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1、浅论粉煤灰加气混凝土砌块墙体防裂【论文关键词】：砌块墙体;防裂技术【论文摘要】：文章提出了解决墙体裂缝的各种技术措施。长期以来，人们一直在寻求治理砌体裂缝的实用技术，并根据裂缝的性质及影响因素，提出了一些预防和控制裂缝的措施。并从防止裂缝的概念上，形成了"防"、"抗"、"放"的构想。这些措施、构想有些已运用到工程实践中，也收到了些效果。但目前总的情况是，加气砼砌块的墙体裂缝仍较严重。对此，我们在调查研究、查阅资料、工程试点的基础上，提出了以下解决粉煤灰加气砼砌块非承重墙体裂缝的工程技术。1.砌块材料(1)砌块块材应有产品合格证、产品性
2、能检测报告、主要性能的进场复验报告。(2)砌块强度等级必须符合规定，各项性能指标、外观质量、块型尺寸允许偏差应符合国家标准蒸压加气混凝土砌块（GBT11968-1997）的要求。(3)对进入施工现场的砌块材料应按产品标准进行质量验收。对质量不合格或产品等级不符合要求的，不得用于砌体工程。不得将有裂缝的砌块面砌于外墙外表面。2.砌筑、抹面砂浆砂浆所用材料的品种和性能应符合设计要求外，还应符合以下要求：(1)粉煤灰加气砼砌块砌筑墙体时，需要使用配套的专用砌筑砂浆与抹石砂浆。国家建材行业标准蒸压加气混凝土用砌筑砂浆与抹面砂浆（JC890-2001）是根据砌块对砂浆的功能要求制定的。施工时，砌筑砂浆、
3、抹面砂桨的干密度、抗压强度，抗折强度、粘结强度、收缩性能等指标必须符合标准要求；砂浆的原材料，如水泥、石灰膏、砂、掺合料、外加剂的性能指标，均应符合相应技术标准的规定。(2)砌筑砂浆采用普通砂浆时，对砂浆的技术要求应符合国家标准砌体工程施工质量验收规范（GB50203-2002）的规定。施工时，砌筑砂浆应通过试配确定配合比。砂浆试块强度验收时，其强度合格标准必须符合规定。砂浆的原材料还应符合相应标准的规定。(3)抹面砂浆采用普通砂浆时，对抹面砂浆的技术要求，应符合国家标准建筑装饰装修工程质量验收规范（GB50210-2001）及住宅装饰装修工程施工规范（GB50327-2001）的规定。对砂浆
4、的原材料、配合比及强度检验，还应符合相应标准规定。3.框架结构非承重墙体施工粉煤灰加气砼砌块的砌体工程施工。除应符合规范GB50203-2002的基本规定外，尚应符合以下要求：(1)砌块在运输、装卸过程中，严禁抛掷和倾倒。进场后应按品种、规格分别堆放整齐，堆放高度不得超过2M，并应防止雨淋。(2)砌体的龄期应超过28d才能上墙砌筑。(3)对采用专用砂浆砌筑时，砌体含水率应小于15%，并进行干砌。对采用普通砂浆砌筑时，在控制含水率的同时，应提前1-2d浇水湿润。在高温季节砌筑时，宜向砌筑面适量浇水。(4)切割砌块应使用手提式机具或相应的机械设备。(5)砌筑前，应按设计要求弹出墙的中线、边线与门窗
5、洞位置，并应以皮数杆为标志，拉好水准线。井按排块设计进行砌筑。并适当控制每天的砌筑速度。(6)填充墙体底部应砌高强度砖，如灰砂砖、页岩砖、砼砖等。其高度不宜小于200mm。(7)不同干密度和强度等级的砌块不应混砌，也不得和其它砖、砌块混砌。(8)砌体转角和交接部位应同时砌筑。对不能同时砌筑又必须留设临时间断处，应砌成斜槎。(9)填充墙砌体留置的拉结钢筋位置应与砌块皮数相符合。其钢筋宜采用植筋方法固定在框架柱上。其规格、数量、间距、长度应符合设计要求。填充墙与框架柱之间的缝隙应用砂浆嵌填密实。(10)砌体砌筑时，应严格控制水平度、平整度。并应错缝搭砌，搭砌长度不应小于砌块长度的1/3。不能满足搭
6、砌长度要求的通缝不应大于2皮。(11)砌体的灰缝厚度和宽度应正确，其水平灰缝厚度及竖向灰缝宽度分别宜为15mm和20mm。砌筑的水平、垂直砂浆饱满度均应80%。同时砌筑后宜对水平缝、垂直缝进行勾缝，勾缝深度为3-5mm。(12)填充墙砌至接近梁底时，应留一定空隙，并应至少间隔7d后，采用侧砖、立砖或砌块斜砌挤紧，其倾斜度宜为约60度，砌筑砂浆应饱满。(13)墙体尺寸允许偏差，如轴线位移、垂直度、表面平整度、门窗洞口高宽及偏移等应控制在规范允许范围内。4.墙体与门窗框的连接与密封(1)门窗安装应先在墙体中预留门窗洞，然后再安装门窗框。(2)普通木门安装，应在门洞两侧的墙体，按上、中、下位置每边砌
7、入带防腐木砖的C15砼块，然后用钉子将木门框与砼块连接固定。(3)塑钢、铝合金门窗安装,应在门窗洞两侧的墙体，按上、中、下位置每边砌入C15砼块，然后用尼龙锚柱或射钉弹将塑钢、铝合金门窗连接铁件与砼块固定。(4)木门框与墙体间隙，采用麻刀水泥砂浆或麻刀混合砂浆进行嵌填，要分层填塞密实，待达到一定强度后，再用水泥砂浆抹平。(5)塑钢、铝合金门窗与墙体之间的缝隙，采用PU发泡剂进行填塞，并在切割成深5-8mm槽口后，内外用砂浆填嵌密实，待砂浆达到强度后，用建筑密封胶封口。5.墙体暗敷管线(1)水电管线（包括穿墙套管、线盒、插座等）的暗敷，必须待墙体完成并达到一定强度后才能进行。开槽或凿洞时，应使用
8、轻型电动切割机并辅以镂槽器。凿槽开洞时，与墙面夹角不得大于450。开槽及洞口深度不宜超过墙厚的1/3。(2)敷设管线后的沟槽、穿墙套管和预埋件等，应用1:3水泥砂浆填实，宜比墙面微凹2mm，再用粘结剂补平。并沿槽长及洞口周边外贴大于100mm宽耐碱玻璃纤维网格布加强。6.墙面抹灰施工(1)外墙抹灰施工前应先安装门窗框、护栏等，并应将墙上的孔洞堵塞密实。(2)室内墙面、门洞口的阳角应采用1:2水泥砂浆做暗护角，其高度不应低于2m，每侧宽度不应小于50mm。(3)当要求抹灰层具有防水、防潮功能时，如厨房、卫生间应采用防水砂浆。(4)抹灰前基层表面的尘土、舌头灰、污垢、油渍等应清除干净，同时对砌块的
9、缺棱掉角、灰缝不饱满等缺陷要进行填补。若采用普通砂浆抹灰，应将墙面洒水湿润，但墙面不应有挂水。(5)采用普通砂浆抹灰时，宜在基层表面涂刷专用界面剂，以利基层与抹灰砂浆粘结牢固。当未涂刷界面剂时，底灰可适当掺加乳胶或107胶水。(6)大面积抹灰前应设置标筋，底灰厚度在8mm以内并压实。找平层及面层应有适当间隔时间。底灰强度不得高于找平层、面层抹灰强度。抹灰应分层进行，当抹灰总厚度等于或大于35mm时，应采用钢丝网或玻璃纤维网格布加强。对外墙抹灰应作分格缝处理。(7)外墙抹灰时，夏季采用遮阳蓬布，避免在暴晒下抹灰；冬季应采取防冻措施。(8)为了防止抹灰层开裂，宜喷洒防裂剂，在抹底灰后喷洒防裂剂。为
10、遇干热、强风天气时，在找平层、面层再喷洒防裂剂。(9)填充墙与砌体结合部的处理，应在该部位内外两侧，敷设宽度不小于200mm的钢丝网或玻璃纤维网格布，在绷紧后分别固定在砼与砌体的底灰上，要保证网片粘结牢固。(10)各抹灰层应防止快干、水冲、撞击和震动。在凝结后应采取措施防止玷污和损坏。对于普通砂浆，抹灰层应在湿润条件下养护。宜在抹灰层上喷养护剂，进行充分养护。7.有关防止墙体裂缝构造与加强措施(1)门窗过梁与窗台板做法，墙体洞口、附墙固定件做法均应符合设计规定。当门窗洞过大时，宜在门窗侧设置防裂构造柱。(2)当填充墙体超长、超高时，应设置防裂构造柱或配筋带。(3)在内外墙面的抹灰砂浆中掺杜拉纤
11、维或丹强丝。(4)当外墙采用普通抹灰砂浆时，在砂浆中敷设耐碱玻璃纤维网格布。综上所述，不难看出。采取多方面有关防止墙体开裂的技术措施。对提高工程质量、保证使用功能有其显著效果。但应该看到，消除墙体开裂的质量通病，是一项系统性很强的工作，必须要高水平的设计、高质量的施工、高水平的管理作保证。一定要按照我国建筑工程质量管理条例所规定的，谁设计谁负责，谁施工谁负责，谁监理谁负责及谁建设谁负责的原则，建立质量管理责任体系，以通过有关各方共同努力来实现。59（英文版 ） Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in p
12、ower for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the ad
13、here to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do
14、not touch the bottom line . Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regu
15、lations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. and revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee
16、the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines and column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw histo
17、rical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the partys leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the and
18、, reflects the partys 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the partys eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised
19、two regulations of the party need of in based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to
20、fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms
21、and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to clean the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. is in 1997 ba
22、sed on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs.
23、One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack nec
24、essary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to and the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline,
25、the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revi
26、sion . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under
27、six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and
28、target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts an
29、d scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the c
30、entral ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, ca
31、reful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communi
32、st Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, and revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the partys eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the F
33、ourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised and , highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, wit
34、h Bu Xiuding independent and . Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General S
35、ecretary Xi Jinping pointed out that no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping
36、again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules. the revision of the and is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the co
37、nstitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of
38、virtue de, mainly refers to the partys ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the closely linked to the self-discipline, insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the vital few, emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Par
39、ty members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a negative list, emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation f
40、or the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in
41、the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the partys eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requiremen
42、ts into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the and modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) adhere to according to regulations governing the
43、 party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all time
44、s and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the self-discipline, removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, eight prohibition 52 are not allowed to about the content of the negative list
45、 moved into synchronization amendment . Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the part
46、y members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National Peoples solemn commitment. criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the , a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, sp