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1、高中英语语法专题复习讲义一、名 词【知识点】一、可数名词的复数构成规则:1.规则变化:加-s, -es; 辅音字母加y结尾的去y加ies;把f/ fe变成ves;(1)keys , three Henrys; stomachs; safes; beliefs; proofs; roofs; gulfs; chiefs; heroes; potatoes; tomatoes; Negroes; dingoes (2) 缩写,数字,字母等在后面加s或s都可,如: some VIPs (VIPs); in his 50s / 50s; in the 1990s / 1990s; There are
2、two ts in the word “letter”. 2.不规则变化:(1) men , children , feet, teeth, geese, mice; oxen等;(2) 单复数形式相同:sheep; deer; fish; means; works(工厂); Chinese; Japanese; Swiss; (teas, fruits, fishes, metals等表示种类);(3)只有复数形式:trousers, glasses(眼镜);remains(遗体/物);clothes; ashes; contents(目录); goods; customs(海关); arm
3、s(武器); (4)复合名词的复数形式: shoe shops; lookers-on; grown-ups; passers-by; daughters-in-law(5)表示某国人的复数形式:A:单复一样:(Chinese / Japanese) B: 把man变成men : Englishmen; Frenchmen; C:其它加s (包括Germans,humans)二、不可数名词1.量的表示：用some / a little / much等表示数量的词（组）及单位名词（量词），用得较多的有piece, article, bottle, head, loaf, bar等：a piece
4、 of advice / bread / news / information / equipment / chalk / cloth / clothing / music / work / furniture / paper / wood / baggage; a loaf of bread; a bar of chocolate ; two head of cattle2.不可数名词具体化： These games are great successes; The party was a great success.三、名词的所有格：1.表示有生命的名词后加s, 如一样东西为几人共有，则在
5、最后一个名词后加s: Jack and Toms room(两人共有的房间); Jacks and Toms rooms（两人各自的房间）；表示无生命的名词的所有格用of表示：the windows of the room;(但表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命的名词后也可加s: Chinas industry; todays paper; ten minutes walk)2.表示“某人家里”“某店铺”等的名词所有格后省略所修饰的名词：at my aunts (house); at the doctors (office); go to the chemists (shop);3
6、.双重所有格：a / an / this / that / these / those / some / any / a few / no / every / several / such / another / which 等+名词+of +.s / 名词性物主代词（表示“部分”的概念或表示某种感情色彩，如：赞赏、讨厌等）；比较：a friend of her mothers她母亲的一个朋友（强调她母亲的朋友中的一位，为双重所有格）a friend of her mother她母亲的朋友（强调两人间的关系，为of所有格）a picture of his brothers(他弟弟的所拥有的照片
7、中的一张，照片上不一定是他本人)a picture of his brother（他弟弟本人的一张照片，照片上就是他本人）四、名词作定语修饰名词：前一个名词表示后一个名词的材质及用途；(1)一般前面的名词用单数形式，复数加在后面主体名词上：shoe shop(s); story book(s); coffee cup(s); physics teacher(s); 个别名词修饰另外一个名词用复数形式：sales manager; sports meet; 由man / woman与另一个名词构成复合名词两者都变复数：men/ women doctors;(2)比较名词作定语及形容词作定语的不同
8、意义：a dust bag ( a bag for dust) 装灰尘的袋子/ a dusty bag布满灰尘的袋子 a chemical change化学变化(具有化学性质的变化)/ a chemistry teacher( a teacher of chemistry)一个化学老师a gold watch 一只金表(表材质)/ a golden watch一只金黄色的表五、英语中”很多”的表达:只修饰可数名词:quite a few / a great many (of) / many / a (large / small) number of只修饰不可数名词: a great deal
9、of / a great amount of ( great amounts of) 既可修饰可数也可修饰不可数名词:plenty of / a lot of ( lots of ) / a (large) quantity of / large quantities of【练习】1. No regular advertiser dare produce anything that fails to stick to the _of his advertisement.A. standard B. level C. message D. promise2. -What do you think
10、 of his composition? -Much better, but theres still some _for improvement.A. space B. room C. area D. place3. Sometimes doctors make higher _ for their work than they should.A. bills B. charges C. costs D. prices4. The _of a big snake made her frightened, so she sat there still.A. sight B. look C. v
11、iew D. scene5. No _ she fell ill, considering that she had been overworking for years.A. problem B. way C. wonder D. matter6. -How is it that you lost your way? -When I came to the crossroads, I went the wrong _.A. way B. direction C. distance D. path7. Little Tom asked me for small _ for his _, so
