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1、identity? Only time will tell.STANDARD ENGLISH AND DIALECTSWhat is standard English? Is it spoken in Britain, the US, Canada, Australia, India and New Zealand? Believe it or not, there is no such thing as standard English. Many people believe the English spoken on TV and the radio is standard Englis
2、h. This is because in the early days of radio, those who reported the news were expected to speak excellent English. However, on TV and the radio you will hear differences in the way people speak. When people use words and expressions different from the “standard language”, it is called a dialect. A
3、merican English has many dialects, especially the Midwestern, southern, African American and Spanish dialects. Even in some parts of the USA, two people from neighbouring towns speak a little differently. American English has so many dialects because people have come from all over the world. Geograp
4、hy also plays a part in making dialects. Some people who live in the mountains of the eastern USA speak with an older kind of English dialect. When Americans moved from one place to another, they took their dialects with them. So people from the mountains in the southeastern USA speak with almost th
5、e same dialects as people in the northwestern USA. The USA is a large country in which many different dialects are spoken. Although many Americans move a lot, they still recognize and understand each others dialects.THE OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARYYou may think that English dictionaries have been used
6、for many, many centuries. The spelling of English has always been a problem but it was more of a problem in the days before a dictionary. Then people could spell word in different ways which you might find it interesting. But it made reading English much more difficult. So dictionaries were invented
7、 to encourage everybody to spell the same. In fact, an English dictionary like the kind you use today wasnt made until the time of the late Qing Dynasty. There men did most of the important early work on dictionaries: Samuel Johnson, Noah Webster, and James Murray. These men spent nearly all of thei
8、r lives trying to collect words for their dictionaries. For them, it wasnt only a job; it was a wonderful journey of discovery. The largest dictionary in the world is the Oxford English Dictionary, or OED for short. The idea for this dictionary came from an important meeting in Britain in 1857. Twen
9、ty-two years later, Oxford University asked James Murray to be the editor of its new dictionary. Murray had never been to college. At the age of fourteen, he left his village school in Scotland and taught himself while working in a bank. Later he became a great teacher. After Oxford gave him the job
10、, Murray had a place built in the garden behind his house to do his work. Part of it was one meter underground. In winter it felt like a barn, he had to wear a heavy coat and put his feet in a box to keep warm. Every morning, Murray got out of bed at five oclock and worked several hours before break
11、fast. Often he would work by the candle light into the evening. Murray hoped to finish the new dictionary in ten years. But after five years, he was still adding words for the letter A! then others went to work with Murray, including his two daughters. He worked on the dictionary until he was very o
12、ld. Forty-four years later, in1928, other editors finished it. It included more than 15,000 pages in twelve books. And you thought your dictionary was big!Unit 3JOURNEY DOWN THE MEKONGPART 1 THE DREAM AND THE PLANMy name is Wang Kun. Ever since middle school, my sister Wang Wei and I have dreamed ab
