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1、 后方交会在施工测量中的应用与分析摘要：基于2个已知点的边角后方交会，采用了测角、测边后方交会的计算公式得出计算结果并对平面部分进行精度分析与评定，测角、测边严桥按照规范进行具体操作。在此基础上按照二等施测方法施测一条闭合导线，成功地完成了完成了控制点的加密工作。 关键词：精度分析、测回数 2C互差 平差 归零差 施工控制网 强制归心 对向观测 前言：边角后方交会在大顶子山航电枢纽工程的施工测量中得到了广泛的应用，该工程为一等工程，工程规模为大一型、设计洪水位标冷为100年一遇，抗震烈度为6度。该工程是一座以航运、发电和改善哈尔滨市水环境为主，同时具有交通、水产养殖和旅游等综合功能
2、的低水头航电枢纽工程。问题的提出：在大顶子山航电枢纽工程的施工控制网加密过程中，受到地理条件的限制，首级控制网点之间相互不通视或通视条件不好，为此笔者采用了后方交会的办法解决了施测过程中遇到的困难，在实际生产过程中取得了很好的效果。一、观测方法与基本原理结合现场实际情况，在首级控制网的基础上，布设了加密控制网。根据松花江大顶子山航电枢纽厂房、泄洪闸、船闸土建工程所处的施工部位，本着便于整体控制，易于保存的原则，以首级控制网为基础，在施工区周围布设了JK01、JK02、JK03、JK04四个加密点。这些加密点，分布均匀，通视条件好，地基稳定且不易被破坏，对整个施工区域可以进行全方位的观测。加密控
3、制网布设原则以首级控制点为基础，并按二等的施测方安案做了一条闭合导线。由于首级控制点江南SN01、SN02、SN03、02-1之间互不通视，江北SN04、SN05互不通视。受地形、通视条件的限制，采取边角后方交会的方法，加密了JK01点、JK02点，再由SN02-Jk01起算，复核JK02，在布网过程中，为了保证精度，在不同的测站使用不同仪器和由不同人员观测，采取了增加多余观测、增加测回数、强制归心等措施，后视SN01 、SN02、02-1，使用徕卡TCR1800全站仪，观测9个测回，经过计算JK01点的误差为2.3mm，达到二等的精度要求。JK01与JK02、 JK03 、JK04、SN02
4、构成一条闭合导线。精度指标严格执法水利水电工程施工测量规范（DL/T5173-2003）中二等控制网的技术要求。Mb<1.0”、Mp<（57）mm（注：Mb：测量角中误差；Mp：平面控制网点的点位中误差）。使用仪器及观测方法。使用仪器为瑞士徕佧TCR1800系列全站仪，新建控制点采用具有强制归心装置的混凝土观测墩，水平角观测采用测回法，施测9个测回，同测回盘左、盘右所得角值较差小于4”，半测回归零差小于6”，同方向各测回互差小6”；2C值互差小于9”，距离观测采用电磁波测距（往返测），并进行了温度和气压修正。二、精度计算与分析1、平面部分精度计算，边角后方交会法测量测站点的精度估算
5、公式为：1+(sin2)/(K2-sin2)m2s+1+(cos2)/(K2-sin2) 2(s2m2/2)=2.3mm<(57)mm其中：Mp JK01为测站点JK01的点位中误差，单位为mm=27”06”11.4722”K=363.9389273/363.9341726=1.000013065ms=0.0012855mS=652.166462M=0.0392=206265” 由于规范标准主要以点位中误差来稀量平面控制网的精度，因此，通过上式的计算结果与规范规定的相应控制网等级相比照，得出计算结果的中误差达到二等平面控制网的精度要求。 2、控制网中导线点最弱点的点位中误差;
6、Mp JK03=m2s+smp/2 =2.4mm< 其中：Mp JK03为测站点JK01的点位中误差，单位为mm ms为测距中误差ms=0.002m S测距边边长（平距）S =652.166462 M=2” =206265” Mp JK01与Mp JK03的值均在二等平面控制网点的点位中误差限差要求；(57)mm的范围内，所以平面控制网精度达到二等的精度。 3、高程部分精度分析： 对向观测高差较差： （表一）方向直觇高差(m)反觇高差(m)差值（mm）三等限差35s(mm)SN02至JK01-47.6403147.6327287.5728
7、.3JK01至JK04-11.56546111.5584047.0623.48JK04至JK03-1.0837751.0801183.6612.78JK03至JK0212.017591-12.016191.4020.87JK02至SN0248.254082-48.271076-16.9929.15环线闭合差Mh=h1+h2+h3+h4=-0.923 环线闭合差限差：Mh容= =18.13mm 则 MhMH容 上述所有对向观测高差较差均在三等高程控制网（光电测距三角高程导线测量）对向观测高差较差的限差要求：35Smm的范围内，环线闭合差值也在三等高程控制网（光电测距三角高程导
8、线测量）环线闭合差的限差要求：12Lmm范围内，所以高程控制精度达到三等精度。 三、结束语 通过笔者的实践与分析，文中的边角后方交会在袖珍计算机的广泛普及和应用的今天，不仅能够解决实际工作中控制点相互不通视的困难，而且实践证明这种方法效果很好，在今天的具体工作当中会有广泛地应用。 参考文献 控制测量学、施工测量学、水利水电工程施工测量规organization system and working mode, the selection of a number of municipal strengthening group to build innovation and strengthen
9、 the organization of the basic level organizations advanced model.(seven) the manual work of the Communist Youth League Organization published and League branch of manual work, to promote the use of two manuals in the citys organizations at various levels. The county committee, directly under the gr
10、oup (work) is under the jurisdiction of grassroots League and group (total) using branch ratio shall not be less than 70%.Three, to further strengthen the groups leadership and team building(a) to strengthen the leagues leadership at all levels of construction. Continue to do a good job of municipal
11、 Party Committee Organization Department on the strengthening of the Communist Youth League cadres management opinions implementation. To promote the group counties (autonomous counties, cities) Commission and city directly under the group (workers) appointed to carry out the Five team building acti
12、vities. Improve the League Association Department working mechanism. Conscientiously fulfill the duties of CO, combined with the city group directly under (the) Committee of the general election and the adjustment, actively jointly with the unit where the party organization department good group lea
13、dership selection with the work. Do a good job in municipal Party committee assistant committee leadership and leading cadres of the annual assessment work, adhere to and improve the assistant secretary of the Communist Youth League talk system group To weave individual conversation and collective c
14、onversation, to strengthen the committees of all levels, the Standing Committee of the Standing Committee, the establishment of a sound system of central group learning, the system of investigation and study, the system of important issues and the reporting system.(two) to strengthen the work of edu
15、cation and training of cadres to conscientiously implement the Central Committee. On the implementation of grassroots cadres training project and opinions on carrying out the mission municipal CYL Cadres training project implementation opinions, full implementation of the project of the City Youth L
16、eague cadres training education. Focus on the county grassroots cadres and workers focused on training, the new school system vocational training League cadres, for the Municipal Organization Department jointly held the third session of the Communist Youth League system training cadres in party. Foc
