】考查代词。句意：这个地区讲的方言听起来像我家乡说的话。空格处代指The dialect，且后面有后置定语spoken in my hometown修饰，结合选项，要用that，故选D。2. either . o
7、r . 或者或者【教材原句】Some festivals are held to honour the dead or to satisfy the ancestors, who might return either to help or to do harm. 有些节日，是为了纪念死者，或者使祖先得到满足，因为祖先们有可能回到世上(给人们)提供帮助，也有可能带来危害。【方法规律】句中的eitheror是“或者或者”之意，是一个连词词组，用来连接两个相同的成分，表示“两者选一”的意思。当eitheror连接两个主语时，要注意主语和谓语动词在数上的一致性。通常的规则是：谓语动词要和邻近的那个主
8、语在人称和数上保持一致，即就近一致原则。当eitheror，neithernor，not onlybut also，notbut.等连接两个主语时，其谓语动词通常和邻近的主语在数上保持一致。如下面的例子：Neither the teacher nor his students know how to work out the problem.老师和他的学生们都解不出那道题。Either you or he is wholly right.你和他有一方完全正确。Not only his parents but also his best friend encourages him to go a
9、broad.不仅他的父母，而且他最好的朋友都鼓励他出国。Not his friends but his elder brother doesnt permit him to go out.不是他的朋友，而且他的哥哥不许他出去。3. while作连词时的用法【教材原句】While she was on earth she met the herd boy Niulang and they fell in love. 她在人间遇到了牛郎，两人相爱了。【方法规律】while作连词时的用法：(1)表示“当的时候”，引导时间状语从句She was cooking while she was keepin
10、g an eye on her baby sleeping in the cradle.她一边做饭，一边留意睡在摇篮里的婴儿。(2)表示“只要”，表条件As is known to us, while there is life, there is hope. 我们都知道，有生命就有希望。(3)表示“但是；可是”，表示对比It is often said that an American starts a speech with a joke, while a Japanese has an apology to make. 人们常说美国人以一个笑话开始一次演讲，而日本人则是以道歉开始。(4)
11、表示“虽然；尽管”，表示转折While travel can broaden your mind, I dont think its a good idea to spend too much time and money on it. 尽管旅游能够开阔视野，但我认为在这上面花费太多的时间和金钱不是个好主意。4. it作形式主语的句式【教材原句】It was obvious that the manager of the coffee shop was waiting for Li Fang to leave. 很明显，咖啡馆的经理在等着李方离开【方法规律】it在句中作形式主语，代指后面tha
12、t引导的主语从句。it作形式主语的常用句式：(1)It be形容词(obvious，possible，strange，natural，important.)that从句，如例。(2)It be过去分词(said，thought，hoped，believed，supposed，reported.)that从句，如例。(3)It不及物动词(seem，occur，happen.)that从句，如例。(4)It be名词短语(a pity，a fact，a wonder/a shame，an honour，no wonder.)that从句。It was strange that he should
13、have been absent from such an important meeting.很奇怪，他本来不应该缺席这样一个重要的会议。Its no wonder that he cried out as the blood from his side flowed.难怪他哭出来因为血从他身上流出来了。It is believed that it is the earliest and largest ancient papermaking workshop site ever found.人们认为这是迄今为止在中国发现的最早的也是最大的造纸坊。It occurred to me that
14、 I left my ticket at home.我突然想起把票忘在家里了。四、重点语法突破情态动词的语法特征1. 情态动词不能单独做谓语，除ought和have外，后面只能接不带to的不定式。2. 情态动词没有人称、数的变化，但有些情态动词，如can、will也有一般式和过去式的变化。3. 情态动词的“时态”形式并不是时间区别的主要标志，不少情况下，情态动词的现在时形式和过去时形式都可用来表示现在时间、过去时间和将来时间。(1)can 和could：1) can的主要用法是：A. 表示体力或脑力的能力：e.g. The girl can dance very well. 这个女孩跳舞跳得很
15、好。B. 表示说话的推测事物的可能性等：e.g. Can the news be true? 这则新闻可能是真的吗？C. 在口语中，can可以表示请求或允许：e.g. Can I sit here? 我能坐这吗？2) could的主要用法是：A. could是can的过去式，表示过去一般的能力(即想做某事就随时可做某事的能力)和推测：e.g. Could you speak English then? 你那时能说英语吗？We all knew that the young man couldnt be a doctor. 我们都知道那个年轻人不可能是一名医生。B. could可以代替can表示
16、请求，但语气较can客气、委婉：e.g. Could you lend me your dictionary? 您能把字典借给我吗？3) can和could接动词的完成形式have done，表示可能已经做了某事。can用在否定和疑问句中，表示不相信、怀疑等态度。e.g. They cant have gone out because the light is still on. 他们不可能出去了，因为灯还亮着。He could have gone home. 他可能已回家了。2. may 和might：1) may 常用来表示：A. 表示请求、允许；比can较为正式：e.g. May I c
17、ome in? 我可以进来吗？You may go now. 你现在可以走了。B. 表示说话人的猜测，“也许”“可能”；通常只用于肯定句和否定句中。e.g. No matter who may call, you must not open the door. 不管谁可能叫，你一定不要开门。在肯定句中，may的可能性比can高，may表示现实的可能性，can表示理论上的可能性。如：The road may be blocked. 这条路可能不通了。The road can be blocked. 这条路可能会是不通的。在疑问句中，表示可能性用can。e.g. Where can he be?
