半刚性基层沥青路面典型结构设计.doc

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1、v especial seguretat tecnologia programa de construcci del tnel 1, excavaci i personal dexcavaci de de perforaci en arribar a la feina, primer cal comprovar les cares de lestat de la seguretat, i comprovar que el suport s slida, estabilitat de la teulada i els costats, com ara roques soltes, clods d

2、e terra o esquerdes ha de ser clar. Quan oficials excavat tnel del sl, operadors han de cooperar amb els altres i mantenir la distncia de seguretat necessria. Quan la maquinria de perforaci, apte per a la perforaci humida mquines o perforaci mquina amb un Extractor de pols. Peu D sobre les operacion

3、s de munt descria, ha de prestar atenci a lestabilitat descries munts, evitant que les retallades de diapositiva. pneumtic trepant perforar, comprovar el cos, Pern, mniga curta, primavera i suport normal intacte; canonada unions sn segures, hi ha no hi ha fuites daire canonada de perforaci i trepant

4、 carrers sn rectes, amb lesions trepants de roca aigua humida s normal; aquells fracassant els requisits han de ser reparat o reemplaat. pneumtic trepant quan foradar amb un stent, Stent ha de ser segur. Pneumtica trepant perforador estirades desprendre estirat, no superant, seran no pot treure sens

5、e haver de girar-se de la canonada de vent. no ser desmuntar i reparar trepant pneumtica a la cara. H est estrictament prohibit als ulls de les persones per continuar perforaci. perforaci truc en el forat a m comanda, comprovaci de les condicions del cam i lmit de seguretat, la seva poca velocitat n

6、o podr ser superior a 25m/min. Carro, caminar o quan un lisi, mquines ha de ser prop de la ubicaci en el seu lloc no es pot inclinar i rodes, impedint el moviment de frenada. Crrec 2, voladures i perforaci no pot funcionar en parallel. Voladures equips i b estudi hauria de ser localitzat en una cova

7、 fora de la seguretat de 50m. Sense processament a lhabitaci de processament on reestructuraci i explosiva material. Construcci del tnel llarg voladures equips ha de ser processat dins la cova, entorn dhabitaci concret s coherent amb les actuals normatives de seguretat nacional (GB6722-86), les disp

8、osicions pertinents. voladura explosiva materials i processament personal no ser portar roba sinttica. Quan voladures, tot el personal ha de ser evacuades, s la distncia de seguretat: no menys de 200m en capalera; excavaci integral de forats profunds voladures (3-5M de profunditat), no menys de 500m

9、. vegades al dia de rodatge hauria clarament estipular en el forat, tir temps de crrega no ha de ser massa llarg. de crrega han de verificar abans de voladura a prop de la cara de treball de suport slid; fang en el forat, pols de pedra hauria de ser bufat prospecci net noms batut la calor s massa al

10、ta, sense cap crrec immediatament. Si hi ha prou illuminaci, trobat sorra, flux de fang no adequadament tractada, o hi pot haver un gran nombre de coves, raig daigua est prohibit.regulations. The revised regulations from the original 3 series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words reduced to 3, Cha

11、pter 11, 133, 17000 words. For example, before theWith criminal law coincidence of corruption and bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other content, not a separate provisions in the party. Special supervisors of the Commission, Ma, vice president of China University of politics and

12、law said, current disciplinary punishment regulation of December 2003 promulgated and implemented, but with the development of the situation, have been unable to fully meet the strictly new needs. The biggest problem is discipline law, of which nearly half of the content and the criminal law, the la

13、w on administrative penalties for public security, such as repeated, in fact, it is difficult to use, but also a waste of administrative costs, even in very few cases will appear to Ji generation method, pre empt. The revised implementation of the strictly, the party must manage the party, strengthe

14、ning discipline check , for the party to overweight, before the law for the party delineated discipline bottom line, from wrong grabbed, not to become Dang Jiyan Yu Guofa empty. The amendment Ordinance: to strengthen the role of the negative list, the provisions of the original Ordinance 10 categori

