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1、一、研究论文（research paper）,Title 标题 Authorship 作者 Abstract and Key Words 摘要和关键词 Introduction 引言 Materials and Methods 材料和方法 Results 结果 Discussion 讨论 References 参考文献 Acknowledgement 致谢,Body,The most widely used format styles by biomedical journals:,URM format: the Uniform requirements for Manuscripts Sub
2、mitted to Biomedical Journals for The Lancet, New England Journal of Medicine and Surgery生物医学期刊投稿统一要求 AMA format: journals of the American Medical Association 美国医学会杂志投稿要求 APA format: journals of the American Psychological Association 美国心理学协会杂志投稿要求,1. 标题的写作 （Title ） 特点：accurate, concise and informati
3、ve 大小写：- all words capitalized - content words capitalized(使用最多) - the first word capitalized 结构： - Noun Phrase 名词短语 - Gerund 动名词 - Sentence 句子（陈述、疑问） - Combination 组合 标点：标题通常不加标点，正副标题间可加冒号或破折号，问句句末加问号。,名词短语 名词+介词 Blindness after Treatment for Malignant Hypertension 恶性高血压治疗后的视觉缺失 名词+分词 Unilateral Ne
4、urogenic Pruritus Following Stroke 中风后单侧神经性瘙痒 名词+不定式 Suggestion to Abolish Icterus Index Determination where Quantitative Bilirubin Assay is Available 建议能做胆红素定量的化验室不再做黄疸指数测定,名词+同位语 Gentamicine, a Selective Agent for the Isolation of Betahemolytic Streptoccoci 庆大霉素是分离-溶血性链球菌的选择性药物 名词+从句 Evidence that
5、 the V-sis Gene Product Transforms by Interaction with the Receptor for Platelet-derived Growth Factor. V-sis 基因产物由血小板生长因子受体相互作用而转化的依据,动名词短语 Preventing Stroke in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation 心房纤颤患者中风预防 Detecting Acute Myocardial Infarction by Radio-immunoassay for Creative Kinase 用放射免疫法测定心肌酸激酶诊
6、断急性心肌梗死 介词短语 On Controlling Rectal Cancer 有关直肠癌的控制,陈述句 Dietary Cholesterol is Co-carcinogenic for Human Colon Cancer 膳食胆固醇是人类患结肠癌的协同致癌因素 疑问句 Home or Hospital Births? 家庭分娩还是医院分娩？ Is Treatment of Borderline Hypertension Good or Bad? 治疗临界高血压好还是不好？,副标题 (Subtitle) 主要用来突出病例数目、研究重点或研究方法 1）数目： Endoluminal S
7、tent-graft for Aortic Aneurysms: A report of 6 cases 带支架腔内搭桥治疗动脉瘤的六例报告 2）重点: Aorto-arteritis: Chest X-ray Appearance and Its Clinical Significance 大动脉炎胸部X光片表现及临床意义 3）方法： Gallstone Ileus: A Retrospective Study 有关胆结石梗阻的回顾性研究,4) 作用： Carcinoembryonic Antigen in Breast-cancer Tissue: A Useful Prognostic
8、Indicator 乳腺癌组织中癌胚抗： 一种有用的预后指标 5) 疑问： UnresolvedDo Drinkers Have less Coronary Heart Disease? 饮酒者确实少患冠心病吗？一个有待解答的问题 6) 连载顺序： Physical and Chemical Studies of Human Blood Serum: II. A Study of Miscellaneous Disease Conditions 人类血清的物理及化学研究：II. 多种病例的研究,7) 时间： A Collaborative Study of Burn Nursing in Ch
9、ina: 1995-1999 1995年至1999年间中国烧伤护理的综合研究,常见标题句式举例：P.67 探究三 1.讨论类: Discussion of/ on; An approach to; A probe into; Investigation of; Evaluation of / on （汉语中的“初步体会”、“试论”、“浅析”之类的谦辞可以不译。直接表达本意。） 例：Sudden Cardiac Death：Clinic Pathologic Investigation of 51 Cases 心脏性猝死51例临床病理探讨 2.观察、报告、结果类：An observation/
10、Observations of / on/in 例：Clinical Observation on 342 Cases with Allergic Rhinitis 342例过敏性鼻炎的临床观察 3.调查类：Survey of / on 例：Parathyroidectomy in Chronic Renal Failure: Survey of 38 Cases 慢性肾功能衰竭的甲状旁腺切除疗法38例调查,4.体会经验类：Experience in / with； Reflection on 例：Recent Experience with Bacillemia Due to Gram-ne
11、gative Organisms 治疗革兰氏阴性杆菌血症的新体会 5.总结综述类：Summary of/ Experience of ; Review of 例：Treatment for Malignant Hypertension: An Experience of 35 Cases 35例恶性高血压治疗总结 6.问题类：Problem of ; Some Aspects on 例：Certain Problems of the Surgical Treatment of Hyperparathyroidism 甲状旁腺机能亢进手术治疗的几个问题 7.探究类： Study of/ on /
12、 in; Probe into; Exploration of 例：Platelet Function Studies in Heart Disease 心脏病患者血小板功能的研究,8.报告类：Report of / on 例：A Report of Rosai-Dorfman 腮腺肿块病报告 9.药物治疗和非药物治疗： in the Treatment of ; Management of ; Treatment with; Use of in the treatment of Therapy of / for by 例：Use of Steroid in the Treatment of