18、他会在哪呢？C. 表示祝愿；但语气较正式：e.g. May you succeed! 祝你成功！May you have a good journey! 祝你有一个好的旅程！2) might 的用法有：A. 多在间接引语中表示过去的可能和允许。e.g. She said that he might take her bike. 她说他可以拿她的自行车去用。【名师点拨】除了在间接引语中以外，might一般不表示过去的可能或者许可。如要表示过去的可能可以用could，表示过去的许可可以用was(were) allowed to 或者had permission to。表示现在的可能，其可能性要比
19、may 小。e.g. She might go home tomorrow. 说不定她明天会回家。B. 表示现在的许可，语气比may较委婉，一般用于疑问句（包括间接疑问句），不可用于肯定句或者否定句。e.g. Might I have a word with you? 我可以和你说句话吗？3. will和would：1) will是助动词或是情态动词？will用于构成将来时是助动词；用于表示“意志”“决心”“请求”是情态动词。would亦同理。e.g. I will tell you something important. 我要告诉你一些重要的事。（助动词）Will you tell her
20、 that Im here? 请您告诉她我在这儿，好吗？（情态动词）2) 在疑问句中用于第二人称，提出请求或询问。e.g. If you want help - let me know, will you?如果你需要帮助，让我知道，好吗？Will you type this, please? 请打一下这个，好吗？Wont you sit down? 请坐下，好吗？3) would比will客气委婉。e.g. Would you help us, please? 请您帮助我们，好吗？4. shall和should：1) shall用于构成将来时是助动词；shall用于征求对方的意见，或者表示“决
21、心”时，是情态动词。e.g. Perhaps I shall pay a visit to England this winter. 可能今年冬天我会去英国观光。（构成一般将来时，助动词）Shall we go by train, Mom? 妈妈，我们乘火车去好吗？（用于征求对方的意见，情态动词）I shall go at once. 我必须立即去。（表“决心”，情态动词）2) should表示义务、建议、劝告，意为“应该”。should have done表示本应该在过去做但没有做。e.g. You should keep your promise. 你应该遵守诺言。She should h
22、ave passed the exam. 她本来应该通过考试的。5. must和cant：1) must的用法：A. must用于一般问句中，肯定回答用must，否定式用neednt或dont have to，表“不必”；mustnt表示“禁止，不允许”。e.g. Must I finish all assignments at a time? 我必须一次完成所有的任务吗？Yes, you must./ No, you neednt. 你，你必须（完成）。/不，你不必。B. 表示“必须”这个意思时，must和have to稍有区别。must着重说明主观看法，have to强调客观需要。另外，h
23、ave to能用于更多时态。I dont like this TV set. We must buy a new one. 我不喜欢这台电视机。我们必须买一个新的。There was no more bus. They had to walk home. 没有公共汽车了。他们不得不步行回家。C. must表示对某人某事的猜测，作“准是”，“一定”讲，一般用于肯定句中。对过去发生的事情作肯定判断用must have done。e.g. You must be the new teacher. 你一定是新来的老师了。He must be joking. There is nobody here.
24、They must have all gone home. 他一定是在开玩笑。这里没有人。他们一定都回家了。D. must表示“偏要，硬要”，指做令人不快的事情。e.g. He must come and worry her with question, just when she was busy cooking the dinner. Of course, after I gave her my advice, she must go and do the opposite. 他一定要来问她问题，就在她忙着做饭的时候。当然，在我给她建议后，她一定去做相反的事了。2) cant表示推测时，意
25、思是“不可能”，语气非常坚决的否定推测。e.g. I heard Tom died suddenly.That cant be. I saw him yesterday.我听说汤姆突然死了。那不可能。我昨天还看见他了。即学即练根据所提供的情景，用适当的情态动词完成句子。(1)We _ (go) in there. The notice says, ENTRANCE FORBIDDEN.(2)How _ I help them to understand when they wont listen to me?(3)She _ comb her hair at the table, even t
26、hough she knows I dont like it.(4)She looks very happy. She _(pass) the exam.I guess so. Its not difficult after all.(5)_ the new housemaid cook some supper for you, Tom?No, tell her Ill eat outside tonight.(6)Who has broken the window in my room?Who else _ have done it but your naughty son!(7)My cats really fat.You _ have given her so much food.(8)Mr. Butler _ be the murderer because he was in London that evening.(9)What _ you do if I sang out of tune?(10)I _ (telephone) you last night, but I was too busy.【答案】(1)mustnt go(2)can (3)will (8)cant(9)would(10)should have telephoned 9