15、es of misconduct combing the integration and scientific revision for six categories: violation of political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline and discipline, the party constitution about discipline specific requirements, and sorting in the prov

16、isions of chapters in accordance with the similar similar and severely to the principle of National School of administration Professor Wang Yukai says, in the past, in violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack seriously In terms of responsibil

17、ity, to amend the legislation integration clear the members of the negative list, of Party members and cadres prohibited behavior of the scope of the facts were adjusted, refining the content, operation and not only told party members and cadres, what kind of behavior is not, also put forward clear

18、basis for punishment, disciplinary action is no longer available drilling. The Central Party School professor Xin Ming said that the old regulations is a prominent issue is what are the tube, but some problems did not manage well. For example, political discipline, political rules previously difficu

19、lt to grasp, there is a gray area, the amendment clarifies lists can condemnation , the discipline can not luck. Amendment: strict since the eighteen Political discipline and rules, organization and discipline, the implementation of provisions of the eight, against the four winds strictly administer

20、ing the practice results of the institutionalized, normalized. Regulations clearly increased the some disciplinary terms, such as honesty and discipline increased trading rights, using in position or positions of influence as relatives and close to profit etc.; breach of discipline of the masses in

21、the new against the interests of the masses,Manipulator is now used as a industrial robots in use, the control objectives often appear often in industrial automation. Industrial automation technology has gradually matured, as mature a technology line has been rapid development in industrial automati

22、on as a separate subject. Manipulator application began to filter into welding, logistics, mechanical processing, and other industries. Especially at high or very low temperatures, full of poisonous gases, high radiation case, robot in similar circumstances showed great use also brings great conveni

23、ence to the staff. Precisely because of this robot to get peoples attention began to be a high degree of development. Labor rates, working conditions, labor intensive aspects of promoting development. Both at home and abroad to develop the PLC (programmable logic controller) is in various special ci

24、rcumstances and under special conditions set for mechanical devices. Now turned on the development of the microelectronics automatic control technology and the rapid development of the trains, the success of PLC hardware software and simulation control win big and successful development, now continu

25、es to develop as a factory automation standards. Because robots are good development of the technology makes a good optimization of productive capital, and robot shows this unique advantages, such as: has good compatibility, wide availability, hardware is complete, and programming that can be master

26、ed in a short time, so in the context of industrial PLC applications became ubiquitous. Manipulator in many developed country agriculture and industry has been applied, such as the use of mechanical harvesting large areas of farmland, repeated operations on the high-speed line that uses a robotic ar

27、m, and so on. Today, the high level of automation combined with restrictions on the manipulator development level is slightly lower than the international. The design is mainly arm welding machine by PLC Automation control. This of design let designers on in school by learn of has a must of consolid

28、ation, understand has some usually didnt opportunities awareness in world range within some leading level of knowledge has has must awareness, hope designers can in yihou of design in the can success of using in this design in the proceeds of experience 1.2 manipulator in both at home and abroad of

29、research profile automation mechanical arm research began Yu 20th century medium-term, after years with with computer and automation technology of development, Makes mechanical arm on the Grand stage of industrial automation and shine, gradually became an industrial evaluation standards, and its imp

30、ortance can be seen. Now original robotic arm spent most of mass production and use on the production line, which is programmed robotic arm. As the first generation of manipulator position control systems main features, although not back several generations that can detect the external environment,

31、but can still successfully complete like welding, painting, delivery as well as for materials simple movements. Second generation mechanical arms are equipped with sensors and manipulators have the environment there is a certain amount of sense, when the mechanical arm is to use the program as a bas

32、is. Difference is that the robot begand半刚性基层沥青路面典型结构设计黄晓明【东南大学交通学院南京210018】摘要:通过对江苏、安徽、浙江三省高等级公路若干线段及沪宁高速公路无锡试验段的调查、测试和分析,提出了高等级公路半刚性基层沥青路面典型结构图式及其注意事项,对半刚性基层沥青路面的结构设计具有较好的参考价值。关键词:半刚性基层沥青路面结构设计1概述我国90%以上的高等级公路沥青路面基层和底基层采用半刚性材料。半刚性基层沥青路面已经成为我国高等级公路沥青路面的主要结构类型。在七五期间,国家组织开展了“高等级公路半刚性基层、重交通道路沥青面层和抗滑表层的