13、out taking a great bike trip. Two years ago she bought an expensive mountain bike and then she persuaded me to buy one. Last year, she visited our cousins, Dao Wei and Yu Hang at their college in Kunming. They are Dai and grew up in western Yunnan Province near the Lancang River, the Chinese part of
14、 the river that is called the Mekong River in other countries. Wang Wei soon got them interested in cycling too. After graduating from college.we finally got the chance to take a bike trip. I asked my sister, Where are we going? It was my sister who first had the idea to cycle along the entire Mekon
15、g River from where it begins to where it ends. Now she is planning our schedule for the trip. I am fond of my sister but she has one serious shortcoming. She can be really stubborn. Although she didnt know the best way of getting to places, she insisted that she organize the trip properly. Now, I kn
16、ow that the proper way is always her way. I kept asking her, When are we leaving and when are we coming back? I asked her whether she had looked at a map yet. Of course, she hadnt; my sister doesnt care about details. So I told her that the source of the Mekong is in Qinghai Province. She gave me a
17、determined lookthe kind that said she would not change her mind. When I told her that our journey would begin at an altitude of more than 5,000 metres, she seemed to be excited about it. When I told her the air would be hard to breathe and it would be very cold, she said it would be an interesting e
18、xperience. I know my sister well. Once she has made up her mind, nothing can change it. Finally, I had to give in. Several months before our trip,Wang Wei and I went to the library. We found a large atlas with good maps that showed details of world geography. From the atlas we could see that the Mek
19、ong River begins in a glacier on a Tibetan mountain. At first the river is small and the water is clear and cold. Then it begins to move quickly. It becomes rapids as it passes through deep valleys, travelling across western Yunnan Province. Sometimes the river becomes a waterfall and enters wide va
20、lleys. We were both surprised to learn that half of the river is in China. After it leaves China and the high altitude,the Mekong becomes wide，brown and warm. As it enters Southeast Asia, its pace slows. It makes wide bends or meanders through low valleys to the plains where rice grows. At last, the
21、 river delta enters the South China Sea.PART2 A NIGHT IN THE MOUNTAINSAlthough it was autumn,the snow was already beginning to fall in Tibet.Our legs were so heavy and cold that they felt like blocks of ice.Have you ever seen snowmen ride bicycles?Thats what we looked like! Along the way children dr
22、essed in long wool coats stopped to look at us.In the late afternoon we found it was so cold that our water bottles froze.However,the lakes shonelike glass in the setting sun and looked wonderful.Wangwei rode in front of me as usual.She is very reliable and I knew I didnt need to encourage her. To c
23、limb the mountains was hard work but as we looked around us, we were surprised by the view. We seemed to be able to see for miles. At one point we were so high that we found ourselves cycling through clouds. Then we began going down the hills. It was great fun especially as it gradually became much
24、warmer. In the valleys colourful butterflies flew around us and we saw many yaks and sheep eating green grass. At this point we had to change our caps, coats,gloves and trousers for T-shirts and shorts. In the early evening we always stop to make camp.We put up our tent and then we eat. After supper
