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1、上海海事大学SHANGHAI MARITIME UNIVERSITY硕 士 学 位 论 文MASTERS DISSERTATION论文题目：从跨文化交际角度理解商务口译 学位专业：外国语言学及应用语言学2Understanding Business Interpretation from the Perspective of Cross-cultural CommunicationByMa HuiqinUnder the Supervision of Professor Mao LiqunA Thesis Submitted to Shanghai Maritime University in
2、 Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of ArtsMay, 2009AcknowledgementsThis thesis has benefited from a number of insights and assistance from many different writers and authors whose names have been listed respectfully in bibliography. On the completion of this thesis I w
3、ould like to extend my sincere thanks to Professor Mao Liqun, my supervisor, for his warm and considerate encouragement, insightful suggestions, and painstaking work in scrutinizing the outline and the draft of this thesis, for the meticulous guidance he has generously offered me during the whole pr
4、ocess of my postgraduate studies here, and above all for his lofty personality and scrupulousness in doing academic research, which will surely benefit me.Thanks are also given to all the respectable teachers such as Professor Wang Dawei, Professor Han Zhonghua, Professor Shi Yanyan, Professor Mao J
5、unchun, Professor Qu Zongde, Professor Zheng Lixin, Professor Weng Fengxiang and Professor Yuan Yongfang for their informative lectures, which have enriched my knowledge in linguistics and broadened my academic horizon. My heartfelt thanks also go to those who have generously offered me their help a
6、nd advice in my preparation for this thesis, especially in the collection of the data.No words can express my gratitude to those professors and friends I mentioned above. Without their invaluable and timely help, I could not have brought the thesis into a reality. Any criticism and comments on this
7、thesis will be highly appreciated. AbstractWith the rapid development in cross-cultural communication, interpreters, especially business interpreters play more and more significant roles in economic arena.With their bilingual and bicultural competences, they act as mediators and bridges in helping t
8、he communicative participants exchange views and ideas successfully. The topic of this paper is to understand business interpretation from the cross-cultural perspective. This paper is divided into six chapters in total.Chapter one gives brief introduction to interpretation, business interpretation
9、in particular.Meanwhile, cross-cultural communication as well as relevant concepts such as culture and communication are introduced briefly. Priority is given to the explanation of interpretation, its categorization and the features of business interpretation and so on. Those efforts may give a bett
10、er idea of the theoretical background of the main topic in this thesis.Chapter two pays attention to the two types of connections, that is the relationshipBetween culture, language and communication, the relationship between business interpretation and cross-cultural communication. Then through revi
11、ewing the contributions having been made both at home and abroad in terms of business interpretation, the necessity and feasibility of the study in this thesis will be fully understood by the readers.Chapter three makes elaborate study and analysis about business interpretation with typical examples
12、. Cross-cultural communication successes and failures in the real practice of business interactions are also classified according to the two main channels of communicaiton.Thus the reader will better understand the significance of business interpretation-a specific act of cross-cultural communicatio
13、n.Chapter four describes different cross-cultural barriers in business interpretation. Those barriers are derived from five types of cultural differences: differences in value systems, in specific social and cultural background, in customs and conventions, in political and economic knowledge and in