33、研究”的研究工作,对沥青混合料的高温稳定性、低温抗裂性,沥青面层的开裂机理、车辙和疲劳、抗滑表层设计和应用、半刚性基层材料的强度特性和收缩特性,组成设计要求等进行了深入的研究工作,提出了较为完整的研究报告,为高等级公路半刚性基层沥青路面的设计和施工提供了理论依据和技术保证。由于现行的柔性路面设计规范颁布于1986年,随着国家对交通运输业的日益重视和人们筑路经验的不断提高,一致认为1986年版的柔性路面设计规范已不能满足高等级公路半刚性基层沥青路面的需要。由于对半刚性基层认识不足,使得设计结果具有一定的盲目性,设计结果要么过分保守,要么因路面结构设计不当而产生早期破坏,造成很大的经济损失。因此,

34、如何利用七五国家攻关项目取得的成果,结合近十年来半刚性基层沥青路面的设计和施工经验,根据实际使用效果,提出适合本地区特点的路面结构,对路面结构设计方法的更新和路面实际使用效果的改善具有重要的意义。根据江苏、安徽、浙江高等级公路的实际,江苏在镇江、无锡、苏州、徐州、连云港共计4线10段进行调查,安徽在合肥、马鞍山、淮南三市调查了3线8段,浙江在嘉兴和杭州调查了2线5段共计9线23段。调查的路面结构具有一定的典型性。2国内外研究概况2.1国外国道主干线基层的结构特点国外国道主干线基层结构有以下特点:(1)多数采用结合料稳定的粒料(包括各种细粒土和中粒土)及稳定细粒土(如水泥土、石灰土等)只能用作底

35、基层,有的国家只用作路基改善层。法国和西班牙在重交通的高速公路上,要求路面底基层也用结合料处治材料。(2)使用最广泛的结合料是水泥和沥青,石灰使用得较少。此外,还使用当地的低活性慢凝材料和工业废渣,如粉煤灰、粒状矿渣等。(3)有的国家用沥青稳定碎石做基层的上层,而且用沥青做结合料的结构层的总厚度(面层+基层的上层)常大于20cm。经过几十年的总结,国外在半刚性基层沥青路面结构组合上虽有所改进,但半刚性材料仍是常采用的基层和底基层材料。2.2国外典型结构示例国外沥青路面结构设计方法经过几十年的完善,已经提出了比较成熟的设计方法,并且许多国家提出了典型结构设计方法,表1给出了法国典型结构一个范例。

36、表1土的等级交通等级PF1PF2PF3To(750-2000)7BB+7BB+25GC+25GC7BB+7BB+25GC+20GC7BB+7BB+25GC+25GCT1(300-750)8BB+25GC+25GC8BB+25GC+20GC8BB+20GC+20GCT2(150-300)6BB+25GC+22GC6BB+22GC+20GC6BB+20GC+18GCT3(50-150)6BB+22GC+20GC6BB+18GC+18GC6BB+15GC+15GC注:(1)交通等级栏下括号内的数值指一个车道上的日交通量,以载重5t以上的车计;(2)PF1,PF2和PF3指土的种类和土基的潮湿状态,P

37、F1相当于一般的土基;(3)BB指沥青混凝土,GC指水泥粒料;(4)表中数字单位为cm。一些国家在高等级公路上实际采用过的半刚性基层沥青路面结构见表2。一些国家在高等级公路上实际采用过的半刚性基层沥青结构表表2国家沥青层厚度(cm)半刚性材料层厚度(cm)备注日本2030水泥碎石,3020荷兰2026水泥碎石,4015西德30贫混凝土,15另有防冻层英国9.516.9贫混凝土,15另有底基层瑞典12.5水泥粒料南非17.5水泥砂砾,30西班牙8水泥粒料当前的规定2.3其它高速公路路面结构沥青路面典型结构设计表3道路名称长度(km)路面结构面层(cm)基层(cm)底基层(cm)广佛路15.74中