17、using on the construction of new socialist countryside, strengthening village cadres and rural construction team group member of the young team, the county organizations at various levels throughout the year is expected to train 100 00 rural grassroots cadres, plans to train 1000 village secretary o
18、f the village Party branch.(three) actively promote grassroots cadres election work. Under the unified leadership of the party organization, to strengthen grassroots organizations direct work, standardize the election work rules and procedures, in the designated candidate, open competition to democr
19、atically elected branch secretary at the same time, actively and steadily the development of Township, streets and other grassroots organizations in the direct election of the pilot work, on the basis of summarizing the experience and gradually expand the scope of the pilot, and gradually formed a s
20、et of measures and cadres election system.(four) to strengthen the cadres testing exercise. To study the development of XX city from 2006 to 2008 cadres testing exercise planning. To select outstanding cadres to the central mission in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and other central organs and sending
21、 work in developed areas. With the Central Committee the implementation of the western region and ethnic minorities cadres training plan . To carry out the eighth batch of municipal organs attachment cadre management, selection, training work. The outstanding cadres to start the National Development
22、 Bank XX branch testing exercise.(five) to strengthen the group construction. The main position to play the role of Youth League cadre education and training as the city, in accordance with the requirements of post training, further curriculum scientifically and rationally, adopt arrangement menu co
23、urse, basic theory includes group work, focus, hot and difficult issues, to enhance the content and practice; to strengthen the construction of teaching staff, the integration of teachers, establish a quality teacher training team, establish and implement course evaluation system; take delivery of t
24、raining to the countryside, on-site training, and increase the rural grassroots cadres training efforts.Four, efforts to strengthen the work of young talent(a) to tenth XX young 54 medal in recognition of the publicity, and actively explore the XX youth service. 54 Medal of institutionalization, sta
25、ndardization and socialization mechanism. Give full play to the XX award in recognition of 54 youth medal Association, Youth Award winner in the 54 chapter, investigation activities. Who won the Youth Service medal, dedication to the society to create conditions, build the stage. During the 54, name
26、d in recognition of the tenth XX young 54 medal. The association of XX editing of young talent , the exchange of information and communication platform for the XX of outstanding young talents.(two) the establishment of municipal Party committee of young talent information database. In accordance wit
27、h the feasible, effective, classification management, implement step by step principle, the establishment of municipal Party committee of youth talent database; guiding organizations at various levels generally established the young talent database, construction of city, county (directly under the C
28、ommunist Youth League), grassroots organizations three young talent information database the relevant information collection system, and gradually establish the citys young people, the Communist Youth League youth talent information network, provide information platform for young talent resource dev
29、elopment.Five, take effective measures to strengthen the mission management(a) to strengthen the mission management work. Strengthen the dues collection and management, continue to adhere to the dues collection regularly reporting system, the annual comprehensive award in recognition of the tour and
30、 the tour one vote veto system audit system. Do statistical work in the group. The group service award in recognition of the advanced units, standardization, promoting group management work institutionalized.(two) to strengthen the organization of research and information exchange efforts. Grassroot
31、s carry out research, efforts to form a number of theoretical results. Make full use of the network carrier, to explore the establishment of electronic group service system, promote the work of Communist Youth League information.Attachment 4:XX municipal Party Committee Propaganda Department of the
32、Communist Youth League work pointsIn 2006, the Communist Youth League propaganda ideological work XX to Deng Xiaoping theory and the important thought of Three Represents as guidance, study and implement the partys sixteen and the spirit of the the fifth Plenary Session of the 16th CPC Central Commi