25、 Wang Wei put her head down on her pillow and went to sleep but I stayed awake. At midnight the sky became clearer and the stars grew brighter. It was so quiet. There was almost no windonly the flames of our fire for company. As I lay beneath the stars I thought about how far we had already travelle
26、d. We will reach Dali in Yunnan Province soon, where our cousins Dao Wei and Yu Hang will join us. We can hardly wait to see them!PART 6 THE END OF OUR JOUNEYCambodia was in many ways similar to Laos, although it has twice the population. At another inn, we talked with a teacher who told us that hal
27、f of the people in her country couldnt read or write. Her village couldnt even afford to build a school, so she had to teach outside under a large tent. When we said goodbye, we all felt very lucky to have studied in college.Back on the road, we passed between many hills and forests. Then we came to
28、 the plains and entered Phnom Penh,the capital of Cambodia. In many ways it looked like Vientiane and Ho Chi Minh City; it also had wide streets with trees in rows and old French houses.Unlike Vientiane, ships could travel the Mekong River here.In the center of the city we visited the palace and a b
29、eautiful white elephant. It can only be seen outside the palace on special days. We ate an early supper and went to see a great temple with floors made of sliver.The next morning our group slept late. We were very tired from the long bike ride the day before. Cycling in the hills had been diffcuilt.
30、Now our couins had the chance to make jokes about Wangwei and me. Perhaps,they said,they were the strong ones!We had lunch at a nice outdoor cafe,then rode out of the city.Two days later we crossed the border into Vietnam. We began to see many more people,but I wasnt surprised .I read in an atlas be
31、fore our trip that Vietnam has almost seven times the population of Cambodia. We met a farmer who gave us directions and told us that he grows a new rice crop four times every year so he can feed more people.He also told us that the northern part of his country has many mountains and it is much cool
32、er than here in the south,where it is flat.Although the flat delta made it easier for us to cycle.we got warm very quickly.So we drank lots of water and ate lots of bananas.Soon the delta separated into nine smaller rivers.Two days later,after we had passed thousands of rice fields,we came to the se
33、a. We were tired but also2012年大学英语四六级必备宝典本文档主要分为两部分，前半部分是cet6，后半部分是cet4。.CET6资料大全（很实用噢）2六级在考试内容方面与与四级的区别105CET-4资料大全（完整版）154英语四六级考试题型：测试内容测试题型比例听力理解听力对话短对话多项选择15%35%长对话多项选择听力短文多项选择20%复合式听写阅读理解仔细阅读理解多项选择25%35%选词填空或简答题快速阅读理解是非判断+句子填空或其他10%完型填空完型填空多项选择10%10%写作和翻译写作短文写作15%20%翻译汉译英5%计分规则2011年上半年大学英语六级考试将
34、在6月18日15：00-17：20举行，下半年将在12月17日15：00-17：20举行，为了帮助大家有效的报考复习，考试大外语站点编辑收集整理了相关信息供大家参考，希望对大家有所帮助，考试大祝大家顺利通过考试！考试介绍考试时间报名条件考试大纲样卷说明考试中心计分规则口试样例成绩查询证书样张六级考试各部分测试内容、题型和所占分值比例如表所示：试卷构成测试内容测试题型比例听力理解听力对话短对话多项选择35%长对话多项选择听力短文短文理解多项选择多项选择复合式听写阅读理解仔细阅读理解篇章阅读理解多项选择35%篇章词汇理解选词填空快速阅读理解是非判断+句子填空或其他完型填空 或 改错完型填空 或 改
35、错多项选择或错误辨认并改正10%写作和翻译写作短文写作20%翻译中译英写作：33分-条理不清、思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。39分-基本切题。表达思想不清楚连贯性差。有较多严重的语言错误。45分-基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯;语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。 57分-切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。67分-切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺。连贯性较好，基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。文字不足酌情扣分：100-119扣1分;90-99扣3分;80-89扣4分;70-79扣5分;60-69扣6分;50-59扣7分;不足50扣9分