38、粒式5细粒式25水泥碎石或31水泥石屑25-28水泥土沈大路3754中粒式5细粒式6沥青碎石25水泥碎石京津塘142.55中粒式6细粒式12沥青碎石25水泥碎石30石灰土京石144中粒式8沥青碎石15二灰碎石40石灰土济青路15-18开级配中粒式38-40二灰碎石42石灰土正在建设的沪宁高速公路路面结构如表4。表4标段结构层A1B4B5B7C1C4C5C2D1D6D7D9E1E5F1F6F7G1G2G4G5G6面层16AC16AC16AC16AC16AC16AC16AC16AC16AC16AC16AC基层30LFA30LFA25LFA25LFA40LFA38LFA30LFA20LFA18LFA

39、20LFA20LFA底基层30LF30LFS33LS33LFS18LF20LFS33LFS40LFS36FS40LFS40LFD 注:AC-沥青面层(4cm中粒式,6cm粗粒式,6cm中粒式);LFA-二灰碎石,LF-二灰,LS-石灰土;LFS-二灰土,LFD-二灰砂。国内七五期间修筑的主要几条试验路的结构、实体工程及正在建设的一些高等级公路的结构表明,半刚性基层是沥青路面最主要的结构类型,同时,不同设计人员所提出的结构组合相差较大,甚至,对同一条路,不同设计单位设计的路面结构相差也很大。因此,根据设计与施工经验提出的适应不同地区的典型结构具有一定的理论意义和实践意义。3路面结构调查典型结构调

40、查要求选择的路线及路段具有典型性,公路等级要求是二级或二级以上的半刚性基层沥青路面,施工质量达到一定的水平,或者由专业队伍承担施工任务。施工质量检查比较严格,如有相应的试验路段,尽可能根据当时试验目的及原始测试数据进行跟踪调查。选择的调查路段使用年限应达到三年以上,并有一定的交通量。路段应包括不同的路基结构(即填控情况)不同的地带类型,不同的路面结构(含不同材料和不同厚度),不同的使用状态(如完好,临界和破坏)和不同的交通量。被选择的路段的基层结构应符合公路路面基层施工技术规范的规定,即不是用稳定细粒土或悬浮式石灰土粒料做的基层。路段长度在100500m之间。为此,浙江、江苏和安徽分别选择32

41、0国道嘉兴段,104国道萧山段,206国道淮南段,205国道马鞍山段,合蚌路,312国道镇江、无锡、苏州段,310国道新墟段、徐丰线进行全面的调查和测试。根据选择路段的基本情况,本次典型结构调查路段选择具有以下特点:(1)反映了不同地区,不同的道路修建水平;(2)反映了不同地区,不同的路面结构组合类型;(3)包括了表处,贯入式等一般二级公路采用的结构,也包括了高速公路采用的结构;(4)包括中间夹有级配碎石连结层的路面结构;(5)反映了经济和地区水平的差异;(6)包括了不同地区主要使用的半刚性基层材料。3.1路段测试内容及测试方法本次路况测试主要包括:外观、平整度、车辙、弯沉、摩擦系数及构造深度

42、。外观测试是裂缝、松散、变形等破坏的定量描述;弯沉由标准黄河车(后轴重10t)及5.4m(或3.6m)弯沉仪测试;摩擦系数由摆式摩擦系数测定仪测试;构造深度由25ml标准砂(粒径0.150.3mm)摊铺得;平整度为3m直尺每100m路段连续测10尺所得统计结果;车辙是3m直尺在轮迹带上所测沉陷深度。3.2数据采集方法(1)合理性检验。由于实测数据存在偶然误差,因此,在进行误差分析之前,须去除观测数据中那些不合理的数据,代之以较合理的数据,进行合理性检验。实际工作中常用3原则和戈氏准则,3原则较近似,戈氏准则较合理。(2)代表值的确定。代表值是在最不利情况下可能取得的值:X=xas式中:为保证率