14、language expressions.Chapter five introduces the roles of business interpreters. To be specific, interpreters usually serve as a bridge between languages and cultures. They also work as favorable atmosphere creators. At last, the basic requirements for qualified business interpreters are presented w
15、ith examples.Chapter six makes concise summary to the whole thesis and reaches some important conclusions that provide guidance for future studies.Key Words: Business Interpretation; Cross-cultural Awareness; Cross-cultural Competence毕业设计（论文）原创性声明和使用授权说明原创性声明本人郑重承诺：所呈交的毕业设计（论文），是我个人在指导教师的指导下进行的研究工作及
16、取得的成果。尽我所知，除文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外，不包含其他人或组织已经发表或公布过的研究成果，也不包含我为获得 及其它教育机构的学位或学历而使用过的材料。对本研究提供过帮助和做出过贡献的个人或集体，均已在文中作了明确的说明并表示了谢意。作 者 签 名： 日 期： 指导教师签名： 日期： 使用授权说明本人完全了解 大学关于收集、保存、使用毕业设计（论文）的规定，即：按照学校要求提交毕业设计（论文）的印刷本和电子版本；学校有权保存毕业设计（论文）的印刷本和电子版，并提供目录检索与阅览服务；学校可以采用影印、缩印、数字化或其它复制手段保存论文；在不以赢利为目的前提下，学校可以公布论文的部分或
17、全部内容。作者签名： 日 期： 学位论文原创性声明本人郑重声明：所呈交的论文是本人在导师的指导下独立进行研究所取得的研究成果。除了文中特别加以标注引用的内容外，本论文不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写的成果作品。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在文中以明确方式标明。本人完全意识到本声明的法律后果由本人承担。作者签名： 日期： 年 月 日学位论文版权使用授权书本学位论文作者完全了解学校有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，同意学校保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版，允许论文被查阅和借阅。本人授权 大学可以将本学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索，可以采用影印、缩印
18、或扫描等复制手段保存和汇编本学位论文。涉密论文按学校规定处理。作者签名：日期： 年 月 日导师签名： 日期： 年 月 日指导教师评阅书指导教师评价：一、撰写（设计）过程1、学生在论文（设计）过程中的治学态度、工作精神 优 良 中 及格 不及格2、学生掌握专业知识、技能的扎实程度 优 良 中 及格 不及格3、学生综合运用所学知识和专业技能分析和解决问题的能力 优 良 中 及格 不及格4、研究方法的科学性；技术线路的可行性；设计方案的合理性 优 良 中 及格 不及格5、完成毕业论文（设计）期间的出勤情况 优 良 中 及格 不及格二、论文（设计）质量1、论文（设计）的整体结构是否符合撰写规范？ 优
19、良 中 及格 不及格2、是否完成指定的论文（设计）任务（包括装订及附件）？ 优 良 中 及格 不及格三、论文（设计）水平1、论文（设计）的理论意义或对解决实际问题的指导意义 优 良 中 及格 不及格2、论文的观念是否有新意？设计是否有创意？ 优 良 中 及格 不及格3、论文（设计说明书）所体现的整体水平 优 良 中 及格 不及格建议成绩： 优 良 中 及格 不及格（在所选等级前的内画“”）指导教师： （签名） 单位： （盖章）年 月 日评阅教师评阅书评阅教师评价：一、论文（设计）质量1、论文（设计）的整体结构是否符合撰写规范？ 优 良 中 及格 不及格2、是否完成指定的论文（设计）任务（包括装
20、订及附件）？ 优 良 中 及格 不及格二、论文（设计）水平1、论文（设计）的理论意义或对解决实际问题的指导意义 优 良 中 及格 不及格2、论文的观念是否有新意？设计是否有创意？ 优 良 中 及格 不及格3、论文（设计说明书）所体现的整体水平 优 良 中 及格 不及格建议成绩： 优 良 中 及格 不及格（在所选等级前的内画“”）评阅教师： （签名） 单位： （盖章）年 月 日教研室（或答辩小组）及教学系意见教研室（或答辩小组）评价：一、答辩过程1、毕业论文（设计）的基本要点和见解的叙述情况 优 良 中 及格 不及格2、对答辩问题的反应、理解、表达情况 优 良 中 及格 不及格3、学生答辩过程中
21、的精神状态 优 良 中 及格 不及格二、论文（设计）质量1、论文（设计）的整体结构是否符合撰写规范？ 优 良 中 及格 不及格2、是否完成指定的论文（设计）任务（包括装订及附件）？ 优 良 中 及格 不及格三、论文（设计）水平1、论文（设计）的理论意义或对解决实际问题的指导意义 优 良 中 及格 不及格2、论文的观念是否有新意？设计是否有创意？ 优 良 中 及格 不及格3、论文（设计说明书）所体现的整体水平 优 良 中 及格 不及格评定成绩： 优 良 中 及格 不及格（在所选等级前的内画“”）教研室主任（或答辩小组组长）： （签名）年 月 日教学系意见：系主任： （签名）年 月 日摘要随着全球
22、化进程日益加快，跨文化交际活动日趋频繁，商务口译应运而生。且在商务有关的场合，比如商务会晤，商务谈判、签订合同，商贸互访，运输包装，贸易展览，投资与贸易等等发挥越来越重要的作用。商务口译员凭借其双语能力及双文化知识，在跨文化交际中扮演着不同文化，不同语言之间桥梁的角色，帮助来自不同国家，拥有不同文化背景的人进行积极有效的沟通。本文试图从一个新的角度-跨文化交际的角度来理解商务口译，全文共由六个章节组成。第一章介绍了口译尤其是商务口译，同时也介绍了跨文化交际等相关概念和术语，比如文化，交际等等。其中着重介绍了口译的定义、类型、商务口译的特点。目的是让读者对本文主题的理论背景有一个基本的了解。第二
23、章引出本论文必不可少的两种关系，即语言、文化及交际的关系，商务口译与跨文化交际的关系。最后，作者对中西方在口译研究中的各个阶段，趋势及出现的问题作了简单的回顾和介绍，从而使读者明白该研究的必要性及意义。第三章作者通过大量的例证详细分析了跨文化交际在言语交际，非言语交际等方面的成功与失误。从而读者会更好地认识到:商务口译，是一种特定的跨文化交际行为。第四章讲述了商务口译中存在的一些障碍，指出在跨文化商务交际中，东西方民族常常会因为价值观念、社会文化积淀以及思维、行为方式等方面的不同而遭遇文化冲突。第五章探讨了商务口译译员在跨文化交际中的作用。口译者作为交际双方的使者，穿梭于两种不同语言和文化之间
24、。他们应自觉培养自身的跨文化意识，增强跨文化交际能力，提高文化差异的敏感性，促使国际商务成功开展。第六章对全文进行了高度归纳和总结。关键词：商务口译；跨文化意识；跨文化交际能力Table of ContentsAcknowledgement.IAbstract.II中文摘要.IVChapter1 Brief Introduction to Business Interpretation& Cross-cultural Communication.1 1.1 Introduction to Interpretation11.1.1 Definition11.1.2 Categorization2
25、1.2 Introduction to Business Interpretation.21.2.1Definition.21.2.2 Features of Business Interpretation.21.3Introduction to Cross-Cultural Communication.31.4 Introduction to Culture.41.5 Understanding Cross-cultural Communication41.6 Summary.5Chapter2 Literature Review62.1 Necessity of Studies on Bu
26、siness Interpretation62.2 Relationship between Language ,Culture and Communication.72.3Relationship between Business Interpretation and Cross-cultural Communication.82.4 Previous Studies of Interpretation in the West and in China.9 2.4.1.History of Interpretation Study92.4.2Interpretation Study in t