13、Clinical Septic Shock 皮质激素治疗败血症休克 Treatment of Psoriasis by Hemodialysis 血液透析治疗牛皮癣 10.诊断： in the diagnosis of ; Detection of in Diagnosis of by/ with Detection of by Application of to the Diagnosis of 例：Ultrasonography in the Diagnosis of Gallstones 胆石症超声波诊断,标题的常见错误 词不达意 Clinical research of cervica
14、l cancer on preoperative interventional chemotherapy 改译: Clinical research of preoperative interventional chemotherapy for cervical cancer 宫颈癌术前介入化疗的临床研究 误译漏译 Diagnostic value of high frequency ultrasonography and mammography for breast malignant tumor 改译: Diagnostic value of high frequency ultrason
15、ography and mammography for breast malignant tumor and analysis on missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis 高频彩超X线钼靶诊断乳腺恶性肿瘤的价值比较及漏诊原因分析,缩略语的使用 Effect of cholecystokinin on electricity activity of gastric distension related neurons on NTS 改译: Effect of cholecystokinin on electricity activity of neurons in
16、nucleus tractus solitarii related to gastric distension 胆囊收缩素对胃扩张相关神经元孤束核的电子活动的影响（NTS歧义多，换成全称Nucleus tractus solitarii） 冗词 Study for the relationship between serum calcitonin gene-related peptide and coronary arteriopathy. 改译: Serum calcitonin gene-related peptide and coronary arteriopathy 降钙素基因相关肽与
17、冠状动脉病变关系的探讨,不够醒目 Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome treated by continuous positive airway pressure 改译：Continuous positive aireway pressure for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome 持续正压通气治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合症,II. 在下列英文标题中识别关键词、分析结构并翻译。 Sudden cardiac death：Clinic pathologic investigation of 51 cases 心脏性猝死51例临床病理探
18、讨 Paranthyroidectomy in Chronic Renal Failure: Survey of 38 Cases 慢性肾功能衰竭的甲状旁腺切除疗法38例调查 Recent Experience with Bacillemia due to Gram-negative Organisms. 治疗革兰氏阴性杆菌血症的新体会 Treatment for Malignant Hypertension: An Experience of 35 Cases 35例恶性高血压治疗总结,Certain Problems of the Surgical Treatment of Hyperpa
19、rathyroidism. 甲状旁腺机能亢进手术治疗的几个问题 Platelet Function Studies in Heart Disease 心脏病患者血小板功能的研究 A Report of Rosai-Dorfman 腮腺肿块病报告 Use of Steroid in the Treatment of Clinical Septic Shock 皮质激素治疗败血症休克 Treatment of Psoriasis by Hemodialysis 血液透析治疗牛皮癣 Ultrasonography in the Diagnosis of Gallstones. 胆石症超声波诊断,II
20、I. 请把下列句子改写成名词性短语标题 1. Thyroid cancer is a late consequence of head-neck irradiation 改为：Thyroid cancer as a late consequence of head-neck irradiation 2. Coronary heart disease: Overweight and obesity are risk factors 改为：Coronary heart disease: Overweight and obesity as risk factors 3. High blood pre
21、ssure is a side effect of drugs, poisons, and food 改为：High blood pressure: A side effect of drugs, poisons, and food,4. High uric acid serves as an indicator of cardiovascular disease 改为：High uric acid as an indicator of cardiovascular disease 5. Prostaglandins serve as mediators of inflammation 改为：
22、Prostaglandins as mediators of inflammation,IV. 汉译英翻译练习： 1青藤碱sinomenine.依赖性的实验研究 2血管内超声评价直接管状动脉内支架置入术stent implantation的临床研究 3转基因transgenic番茄口服液研究中卡那霉素kanamycin 筛选方案的探讨 4完全闭塞与非闭塞occluded versus nonoccluded冠状动脉病变支架植入术比较 5灯盏花素breviscapine注射液治疗视网膜中央静脉阻塞后血流动力学的研究 6. 血液透析hemodynamic对尿毒症uremic患者外周树状dendri
23、tic细胞的影响 7. 老年人创伤geriatric trauma的临床分析 8. 心肌细胞的分离培养和细胞形态学观察 9. 青光眼Glaucoma持续高眼压手术治疗,第二组： 单用吗啡与联合用药治疗转移metastatic骨肿瘤疼痛的疗效比较 体内外环境vivo and in vitro对骨髓间细胞mesenchymal向神经细胞分化的影响 集束电极射频治疗electrode RF肝恶性肿瘤疗效合并发症的CT评价 中国中老年人向心性肥胖central obesity to cardiovascular和心血管病危险因素及其聚集性clustering,多普勒Doppler-derived fl
24、ow 超声右室流出道血流参数评价肺心病右室ventricular systolic pulmonary收缩功能 变应原诱导Allergen-induced的非过敏性支气管反应性增高 庆大霉素是分离-溶血性链球菌betahemolytic streptococci的选择性药物 不同配方胃肠外营养对大鼠肝部分切除partial hepatecomy 后肝再生的影响,第一组： 1. A study on the dependence of sinomenine. 2. Direct coronary stent implantation by introvascular ultrasound gui
