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1、框架结构外墙裂缝渗水的防治措施论文 关键词：外墙裂缝；渗水；外加剂；控制 论文摘要：随着社会的 发展 ，人民生活水平的不断提高，居住环境、工作环境的不断改善。红砖、空心板结构的小楼已成过去。今天的砖混、框架结构，不仅使用空间增大，抗震性更强。但随之而来的便是框架结构外墙的裂缝、渗水问题成了质量通病之一。而且，维修起来相当困难，不仅耗费大量的人力、物力，仍很难修好、根除，从而引起投诉等一系列问题。本文分析了几种常见外墙渗漏的原因，并针对性地提出了防治方法，取得了较好的效果。 1前言 外墙渗水现象一般在竣工后一年左右开始出现，并随着时间的推移而愈发严重。特别是在南方地区，暴雨过后，外墙面会出现一片
2、片湿印迹，使外墙饰面砖剥落，室内墙体涂料发霉，地面木地板浸水，严重地影响了建筑物的使用功能。其位置主要出现在外填充墙与楼面框架梁、柱交接处，内墙两端，窗框与墙砌体连结处及外山墙处。其特点是在建筑物的两端开间较重，中间较轻；向阳面较重，背阳面较轻。尤其在高层建筑及多层建筑的顶层，渗漏现象最为严重。 2外墙裂缝渗水的主要部位 主要在框架梁、柱与空心砖砌体结合部容易产生裂缝，特别是框架梁下皮与砌体结合部极易产生横向裂缝，雨天产生渗水，且水渗入墙中从上至下由空心砖内不知渗到内墙哪个部位。再有，窗台处处理不当，也是裂缝、渗水的主要部位。 3外墙裂缝渗水的原因 外墙裂缝的原因不是一个单一的问题，它涉及到设
3、计、施工工艺方法、时间，气候变化、环境影响、材料选用等多方面因素。 3.1设计原因 设计单位均按规范的统一模式进行常规设计，不考虑新工艺新材料新技术的应用，同时在细部处理上更是一带而过，明知有通病，但只要结构不出现问题，便与自己无关。施工中的问题由施工单位处理。而改进工艺、作法，必然导至施工成本的增加。大多业主又不认可增加费用，结果只有按设计施工，稍有不慎，造成隐患。 3.2管理施工工艺等原因 施工队伍资质等级低，管理者经验少，管理不到位，工人素质低，技术交底不明确，细部处理不到位，马马虎虎，检查不尽责。造成砌筑时砂浆饱满度不够，抹灰时砂浆不密实。产生基底裂缝。特别是砂浆在硬化过程中失水快和水
4、化过程中体积收缩是导致墙体裂缝的主要原因。 3.3材料的原因 为了节约成本选用砂子含泥量大、过粗或过细，水泥的各项指标不合格，外加剂选取不合理，粉煤灰掺量大，砂浆配合比不准确，造成砌体结构强度不好，抹灰面强度降低，也是导致墙面裂缝的原因。 3.4气侯环境的原因 春天抹灰时，风大、气侯干，夏天天热，施工时砂浆的水灰比控制不好，养护不到位，造成水泥砂浆失水快，使砂浆在凝结硬化初期砂浆体积收缩大，极易引起裂缝。 4框架结构外墙渗漏的治理方法 外墙使用的砌体砖建议使用三排多孔砖或其它轻质实体砌块，当使用空心砖砌筑外墙时必须选用完整的无破损的砖，砌筑时不得打砖不足模数部分必须用实心砖或素混凝进行补充调整
5、，相应的拉接钢筋必须按规范的要求设置。同时对于诸如脚手架眼、缆绳孔洞等造成的墙体缺陷要认真修补，不留隐患。 对于复杂的外立面造型，在窗口附近和外维护墙砌筑，拉结钢筋一定按要求留置。 外墙的保温系统尽量采用聚苯颗粒砂浆保温体系，此体系杜绝了点粘外保温体系的空心夹层，极大地减少了渗漏点(苯板或挤缩板之间有缝隙)，并且能够做出一些局部的造型线条。 如果造价允许，外墙抹灰层建议采用防水砂浆抹灰。 尽量使用通体外墙砖，而不采用劈开砖，并且粘贴采用专用胶粘剂和勾缝剂，且粘砖前先在墙面满刮胶粘剂后粘贴饰面砖，勾缝最好选用平缝而不采用凹缝；使用涂料的底层最好选用防水腻子满刮，并选用弹性防水外墙涂料，在外墙砖粘
6、贴前最好先满刮一遍胶粘剂，然后再粘贴外墙砖，这样可使外墙砖粘贴饱满，减少渗漏的隐患。 严格控制施工程序，加强过程的监督和检查。施工技术人员要对工人进行技术交底，同时加强抽查和复查，严禁干砖上墙，严格控制砂浆配合比，保证砂浆的饱满度，水平缝要满铺砂浆，同时以挤砌的方法来保证。竖缝不饱满处应用勾抹子仔细补喂灰浆的方法保证。 严格控制各种构造缝的处理措施。严格按设计和规范的要求做好伸缩缝和沉降缝处的处理，保证选用材料的质量、厚度和规格等符合要求。 由于填充墙受温度变化影响较大，墙体与梁底和柱边等不同建筑材料接触界面由于温度应变不同易造成裂缝，所以在摸灰前应按规范要求加上钢丝网片，再用水泥砂浆分层压，
7、并且注意养护，然后再进行面层施工，可有效防止裂缝的产生，达到减少墙体渗漏的目的。 对于采用外墙粘贴饰面砖的建筑，施工前必须进行技术交底，同时要强化工人的质量意识，增强责任心。在粘贴过程中一定要有挤浆的工艺，且在勾缝前要全面检查空鼓情况，勾缝保证密实，尽量采用平缝，采用凹缝的凹入度不要太大，减少流水线长度。 窗台、遮阳板和雨篷等水平构件应按要求进行找坡且找坡方向要正确，与墙面接触部分应处理成泛水圆弧角。窗框周边应提位勾缝打胶，窗顶部要做成鹰嘴。 女儿墙屋面施工时应特别注意女儿墙根部位置处混凝土比屋面高l0l5毫米，保证屋面女儿墙根部施工缝高于屋面板，而后再砌筑女儿墙墙体，这样即使施工缝处产生微小
8、裂缝，也不会造成女儿墙根部渗水。 阳光房和虎头窗等根部一定要做好防水附加层并且防水卷材全包，保证施工质量。 若 经济 条件允许，在结构层上先作一遍防水，之后在保温层上再做一遍防水。 屋面突出的构筑物等如烟囱、排气管道和天窗等根部一定按要求做好防水处理。 造成框架填充墙结构外墙渗漏的原因较多，上述某一个环节出现问题就可能产生渗漏，渗漏是质量通病，但不是不可避免的，只要我们对此有足够的重视，切实按规范的要求精心施工，认真对待每个环节，并且积极采取先进的和 科学 的施工工艺及新型材料，渗漏问题是能够得到解决的。 结束语： 以上是我们在防治填充外墙渗水的一些具体做法，经过多项工程应用取得明显效果，得到
9、用户赞扬。实践证明，只要我们严格按施工规范组织施工，认真对待外墙渗水的质量通病，并积极从施工中加以防治，一定能将其根治。 参考 文献 1GB50003-2001砌体结构设计规范. 2GB50203-2002砌体工程施工质量验收规范.57（英文版 ） Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic
10、plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enou
11、gh to get a high standard; around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line . Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the firs
12、t part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to
13、 grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. and revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines a
14、nd column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and in
15、novation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the partys leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the and , reflects the partys 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, refl
16、ecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the partys eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of in based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 201
17、0, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to hard to re
18、member, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and oth
19、er laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to clean the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. is in 1997 based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the
20、 party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Re
21、petition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not c
22、over all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to and the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitu
23、tion of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central
24、Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discip
25、line Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committe
26、e, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Co
27、mmunist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Politi
28、cal Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Pol
29、itical Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of th
30、e whole party, embodies the party. Second, and revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the partys eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructi
31、ons on the revised and , highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent and . Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The con
32、stitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the
33、 party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules.
34、the revision of the and is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the par
35、ty constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue de, mainly refers to the partys ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the clos
36、ely linked to the self-discipline, insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the vital few, emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method,
37、as a negative list, emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Part
38、y members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the partys eig
39、hteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reali
40、ty, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the and modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members a
41、nd cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the se
42、lf-discipline, removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, eight prohibition 52 are not allowed to about the content of the negative list moved into synchronization amendment . Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leade
43、rship of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five i
44、s to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National Peoples solemn
45、commitment. criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the , a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-di
46、scipline, the main contents can be summarized as four must eight code. Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as four must the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and su
47、pervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the partys advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the public and private, cheap and rot thrifty and extravagance bitter music, put forward the four norms. Party leader