33、ttee implementation of the eight plenary session of the two committee, the citys cultural work conference, the Propaganda Department of the meeting and the the fourth Plenary Session of the 15th CPC Central Committee permanent mission spirit, closely around 11th Five-Year XX the goal of full impleme
34、ntation of Scientific Outlook on Development, emancipating the mind, seeking truth from facts, keep pace with the times, close to reality, close to life, close to the young, persevere grasp orientation, grasping deepening, grasping construction innovation, further improve the groups propaganda and i
35、deological work ability, unity To guide the majority of members of the youth to achieve the 11th Five-Year planning tasks, the overall construction of a well-off society, building a socialist harmonious society to make new contributions.One, adhere to the Three Represents important thought and Scien
36、tific Outlook on Development education to guide the youth, to further strengthen the ideological and political education of youth(a) armed with youth science theory. Unremittingly with Deng Xiaoping theory and the important thought of Three Represents armed members of youth education, to promote the
37、 study and implement to expand the depth and breadth. To study and implement the important thought of Three Represents with the establishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development combine with the implementation of the requirements of constructing socialist harmonious society with
38、Scientific Outlook on Development, carry out education as an important part of the theory of armed youth in the new period, strengthen the establishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development education, educate and guide the youth to fully understand the great significance of establ
39、ishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development, in-depth understanding of the Scientific Outlook on Development era back The king, the practice foundation, basic connotation, historical status, spirit and practice requirements, a profound understanding of Scientific Outlook on Devel
40、opment with Marxism Leninism, Mao Zedong thought, inheriting and developing relationship between Deng Xiaoping theory and the important thought of Three Represents, to help young people establish and consciously practice Scientific Outlook on Development. Persist in learning, grasping the backbone,
41、grasp the practice, grasp the opportunity. Catch club, effective way to grasp the network, with the group of cadres, young students and young backbone fronts as the focus, to promote the work of the armed youth theory to develop in depth, to help the youth continue to firm ideals and beliefs, to bui
42、ld a powerful spiritual pillar. To carry out the study and implementation of the partys sixteen session of the five Eight plenary session of the two plenary session of the Central Committee and the party spirit, to the citys Youth League members thinking into the spirit of the meeting, to achieve th
43、e goal of national consciousness and XX economic and social development in 11th Five-Year period. Contribute to help and guide the youth to a profound understanding of the significance and main task of building a socialist harmonious society, actively join the construction of socialist harmonious so
44、ciety.(two) to strengthen the ideological and moral construction of teenagers. Thoroughly implement the central spirit of the document No. 8, No. 16 and the program for Improving Civic Morality to minors and students as focus groups, to strengthen and improve the ideological and moral construction o
45、f minors and the ideological and political education of college students. Make full use of the spirit and the spirit of the Three Gorges migrants Hongyan XX unique the use of educational resources, school, into the team, the league, to join the party, adult occasions, extensive Hongyan spirit genera
46、tion theme education activities. Use of holidays and leisure time, youth organizations three rural areas, four communities, four and moral practice, guide the youth Youth to enhance national pride, self-esteem and self-confidence, to establish the trend of the times and adapt to the trend of thinkin
47、g, value orientation and behavior.(three) innovative ways and means of ideological education. Grasp the new trend of the development of the times, the new hot new features and social ideological status of young people, to further explore the methods of ideological education using modern technology a
48、nd communication mode of education make lively and vivid, fully embodies the close to reality, close to life, close to the young principle through the cultivation and selection. Hongyan demonstration group, good boy, Hongyan Hongyan Youth and other forms of more scientific use of advanced typical influence and promote youth, and