25、dance 3. A protocol of screening by kanamycin in studies of transgenic tomato oral vaccine 4. Comparison of clinical and angiographic血管造影术outcomes of stenting for totally occluded versus nonoccluded coronary artery lesions 5. A study on hemodynamic change after treatment of central retinal vein occl
26、usion with breviscapine injection,6. The influence of hemodialysis on dendritic cell in peripheral blood in uremic patients 7. The clinical analysis of geriatric trauma 8. Primary culture of myocardial cells and their morphological features 9. Surgical treatment of glaucoma patients with persistent
27、intraocular hypertension 第二组： Comparison of therapeutic effects between single morphine and drug combination for pain in metastatic bone tumor 2. Effects of environment in vivo and in vitro on the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells of bone into neural cells,3.CT scanning for evaluation of eff
28、iciency of cluster electrode RF on heptic carcinoma and its complications 4.Relationship of central obesity to cardiovascular risk factors and their clustering in middle aged Chinese population 5.Doppler-derived flow indicates of right ventricular outflow tract for evaluation of right ventricular sy
29、stolic function in patients with pulmonary heart disease. 6.Allergen-induced increase in nonallergic bronchial reactivity 7.Gentamicin, a selective agent for the isolation of betahemolytic streptococci. 8.Influence of different total parenteral nutrition support upon hepatic regeneration after parti
30、al hepatecomy in rats.,2. 作者的书写 （ Authorship ）,a Chinese name written in pinyin: Surname + given name (姓全大写，名大写首字母) WANG Pengju Given name + surname (姓和名都只大写首字母) Pengju Wang Surname + capital initials of given name(姓大写首字母，名大写首字母缩略) Wang PJ,关键词和引言Introduction 关键词 即核心词，标题所涉及的主题概念，重点要论述的问题，目的、对象、研究手段、结
31、论等。一般用名词或名词词组，不用动词或形容词。可参见医学文献索引或者Medline(联机医学文献分析和检索系统)中的查找主题词的翻译，选用符合国际惯例的主题词。如：淋巴癌Lymphoma，而不是Lymph cancer/ tumor. 引言 要简要介绍背景和理由；内容和目的。背景包括研究现状，进展、尚待解决的问题；相关的资料来源，收集方法；研究方法，预期结果，价值和意义；本人先前的一些研究介绍。例如：,第一段 课题的研究概况（背景和理由） Helicobacter Pylori(pairo:rai)Hp幽门杆菌is considered to be the main aetiological
32、agent发病原因 of the most common form of chronic gastritis in the adult population. Type B gastritis is localized in the antrum窦, 腔, 房 and pylorus幽门, whereas type A gastritis, the classic autoimmune gastritis, mainly occurs in the fundus 底部. H pylori positive chronic gastritis of the antrum has been fou
33、nd to be closely related to duodenal十二指肠 ulcer and can lead to gastric atrophy萎缩, a precursor of gastric cancer.,第二段和第三段内容和方法 Environmental factors, such as socioeconomic and educational state, seem to affect the prevalence of H pylori infection. Infection is consistently higher in Hispanic and blac
34、k people than in white people and is inversely related to educational level. The prevalence程度 of H pylori infection is higher in close communities密集人口 and in members of family groups than in the general population.,This may be due to relapses or reinfections between members of the same family. Furth
35、ermore, the route of transmission of H pylori remains unknown. Under natural circumstances transmission could be by the oro-oral or faecal-oral(粪-口) routes, but no strong evidence exists to support either route as the primary one, and both may be relevant depending on other factors.,第四段理由和意义 Most st
36、udies of transmission of H pylori infection within families have been conducted on parents and siblings of children referred for针对研究 symptoms and not on the general population. To avoid this potential selection bias, we studied part of the population of the cohort study群组研究 to assess whether childre
37、n of H pylori infected parents had higher infection rate than those families with uninfected parents.,引言部分的时态和句型 介绍背景、现状、善待解决的问题，报告病案或概括原始文献的观点和结论常用一般现在是或者是现在完成时。多用被动语态。 例：Since its initial description 40 years ago, HCM（Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy肥厚型心肌病） has been largely regarded to be associated wi