12、I gave him _.A. change; ten pennies; ten pence B. changes; ten pennies; ten penceC. change; ten pence; ten pennies D. changes; ten pence; ten pennies8. Will you please tell me _you are talking about?A. which Zhang Yimous film B. which film of Zhang YimouC. which film of Zhang Yimous D. zhang Yimous
13、which film9. The baby broke a _which is made of _just now.A. tea cup; glass B. cup of tea; glass C. teas cup; glasses D. tea cup; glasses10. Look, Mother has just bought three _ and _.A. fruit; lots of vegetables B. fruits; a number of vegetablesC. fruit; a great many of the vegetablesD. fruits; a g
14、reat amount of vegetables11. If you get the job youll have to make business _every now and then.A. journeys B. trips C. travels D. voyages12. I listened to his lecture about biology, but I missed the key _.A. messages B. sense C. notes D. points13. He is always full of _as though he never knew tired
15、ness.A. strength B. force C. power D. energy14. There has been a great _ in the number of cars in our city in the past five years.A. increase B. improvement C. result D. effect15. I dont think its my _ that the TV doesnt work. I just turned it off.A. mistake B. fault C. duty D. error16. -Whats the _
16、 of this pair of shoes? -500 yuan. -Oh, its really too expensive. -But its comfortable, so I think its good _ for money.A. cost; value B. price; value C. price; cost D. cost; price17. How did you like the _of the interpreter(口译员)at the conference on TV? A. performance B. achievement C. material D. w
17、ords18. She is not in good _for such heavy work.A. state B. condition C. position D. situation19. Its bad _ for a man to smoke in public places where smoking is not allowed.A. manners B. action C. movement D. manner20. Johnson is an honest businessman. Our company and his has had a lot of _ in the p
18、ast few years.A. agreements B. sales C. deals D. bargains47主谓一致【知识点】英语句子中谓语动词的数必须与主语的人称和数取得一致，这就叫做主谓一致。解决主谓一致主要遵循三个原则：语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。1：either , neither , each , one , the other , another , anybody , anyone , anything , somebody , someone , something , everything ,everybody , everyone ,no one ,
19、 nothing ,nobody 做主语时，谓语一般用单数。Neither of the two sentences is correct.Everything around us is matter.(注意：none , neither, all ,any作主语时，谓语可用单数，也可用复数，具体取决于说话人的意思。)None of them owns/own a car .Neither of the boys are / is interested in geography.All are here. And all that can be done has been done.2：表示“
20、时间、距离、金额、重量、面积、体积、容积”等度量的名词做主语时，谓语用单数。Five minutes is enough.Four hundred francs is a lot of money.3：each and each ，every and every ;no and no ;many a and many a 等结构由于强调个体行为，因此谓语动词使用单数。Each boy and each girl has got a new English-Chinese dictionary.No sound and no voice is heard for a long time.4：从句
21、、不定式、动名词或短语作主语时谓语动词使用单数形式。To say something is one thing, to do it is another .（to say something, to do 是不定式） “How do you do?” is not a question but a greeting .（How do you do?是句子，作主语） (注意：what 引导主语从句时应注意其所指的具体内容来确定谓语的单复数。)What we need is more time, while what they need are more doctors and medicines
22、.5：one and a half 后面带名词的复数，谓语动词常用单数。One and half bananas is left on the table.6：用and 连接的两个名词表示单一概念时谓语动词使用单数。The headmaster and Party secretary is going abroad next month.Bread and butter is my usual breakfast.7 ：有些名词呈复数形式，但并不表示复数概念。The news is disappointing that a chemical works is to be built in th
