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1、 普通沥青混凝土路面施工浅析摘要:伴随着我国交通事业的蓬勃发展,公路施工行业的施工技术也有了很大的改善,但是随之发生的路面施工质量问题也越来越多,如何开展公路路面施工质量的有效控制已成为当前亟待解决的问题。本文根据实际工作经验,对沥青混凝土路面施工进行了分析,确保了路面施工的正确进行。关键词:沥青混凝土;路面施工;质量控制沥青混凝土路面具有坚实、耐久、良好的抗滑性和平整度、稳定度好等特点，因而在我国高等级公路建设中得到了广泛应用。在沥青混凝土路面的施工过程中，关键是质量控制。怎样控制好沥青混凝土路面的质量使其更长时间地服务于人民,是摆在公路工程建设者面前的重要课题。1原材料准备阶段,原材料的质
2、量检查应当是质量控制的要点,原材料的技术指标是直接影响沥青混凝土路面质量的关键。应对选定的石料、矿粉、沥青按照规范要求进行质量检查,同时,对碎石、矿粉的选定应考虑到供应问题,沥青混凝土路面施工具有大规模、机械化施工的特点,应保持原材料的供应不会影响施工日进度。沥青混合料的配合比设计必须进行同步验证,沥青混合料的配合比设计一经确认便不得随意更改,应严格按照沥青混合料的配合比设计确定的石料、油石比、级配生产施工。2施工前准备工作2.1清洁施工前用扫帚等工具清扫路面基层表面,要达到干燥、清洁、无松散石料、灰与杂质,清理宽度应至摊铺沥青混凝土面层边缘以外至少30 cm。对局部被水泥等杂物污染并冲刷不掉
3、的路面污染物应用人工将其凿除。2.2检查基层高程和平整度按公路工程质量检验评定标准（jtg f80/1-2004）,路面基层的纵断高程和平整度若不符合要求应制订处理方案;若基层凹凸不平可凿除后用素混凝土填平;若横坡超过设计要求,应按0.1%渐变设过渡段调整。2.3沥青下承层的质量检验按公路工程质量检验评定标准（jtg f80/1-2004）,对下承层的外观与内在质量进行全面检查,对局部缺陷,应按规定修复补救,并将缺陷及修复情况整理存档备案。2.4施工管理人员成立项目经理部,严密组织,加强管理,保证质量,每道工序、每个施工环节都应当配备专门人员负责,在这里尤其应当强调在高等级公路沥青混凝土路面施
4、工中,施工经验对于工程质量的影响很关键,因此强调施工和管理人员技能及经验的积累,而且在施工过程中决不随意调换施工骨干人员,以保证沥青混凝土路面施工的连续性与质量的可靠性。3施工阶段的质量控制3.1沥青混合料拌制拌和温度,普通沥青结合料的施工温度宜通过135及175条件下测定的粘度温度曲线确定，缺乏粘温曲线时可按施工规范规定的范围选择，拌和时，以常用的普通70号沥青为例:要求沥青温度在155165左右,矿料的进料温度常用间歇式拌和机宜比沥青温度高出1030（矿料温度为160170）,混合料出厂温度以160170为宜，超过180者废弃;拌和料不得使用回收粉尘,用于生产沥青混凝土的矿粉必须存放于拌和
5、机石粉灌中,保持干燥,呈自由流动状态;沥青混合料的拌合时间经试拌确定，但每盘的生产周期不宜少于45s（干拌时间510s），拌和料应均匀一致,无花白、结团成块或严重的粗细料分离现象,严禁不合格的产品出场;多雨潮湿气候时,生产沥青混合料所需集料应堆放在干燥储存,当细集料需要量少又受雨潮湿使冷料仓供料困难时,尽量不安排施工。3.2沥青混合料运输混合料尽可能采用大吨位自卸汽车运输,运输车的数量,根据生产能力、车速、运距等情况综合考虑,合理配置,并留有适量富余的备用，施工过程中摊铺机前方应有运输车等候。在运输过程中,应注意做好以下几点。为了确保摊铺温度,防止漏料造成污染并具有保温和防雨的功能,所有沥青混
6、合料的运输车辆都应用完整无损的篷布或苫布覆盖;运输车装料前必须将车箱清理干净,车箱底板及周壁要涂一薄层油水混合液,防止混合料粘连;拌和机向运料车卸料时, 应每卸一斗混合料挪动一下汽车位置（车辆装料应由前至后分堆放料，装料方法为前、后、中）,以减少离析现象;沥青混合料运到现场的温度不得低于150。已经结团或受雨淋的混合料不得摊铺;运输车在返回途中,料斗要落下,以免发生事故和余料漏污染路面;料车中残余混合料运离摊铺现场,在指定地点集中清除,当天施工产生的废料当天运出工地。3.3沥青混合料摊铺施工宽度小于6m的可采用一台摊铺机整幅摊铺，施工宽度超过6m的采用两台或多台摊铺机梯队作业，摊铺机梯队作业,
7、其纵向接缝,应在前部已摊铺混合料部分留下10 20 cm宽暂不碾压,作为后面摊铺的高程基准面,并有510 cm左右的摊铺层重叠,以热接缝形式在最后做跨接缝碾压以消除缝迹。上下层纵缝应错开20 cm以上;为确保沥青混凝土路面平整度、厚度达到设计要求,上面层摊铺采用走雪橇方式控制摊铺层厚度和平整度,摊铺机安装移动式自动找平基准装置;每天开始摊铺前,熨平板必须预热,摊铺机开工前应提前0.51h预热熨平板，预热温度不得低于100;沥青混合料运至施工现场的摊铺温度不得低于140，温度低于135者为废料，应舍弃不用。机械摊铺过程中,不得用人工反复修整。但在下列情况下,可用人工局部找补、更换混合料或人工摊铺
8、。(1)横断面不符合要求或摊铺带边缘局部缺料; (2)构造物接头部位缺料。人工修整必须在现场主管人员专门指导下进行,认真调整,局部换料,仔细修补,同已铺混合料接顺,不留明显印迹和差异。摊铺好的沥青混合料在未经压实前,施工人员不得踩踏;摊铺遇雨时,应立即停止施工,并在雨后清除未压实成型的混合料。3.4沥青混合料的压实及成型沥青混合料压实以试铺段确定的碾压组合和速度,紧接摊铺后进行,分为初压、复压、终压三个阶段进行,一般高速公路沥青混凝土路面采用钢轮压路机和轮胎压路机联合作业完成压实工作; 且压路机的数量不宜少于5台，碾压分段进行,分段长度控制在30 50 m,即一段初压,一段复压,一段终压,段与