38、th substantial disability and premature death, and annual mortality rates as high as 3% to 6% had been reported. 自40年前首次报道以来，人们一直认为HCM与严重活动能力受限和过早死亡有关。据报道每年死亡,- Studies have shown that patients with chronic renal failure have a high frequency of cardiovascular atheromatous动脉粥样化的disease. - Stethoscop
39、e diaphragms听诊器薄膜have been shown to harbor隐藏 potentially pathogenic bacteria.,2. 在有关“内容、目的和方法等” 的句子中，描述过去的研究活动可用过去时或者过去完成时。 - In a 22-year-old male, who had been irradiated 16 years previously for Hodgkins disease, a radiation-induced thyroid carcinoma. 16年前因患霍金病接受放射治疗的22岁男子患有放疗诱发的甲状腺癌。,- Patients w
40、ith myocardial infarction心肌梗塞, cardiomyopathy心肌症, and congenital heart diseases were excluded - The analysis showed that this disease was associated with age, systolic blood pressure收缩压, body mass index. 人体质量指数,常用句型或结构的使用 - The purpose/ aim/ objective/ goal (of the present study) is /was to - The pr
41、esent study is / was designed / devised / intended to - The study was performed / conducted / carried out / undertaken to - We aimed / sought to / attempted to - In an attempt to investigate/ determine/ clarify/ assess - in an effort to in order to/ in this study - An attempt was made to; - This pap
42、er examines/ (is concerned with, deals with will present or describe); - This study will have three objectives: ,相关课题的研究成果和现状的常用句型 已有过的研究 S/b. et al. tested (developed, reported, conducted, used) they found; S/th. Were conducted (performed, made) by s/b; Reports were made by; early studies in were r
43、eported by; the paper by is ; another method of has been used by; adopted a slightly different approach to; , described a technique for; The ways that researchers have put forward may be concluded in two sorts: one is another; These theory fall into two categories; the methods based on can be divide
44、d into; Several researchers have theoretically investigated; S/b proposed that; the previous work on indicated that Recent experiments have suggested that The history of the use of can date back to .,未得到充分研究has not yet been thoroughly investigated; Little work has been carried out for However, no pr
45、ior work exists on the problem of; No further study on the has been reported; Great progress has been made, but There is no theory concerning; There is not enough convincing evidence showing that; no such finding could be available in; the data failed to prove that; the character of the is not yet w
46、ell known; from literature survey.,文献回顾 it appears that none of the previous investigators is concerned with; The limitation of have long been recognized; There are some shortcomings in the use of; another disadvantage of this approach is that; The theory cannot apply to other cases of; the study gi
47、ve rise to some difficulties; the main drawback of this 引起关注 S/th has received great (significant, considerable) attention; has for a long time been of interest to investigators; increased attention has been paid in recent years to the use of; has been an active area of research recently; has underg
48、one a remarkable in interest and attention in recent years; in view of the considerate effort is being expanded into,不同观点 Studies have differed in their conclusion on /about/ regarding, there have been different/ conflicting reports regarding/ on ; the discrepancies may be a result of; studies by pr
49、oduced converse professional debate on/ about 文献资料来源： found/ reported/described/mentioned/showed that; was found; It has been reported/ demonstrated observed that 尚待解决的问题 Little research has been done on; Relatively little knowledge is available related to; Little attention has been given to; remains controversial; unexplored/ unclear,重要性 has practical signific