27、he West.102.4.3 Interpretation Study in China.122.4.4 Existing Problems.142.5Summary.16Chapter 3 Business Interpretation in Cross-cultural Communication.183.1 Business Interpretation: An Act of Cross-cultural Communication.193.2Elements of Cross-cultural Communication.203.2.1 Perception213.2.2Verbal
28、 Communication.213.2.2.1 Sound213.2.2.2 Words with Vague Meaning223.2.2.3Modifiers233.2.2.4 Word Order.243.3 Cultural Factors That Interfere with Verbal Communication.243.3.1 Differences in Greetings and Farewells.24 3.3.2 Addressing.253.3.3 Compliments, Thanks and Apologies.263.3.4 Privacy273.3.5 P
29、oliteness283.3.6 Gifts Giving.313.3.7 Idioms, Proverbs,Slangs, Euphemisms313.3.8 Use of Humor and Metaphor343.4 Nonverbal Communication.36 3.4.1 The Significance of Study on Nonverbal Communication in Interpretation.363.4.2 Categorization of Nonverbal Communication.383.4.2.1 Eye Contact and Facial E
30、xpression383.4.2.2.Silence.383.4.2.3 Phonetic Variation.39 3.4.2.4 Posture39 3.4.2.5 Body Gestures.40 3.4.3 Suggested Solutions for Difficulties the Interpreter May Face403.4.3.1 Taking in Complete Message403.4.3.2 Understanding Meaningful Silence.413.4.3.3 Avoiding Misunderstanding.413.4.3.4 Making
31、 Right Decisions.423.4.3.5 The Importance of a Shared Culture43 3.5 Summary.43Chapter4 Business Interpretation against Cross-cultural Communication Barriers.45 4.1 Differences in Value Systems46 4.2 Differences in Specific Social and Cultural Background.474.3 Differences in Customs and Conventions.5
32、04.4 Differences in Political and Economic Knowledge.524.5 Differences in Language Expressions54 4.6 Summary.55Chapter 5 The Roles of a Business Interpreter575.1 The Roles of a Business Interpreter575.1.1 A Bridge between Two Languages.575.1.2 A Bridge between Two Cultures.605.1.3 Favorable Atmosphe
33、re Creator.615.2 Basic Requirements for Business Interpreters.63 5.2.1 Interpretation Techniques and Business Knowledge.635.2.2Abundant Extra-linguistic Knowledge635.2.3 Cross-cultural Awareness. .645.2.4 Cross-cultural Competence.655.2.5 Business Awareness.665.3 Summary.67Chapter 6 The Conclusion.6
34、9Bibliography.71VChapter 1 Brief Introduction to Business Interpretation and Cross-cultural Communication Interpretation is one of the oldest professions in the world and there are a number of definitions about it. Before exploring business interpretation further, its definition is necessary to be i
35、ntroduced so as to set an area for further discussion (sometimes referred to as interpreting).Moreover, some relevant terms are going to be introduced so as to make the readers have a better idea of the topic to be covered.1.1 Introduction to Interpretation1.1.1 DefinitionInterpretation is a form of
36、 translation, converting one language to another so that the target language could convey the intended message in source language. It can also be described in simple terms, that is,” to put (something spoken)into one language into the words of another language”(Longman Dictionary of Contemporary Eng
37、lish,1976:552).Or it is a process that the interpreter first listens to the speaker, understands and analyzes what the speakers says,resynthesizes or reconstructs the speech in the appropriate form, and tells the listener or the audience in a different language.Namely,it is a process that turns a sp
38、oken language into another.Nevertheless,other scholars such as Zhong Shukong(1999:1) apprehends it in this way:“Interpretation,essentially,means an extempore oral reproduction, in one language, of what is said in another language.” Daniel Gile(1983) thinks it essentially is “an oral translation of o
39、ral discourse.” According to professor Mei Deming(2000),interpretation is a process in which the interpreter obtains certain amount of information in one language and transfers it into another language orally on the spot. It is a basic means of cross-cultural communication between different peoples and cultures in human society.From these definitions, it is clear that interpretation happens1) across at least two different languages；2) with two or more parties of interlocutors as well as interpreters contributing to the same current ev