36、。听力： 听力理解共35个，包括短对话、长对话、短文听力及短文听写：听力对话及短文听力共25题，每1题算1个，共25个;短文听写共11题，其中单词听写8题，每2题算1个，句子听写共2题，每1题算2个，共10个。 阅读： 阅读理解共35个，包括快速阅读，篇章词汇或短句问答，篇章阅读：快速阅读共10题，每1题算1个，共10个;篇章词汇每2个空算1个，短句问答共5题或8题，每1题算1个或0.625个，共5个;篇章阅读共10题，每1题算2个，共20个。综合：综合测试共15个，包括完形或改错，翻译。完形共20题，每2题算1个，共10个;改错共10题，每1题算1个，共10个;翻译共5题，每1题算1个，共5
37、个。四级考试单项分的报道共分为四个部分：听力（35%）、阅读（35%）、完型填空或改错（10%）、作文和翻译（20%）。各单项报道分的满分分别为：听力249分，阅读249分，完型填空或改错70分，作文142分。各单项分相加之和等于总分（710分）。2011年上半年大学英语六级考试将在6月18日15：00-17：20举行，下半年将在12月17日15：00-17：20举行，为了帮助大家有效的报考复习，考试大外语站点编辑收集整理了相关信息供大家参考，希望对大家有所帮助，考试大祝大家顺利通过考试！考试介绍考试时间报名条件考试大纲样卷说明考试中心计分规则口试样例成绩查询证书样张口试大纲 口语考试成绩合格
38、者由教育部高等教育司发给证书，证书分为 A、 B 、 C 三个等级，成绩低于 C 等的不发给证书大学英语四、六级考试口语考试能力等级标准如下：等级等 级 描 述A 等能用英语就熟悉的题材进行口头交际，基本上没有困难B 等能用英语就熟悉的题材进行口头交际，虽有些困难，但不影响交际C 等能用英语就熟悉的题材进行简单的口头交际D 等尚不具有英语口头交际能力一、评分标准 CET-SET 主考在评分时使用以下标准： a. 准确性 指考生的语音、语调以及所使用的语法和词汇的准确程度 b. 语言范围 指考生使用的词汇和语法结构的复杂程度和范围 c. 话语的长短 指考生对整个考试中的交际所作的贡献、讲话的多少
39、 d. 连贯性 指考生有能力进行较长时间的、语言连贯的发言 e. 灵活性 指考生应付不同情景和话题的能力 f. 适切性 指考生根据不同场合选用适当确切的语言的能力 二、语言功能 CET-SET 考试要求考生参与不同形式的口头交际，其语言能力将根据其在考试中的表现予以测量。考生需要掌握的语言功能和意念在大学英语教学大纲中已明确列出。以下仅列举其中部分的语言功能和意念。友好往来问候，介绍，告别和告辞，祝愿和祝贺，感谢和应答，道歉和应答，提议、邀请和应答。相互交流开始交谈，继续交谈，改变话题，停止交谈。态度愿意，希望，意向，决心，责任，能力，允许，禁止，同意和不同意， 否定，喜欢和不喜欢，偏爱，责怪
40、和抱怨，判断、决定和意见。劝说命令，劝告和建议，承诺，提醒。感情焦虑，惊奇，兴趣，加重感情色彩。存在存在和不存在，有和没有。空间描述位置，方向，运动，距离。时间时刻，时段，时间关系，频度，时序。发表意见和看法询问意见和看法，发表意见和看法，对意见和看法的反应，同意，不同意，要求澄清，澄清意见和看法。争辩讨论，讨论观点，反驳论点，提出进一步论证，劝说和对劝说的反应。三、考试形式CET-SET 考试分三部分：第一部分是考生和 CET 授权的主考进行交谈，采用问答的形式。时间约 5 分钟。第二部分包括 1.5 分钟的考生个人发言和 4.5 分钟的小组讨论。时间共约 10 分钟。第三部分由主考再次提问
41、以进一步确定考生的口头交际能力。时间约 5 分钟。四、输入信息CET-SET 考试运用以下两种形式的输入信息来产生信息差：1）画面提示（如图片、图表、照片等）；2）文字提示。五、标准描述 语言准确性和范围话语的长短和连贯性语言灵活性和适切性5 分语法和词汇基本正确表达过程中词汇丰富、语法结构较为复杂发音较好，但允许有一些不影响理解的母语口音在讨论有关话题时能进行较长时间的、语言连贯的发言，但允许由于无法找到合适的词语而造成的偶尔停顿能够自然、积极地参与讨论语言的使用总体上能与语境 、功能和目的相适应4 分语法和词汇有一些错误，但未严重影响交际表达过程中词汇较丰富发音尚可能进行较连贯的发言，但多
42、数发言较简短组织思想和搜寻词语时频繁出现停顿，有时会影响交际能够较积极地参与讨论，但有时内容不切题或未能与小组成员直接交流语言的使用基本上能与语境、功能和目的相适应3 分语法和词汇有错误，且有时会影响交际表达过程中词汇不丰富，语法结构较简单发音有缺陷，有时会影响交际发言简短组织思想和搜寻词语时频繁出现较长时间的停顿，影响交际，但能够基本完成交际任务不能积极参与讨论，有时无法适应新话题或讨论内容的改变2 分语法和词汇有较多错误，以致妨碍理解表达过程中因缺乏词汇和语法结构而影响交际发音较差，以致交际时常中断发言简短且毫无连贯性，几乎无法进行交际不能参与小组讨论六、考生手册A. 考试简介1 考试性质
43、大学英语四、六级考试口语考试（ CET Spoken English Test ，简称 CET-SET ）用于测量我国大学生运用英语进行口头交际的能力2 考试对象CET-SET 报考对象为获得全国大学英语四、六级证书且成绩达到一定分数线的在校大学生。试行阶段的报考对象根据教育部有关文件决定，具体报名规定见考试委员会通知。3 考试形式CET-SET 考试采用面对面的形式，每场考试由 2 名主考和 3 （或 4 ）名考生组成（如下图）：4 试题构成部 分时间题型说 明Part 15 分钟问答“热身”题，包括考生自我介绍、回答问题。Part 210 分钟发言和讨论考生准备 1 分钟后，根据所给提示作
44、一个 1.5 分钟的发言；小组就指定的话题讨论（约 4.5 分钟）。Part 35 分钟问答由主考进一步提问。5 考试成绩考试总分为 15 分，分为 A 、 B 、 C 和 D 四个等级（描述见“能力等级标准”）。6 合格证书C 等以上者将获得由教育部高教司颁发的注有 CET Spoken English Test 成绩等级的 CET 证书。B. 考生须知1 报名条件及流程：教育部规定05年四级笔试550分、六级520分以上的考生可以报名参加口试.全国大学英语四、六级考试委员会根据教育部主管部门的文件规定，在有关城市设立若干个考点。考生到所在考试中心指定的考点报名并参加考试，报名时须随身携带身
45、份证、二寸报名照一张及报名费用。报名流程：2 注意事项 考生须携带本人的准考证和身份证准时到规定的候考室报到，逾时 15 分钟不得进考场。考生如发现准考证上的姓名有误，请在正式开考前将修改后的准考证交给主考，由主考按身份证上的姓名核对并签名确认。如中途无故退场，将作自动放弃考试处理，成绩一律记为不合格。自备饮料；不得携带手机、拷机等通讯工具进入候考室。考生须在候考室等候参加考试，在候考期间未经同意不得随意离开候考室。考试期间，必须遵守考场纪律，服从管理人员安排。考试结束时，必须将准考证交给主考，同时记下自己的准考证号。考试结束后，必须立即离开考区。3 考试时间一年两次，分别在 5 月和 11
46、月。4 考试地点考试地点在考生报名的考点。具体考场在考生报到后随机编组确定。5 考生培训 考生必须参加考点组织的考前培训，包括：通知考试时间、地点、考场及候考室等考务安排介绍大学英语四、六级考试口语考试程序并播放考试过程录像口语考试成绩合格者由教育部高等教育司发给证书，证书分为 A、 B 、 C 三个等级，成绩低于 C 等的不发给证书。C. 能力等级标准 等级等 级 描 述A+14.5-15分A13.5-14.4分能用英语就熟悉的题材进行口头交际，基本上没有困难。B+12.5-13.4 分B11-12.4 分 能用英语就熟悉的题材进行口头交际，虽有些困难，但不影响交际。C+9.5-10.9 分C8-9.4 分能用英语就熟悉的题材进行简单的口头交际。D7.9 分以下尚不具有英语口头交际能力。接下来是20天突破英语6级（供时间紧迫的豆友们）第100页开始是英语六级的详细讲解（供时间充足，考高分的豆友们）周计划说明： 十套真题我们留下六套来进行真实模拟考试，但为了节省时间，作文我们不写。剩余的四套真题以及预测题用作专项使用。专项训练时请严格按照时间来做，完成后自己修改，对于错题一定要仔细分析，了解为什么会选择这个答案，参照着参考答案的解释去逐一解决，对题目中涉及的生词，请以句子片段的形式用笔记本记录下来。 基本资料包含精选词汇（10个）、词组（5个）与句子（