23、e west of the city.8：名词由and 或both and 连接主语时，谓语动词使用复数形式。Both coffee and beer are on sale in the shop.9：people , public , police , cattle 做主语时，谓语动词习惯上使用复数。The police have caught the murderer. And people are talking about the news.考点10：表示成双、成套的名词作主语时，谓语动词使用复数。Your trousers are too long, but these shoes
24、 fit you quite well.但有a pair of 连接时，谓语动词使用单数。A pair of gloves is a nice present for her.11: 不可数名词作主语，但前面有表示数量的复数名词修饰时，谓语动词用复数。Three million tons of oil are exploited every year in the oil field.12: 在or , either -or - , neither- nor - ,not only - but also - , not - but - , there be 等结构中，采取就近原则，即谓语动词使
25、用单数还是复数取决于最靠近的主语的单复数。Either the teacher or the students are to blame.Not only the students but also their teacher is enjoying the film.考点13: 下列结构用于引起一个附加的成分，谓语动词的形式应不受附加成分的影响而于前面的主语取得一致: as well as ; rather than ; like ; except ; besides ; with ; along with ; including ; such - as- ; No one but Jack
26、 and Mary knows about it.I as well as they am ready to help you.考点14：some of ; plenty of ; a lot of ; most of ; the rest of ; all(of ) ; half (of );分数或百分之+of +名词做主语时，以名词的单复数为准。A lot of students are waiting outside .And lots of the time has been wasted.More than 70% of the earths surface is covered b
27、y water.Ten percent of the apples are bad.The rest of the story needs no telling.He stayed at home and the rest of the boys were out at play.15：由a kind of ; this kind of ; many kinds of 和名词+ of this kind 等以及与kind 意思相近的type, sort 等构成的类似的短语做主语时，谓语动词与of 前的名词取得一致。This kind of apple sells well in China.A
28、pples of this kind are highly priced.16：more than 开头的句子，看其后面的名词。More than one answer is written on the blackboard.More than two hundred soldiers were killed in the battle.17: 定语从句中谓语动词的形式与先行词一致，但one of +复数名词+who/ that 引导的定语从句的谓语动词的形式看one 的前面是否有the (only )等修饰语，有为单数，无为复数。This is one of the best books
29、that have appeared this year.She is the only one of those women who doesnt know a thing about knitting(编织) .18: population; company ; class . team ; family ; group ; nation ; world ; government等词做主语时，如果强调整体，谓语动词使用单数；如果强调组成成员，谓语动词使用复数。Our family has a reunion every year.His family are waiting for him
30、.19 ：the +形容词，表示一类人，谓语动词用复数;若指单数，则用单数谓语动词。The rich are for the plan, but the poor are against it.The true is to be distinguished from the false.真实应与假相区别。(the true / the false表单数概念)20：a number of + 复数名词 结构应用复数动词。the number of + 复数名词 结构应用单数动词。如：A number of people were killed and injured in the explosi
31、on.The number of people who were killed in the tsunami(海啸) has grown to 160,000. 注：“many a + 单数可数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。【练习】1.Have you heard that Tian Liang, along with his parents, _ to Canada?Really? No wonder I havent seen him these days.A. has been B. has gone C. have been D. have gone2. Over three-qua
32、rter of the city _ destroyed in the Iraq War.A. is B. are C. were D. was 3. This kind of stories _ instructive while stories of that kind _ harmful to children.A. is ; seems B. are ; seem C. is ; seem D. are ; seems 4. Everybody in our hometown, men and women, young and old, _ sports and games.A. ar
33、e fond of B. joins C. enjoys D. go in for 5. The Whites family, which _ rather a large one , _ very fond of their house .A. were ; were B. was ; were C. were; was D. was ; was6. Not his son but his two daughters _ to Canada, never to be seen again.A. has gone B. have gone C. has been D. have been 7.