9、段之间应设标志,并指定专人负责移动,便于司机辨认;初压采用2台双轮轻型钢轮压路机在混合料摊铺后进行稳压,每台压路机至少碾压一遍,碾压速度1.52km /h;复压采用3台重型轮胎压路机碾压,每台压路机至少全幅碾压2遍, 碾压速度轮胎式压路机为3 4.5 km /h，振动压路机为4 5 km /h;相邻碾压应重叠1/31/2轮宽,初压后的沥青混凝土面层不得产生推移、开裂现象;复压后的沥青混凝土面层表面要求无明显轮迹;终压后要求表面平整,光洁,颜色均匀一致,无明显轮迹。对压路机无法压实的边缘及构造物接头处应采用小型压路机或振动夯压实;施工过程中禁止对路缘石及硬化土路肩造成污染,胶轮压路机碾压时需距路
10、缘石边缘5 cm左右;当天碾压的沥青混合料面层应封闭交通,不得停放任何机械设备或车辆,不得散落矿料、油料等杂物。实践证明：采用较高温度能获得较好的压实效果，因此，碾压应在混合料不发生推移、开裂的情况下尽量在摊铺后较高温度下进行。同时不得在低温情况下反复碾压，以免将石料棱角磨掉或压碎，影响集料的嵌挤效果。3.5接缝处理摊铺机采用梯队作业的纵缝采用热接缝,将已摊铺混合料部分留下10 20 cm宽暂不碾压, 作为后面摊铺的高程基准面,然后跨缝碾压以消除缝迹。横向施工缝采用平接缝,在摊铺段端部的3 m直尺呈悬臂状,以摊铺层与直尺脱离接触处定出接缝位置,用切缝机切齐铲除（在沥青混合料尚未凉透时采取人工刨
11、除或用小型铣刨机铣刨）;上下面层的横向接缝必须错位1 m以上,横向施工缝应远离桥梁毛勒缝20 m以外,不得设在毛勒缝处,以确保毛勒缝两边路面的平顺。4检测与缺陷处理(1)检测要贯穿于沥青混凝土路面施工的全过程,所有技术指标必须满足设计图纸、施工技术规范和业主及行业管理部门的要求和规定。原材料的质量检查包括沥青、粗集料、细集料、填料。混合料的质量检查包括油石比、矿料级配、稳定度、流值、空隙率、残留稳定度、混合料的出厂温度、运到现场的温度、摊铺温度、初压温度、终压温度及混合料的均匀性。平整度的测评有三种方法, 一种是用3 m直尺,另一种是车载连续平整度仪，第三种方法是激光平整度仪。三种办法都要用到
12、,对局部可采用3 m直尺,对比较长的范围可采用车载连续平整度仪或激光平整度仪,可以准确的测定路面的平整度。(2)常见沥青混凝土路面缺陷是多种多样的,从使用效果来看,主要表现在路面波浪、横缝跳车、密实度不够、局部推移、松散、隆起等,这些缺陷都是施工过程中造成的。路面波浪在施工过程中主要是由于摊铺机造成的,沥青混合料软弱或混合料温度组成的变化导致混合劲度的不均匀也是其中因素之一。摊铺机在开铺前掌握好松铺系数，刚摊铺完人工及时修补。碾压时先横向碾压，再纵向碾压，经过这样处理一般不会出现横缝。(3)沥青混凝土路面施工过程中各种材料的自检资料,质量评定资料都是非常重要的。要真实准确的记录每一个工作环节的
13、详细数据,资料要归档存放。5结束语沥青混凝土路面施工的关键是人员、材料、设备的合理配置。在施工过程中要善于总结,克服不良人为因素,注重引进新技术、新材料、新工艺、新设备。对整个施工过程实施有效的动态管理,严格控制各种实验及检测,才能有效提高沥青路面施工的工程质量。（英文版 ） Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive stric
14、tly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres
15、 can see, enough to get a high standard; around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line . Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpreta
16、tion: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main change
17、s and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. and revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics severa
18、l guidelines and column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inhe
19、ritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the partys leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the and , reflects the partys 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary
20、 session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the partys eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of in based on revised, the promulgation and implementation
21、of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed
22、 to hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Crimin
23、al law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to clean the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. is in 1997 based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the const
24、ruction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and
25、regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadr
26、es, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to and the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the
27、party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session o
28、f the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commiss
29、ion for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the
30、Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Commi
31、ttee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the
32、General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central
33、 Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated th
34、e wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, and revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the partys eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping impor
35、tant instructions on the revised and , highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent and . Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to f
36、ollow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundam
37、ental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the g
38、eneral rules. the revision of the and is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of disci
39、pline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue de, mainly refers to the partys ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The re
40、vised the closely linked to the self-discipline, insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the vital few, emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Y
41、an to Method, as a negative list, emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the ma
42、jority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially
43、the partys eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in l
44、ine with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the and modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the p
45、arty members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely li
46、nked to the self-discipline, removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, eight prohibition 52 are not allowed to about the content of the negative list moved into synchronization amendment . Three is for all the party members, will apply object
47、from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advoc