43、系数;x为均值;s为标准差。97.7%的保证率,取2.0;95%的保证率,取1.645。在后面计算中,代表值确定如下:弯沉取;平整度、车辙为;摩擦系数、构造深度为 X=-1645S。3.3路面使用品质分析3.3.1平整度根据公路养护技术规范,不的道路等级对平整度有不同的要求。但本次调查结果表明:各路段的平整度与结构层组合与施工组织状况有关。由于选择路段路面结构使用了沥青贯入式,沥青贯入式是一种多孔隙结构,整体性较差,在行车荷载的重复作用下被再压实,导致纵向出现不平整现象。同时施工时各层纵向平整度的严格控制对路面表面平整度控制有十分重要的意义。3.3.2车辙沥青路面车辙是高等级公路重要病害之一。

44、国外设计方法中A法以控制土基顶面压应变为指标,shell设计方法则通过分层总和法直接从沥青面层厚度及面层材料诸方面控制车辙。我国还没有采用车辙指标,作为设计控制值,而是通过材料动稳定度或其它指标达到减少车辙的目的。对半刚性基层沥青路面,由于土基顶面压应力较小,在重复荷载作用下土基产生的再压实的剪切流动引起的。在调查路段,沥青贯入式结构由于其级配较差,在重复荷载作用下极易产生剪切流动和再压实,同时其高温稳定性较差,调查路段车辙量较大。3.3.3抗滑能力沥青路面抗滑性能评价方法主要是测定面层的摩擦系数和纹理(构造)深度。沥青面层纹理深度与矿料的抗磨能力(磨光值指标)和沥青混合料高温时的内摩阻力和粘

45、聚力有关。纹理深度达到要求必须合理选定矿料级配、沥青材料满足高等级道路石油沥青技术标准。调查路段面层矿质材料为石灰岩,磨光值只有37左右,达不到高等级公路和大于42的要求。面层磨擦系数普遍较小,不满足抗滑性要求。3.4路面结构强度分析调查路段经过两年的弯沉及交通量实测,结果表明:不同调查路段由于承受的交通量不同,虽然路面结构相同,但强度系数不同。因此,只有根据强度系数才能判别路面结构是否达到使用寿命。同时,有些路段其路面结构组合及厚度明显不符合设计要求或施工质量较差,因此必须调整设计厚度及结构组合。3.5沪宁高速公路无锡试验路综合调查沪宁高速公路无锡试验路段是本次调查唯一针对高速公路特点的路面

46、结构,通过近三年的运行和观察,对高速公路设计与施工提出了许多有益的结论。(1)半刚性基层路段弯沉在(2.138.25)(1/100mm)范围,级配碎石段(X、X)弯沉为0.122mm和0.135mm,但在裂缝边缘弯沉值明显大于没有裂缝处的弯沉,裂缝边缘弯沉最大达20(1/100mm)。因此,在试验路段弯沉绝对值能满足高速公路强度要求,但必须注意裂缝对半刚性路面结构强度影响。(2)路面平整度基本没有改变,并能满足要求。(3)1994年夏季高温持续时间长,对沥青路面高温稳定性提出了严峻的考验。1994年观测结果表明,试验路段车辙较1993年基本没有变化。(4)路表面在行车碾压作用下,行车带渗水很小或根本不渗水。(5)从路面构造深度和摩擦系数二方面分析,面层摩擦系数较1993年减少约(914),在1993年新铺路段,摩擦系数从65.4(LK-15A),61.9(LH-20)分别减少到35.4和32.0,减少约30。对同一级配来说,LH-20玄武岩径一年行车碾压后的摩擦系数值比行车碾压二年后砂岩(LH-20)的摩擦系数值还要小,说明玄武岩的抗摩擦能力小于砂岩。对LK-15A加铺层段,LK-15A段的摩擦系数LH-20加铺层路段摩擦系数大。(6)对比英国产摩擦系数仪,英国产摩擦仪测试结果较国产摩擦仪增大范围是:(16.623.65)平均约21.0,其回归关系式为f上=1.13

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