34、 When the injured _ to the hospital, they came to _.A. was rushed ; life B. were rushed ; life C. rushed ; lives D. were rushed ; lives 8. Despite much research , there are still certain elements in the life cycle of the insect that _ not fully understood .A. are B. were C. is D. was 9. _ visitors t
35、o Hong Kong were asked by newspaper reporters what their impressions of the people were.A. The number of B. A numbers of C. Numbers of D. Any numbers of 10. Though small , the ant is as much as a creature as _ all other animals on earth .A. are B. is C. do D. have 11. Between the two rows of trees _
36、 the teaching building .A. have B. has C. stands D. are 12. Every possible means _ tried but without much result .A. have been B. had C. has D. has been 13. The rest of the story _ no telling . Half of the students _ no interest in it .A. need ; has B. needs ; have C. needs ; has D. need ; have 14.
37、John and Mary, _ sure to come to our party this evening.A. be B. are C. is D. to be15. This is the only one of the books on the subject _ ever been written in English .A. that has B. which have C. that have D. which is 16. Every boy and every girl as well as some teachers who _ to visit the museum_
38、asked to be at the school gate before 6:30 in the morning.A. are, are B. is , is C. are, is D. is , are17. A great many people_ present at the meeting . But many a man _ late for the meeting because of the traffic jam .A. are; are B. is; is C. were ; was D. was ; are 18. He is the only one of the ch
39、ildren who often _ ill of others behind their backs .A. have spoken B. were speaking C. speaks D. speak 19. Its I who _ the Christmas gift to you .A. has sent B. have sent C. is going to fetch D. are going to fetch 20. What were your problems a year ago _ mine now .A. has become B. have become C. be
40、comes D. became二、介 词【知识点】一、基本知识：介词又叫前置词，是一种虚词。介词分为三种，一种是简单介词，如at, in, on, beside, to , for等；另一种是短语介词，即由两个以上的词组组成的短语，如in front of, because of, out of, instead of等；还有一种叫二重介词，如until after, from behind等。（一）介词的句法功能介词不能独立在句中做成份，介词后必须与名词、代词、或动名词构成介词短语在句中充当一个成份，表示人、物、事件等与其它人、物、事件等之间的关系。1、作定语：The book on the
41、 table is mine.2、作状语：We have breakfast at seven.（表时间）；They were late for meeting because of the heavy rain.（表原因）；They started the machine by pressing the button.（表方法）3、作表语：My dictionary is in the bag.4、作宾语补足语：I found him in the office.（二）主要介词之间的区别1、表示时间的at, in, on：at表示片刻的时间，如：at 8 oclock ，常用词组有：at n
42、oon, at night, at midnight, at the end of, at that time, at the beginning of, at the age of, at Christmas, at New Year等。in表示一段的时间，如：in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, in October, in 1998, in summer, in the past, in the future等。on总是跟日子有关，on Monday, on Christmas morning, on the followin
43、g, on May Day, on a warm morning等。2、表示时间的since和from：since表示从过去到现在的一段时间的过程，常与现在完成时连用。from表示从时间的某一点开始，不涉及与现在的关系。一般多与现在时、过去时、将来时连用。如：I hope to do morning exercises from today./ We have not seen each other since 1995.3、表示时间的in和after：两者都表示“在（某个时间）之后，区别在于in表示“在（一段时间）之后”，而after则表示“在（某一具体时间点之后）”，in短语和将来时态连用
44、，after短语和过去时态或将来时态连用。如：Well be back in three days./ After seven the rain began to fall./ What shall we do after graduation?注意：after有时也可以表示在一段时间之后（常用在过去时里）。如：After two months he returned.4、表示地理位置的in, on, to：in表示在某范围内，on指与什么毗邻，to指在某环境范围之外。如：Changchun is in the northeast of China./ Mongolia is on the n
45、orth of China./ Japan is to the east of China.5、表示“在上”的on和in：on只表示在某物的表面上，而用in表示占去某物一部分。 如：There is a book on the piece of paper./ There is an interesting article in the newspaper./ He dug a hole in the wall.6、表示“穿过”的through和across：through表示从内部通过，与in 有关；across则表示从一端至另一端在表面上的通过，与on有关。如： Water flows through the pipe./ The old man walked across the street.7、in the corner, on the corner, at the corner：in the corner 表示在角落里，in指角的内面；on the corner表示“在角上”，on指的不是内面，也不是外面，而含内外兼有之意；at the corner指“在拐角处”，at指的是拐角外附近的外面。如：The lamp stands in the c