第1章细菌的形态与结构.ppt

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1、MORPHOLOGY AND STRUCTURE OF BACTERIA 第1 章 细菌的形态与结构,第一节 细 菌的大小与形态,细菌(bacterium)的定义: 细菌是一种形体微小、结构简单、无成形细胞核、亦无核仁和核膜,仅有核蛋白体的原核单细胞微生物(prokaryote single-cell microorganism)。,细菌的基本特点(bacterias basic character):具有细胞壁(cell wall)、原始的核质(original karyoplasm),以二分裂方式繁殖和对抗生素等药物敏感(sensitive to antibiotic) 。,.细菌的大小(

2、size of bacteria) 光学显微镜(light microscope); 测量单位:微米(m) ,细菌的观察(optical methods):细菌本身为无色半透明,需经过染色(staining)才能观察到细菌的形态(morphology)(轮廓figure)和其结构(structure),SIZE OF BACTERIA,Unit for measurement : Micron or micrometer,m: 1m=10-3mm Size: Varies with kinds of bacteria, and also related to their age and ext

3、ernal environment.,Cocci: sphere, 1m Bacilli: rods , 0.5-1 m in width -3 m in length Spiral bacteria: 13 m in length and 0.3-0.6 m in width,. 细菌的形态(morphology) :三大类形态 球菌(coccus)、 杆菌(bacillus)和螺形菌(spirala bacterium)三大类,1、球菌(coccus):0.81.2m,外观呈圆球性或近似球性(肾形、豆形等)(often occur in characteristic aggregates

4、(pairs, chains, tetrads, clusters, etc.). . 双球菌(diplococcus):一个平面上分裂,如脑膜炎球菌、肺炎球菌。,.链球菌(streptococcus):一个平面上分裂,分裂后多个菌体粘连成链状。如溶血性链球菌(hemolytic streptococcus) 。,四联球菌,八叠球菌,. 四联球菌(retrad)、 八叠球菌(sarcina),.葡萄球菌(staphylococcus):多个不规则的平面上分裂,粘连成葡萄串状。如金黄色葡萄球菌(staphyloccus aurea)。,杆菌(bacillus) (bacilli, or cyli

5、ndrical or rod-shapes cell)s 外形呈杆形,其大小、长短及粗细不一致,(最大的如炭疽杆菌) 球杆菌、链杆菌、梭杆菌、棒状杆菌(如白喉杆菌)及分支杆菌(如结核分支杆菌)。,球杆菌,棒状杆菌(如白喉杆菌 diphtheria bacillus),分支杆菌(如结核分支杆菌tubercle bacillus),螺形菌(spirala bacterium)(spiral or curved forms ) 弧菌(vibrio):只有一个弯曲(菌体长23m),呈弧状或逗点状(图1) 螺菌(spirillum):有数个弯曲(菌体较长36m)(图2),(图1),(图2),.总结(su

6、mmarize) 细菌的形态受温度(temperature)、PH、离子和培养时间等因素的影响。(选择生长繁殖的对数期观察其大小及形态为宜),Bacterial structure 第二节 细菌的结构,Structure of Bacteria,Particular structures capsule 荚膜 flagella 鞭毛 pili 菌毛 spore 芽胞,Essential structures cell wall 细胞壁 cell membrane 细胞膜 Cytoplasm 细胞质 nuclear material 核质,细 菌 的 结 构(bacterias structur

7、e),细菌的基本结构(Essential structure)(细胞壁、细胞膜、细胞质、核质、核蛋白体和质粒) 细菌的特殊结构(Particular structure)(荚膜、鞭毛、菌毛、芽孢) ,一、细菌的基本结构(basic structure) 细菌的结构分基本结构(细胞壁、细胞膜、细胞质、核质、核蛋白体和质粒)和特殊结构(荚膜、鞭毛、菌毛、芽孢)。(Cell Wall、Cell Membrane、Cytoplasm 、Nucleics acids、plasmid),(一)细胞壁(cell wall):一种膜状结构;主要组分是肽聚糖(peptidoglycan)(又称粘肽mucopep

8、tide、糖肽或胞壁质),为细菌细胞壁(原核生物细胞)所特有的物质。,细胞壁的观察方法:膜壁分离法、特殊染色法以及电子显微镜观察等方法,1.G+菌(Gram-Positive Cell Wall)的肽聚糖(peptidoglycan):三部分组成 (1) 聚糖骨架:由N-乙酰葡糖胺和N-乙酰胞壁两种氨基糖交替间隔排列组成(经-1,4糖苷键联结而成) (2) 四肽侧链:由L-丙氨酸、D-谷氨酸、L-赖氨酸、D-丙氨酸组成。 (3) 五肽交链桥:五个苷氨酸组成 五肽交链桥将相临的两条聚糖骨架连接起来成三维立体结构。,Gram-Positive Cell Wall Most Gram-positiv

9、e bacteria have a relatively thick (about 20 to 80 nm), continuous cell wall, which is composed largely of peptidoglycan (also known as mucopeptide or murein). In thick cell walls, other cell wall polymers (such as the teichoic acids, polysaccharides, and peptidoglycolipids) are covalently attached

10、to the peptidoglycan.,M,M,M,M,M,M,M,M,M,M,M,M,G,G,G,G,G,G,G,G,G,G,G,G,G+ 菌的肽聚糖结构:,G:N-乙酰葡萄糖胺 M:N-乙酰胞壁酸,2.G的肽聚糖(peptidoglycan):二部分组成 (1) 聚糖骨架:同G+菌 (2)四肽侧链:第三位氨基酸(L-赖氨酸)被二氨基庚二酸(DAP)取代 G菌没有五肽交链桥,故只形成二维结构,Gram-Negative Cell Wall In contrast, the peptidoglycan layer in Gram-negative bacteria is thin (abo

11、ut 5 to 10 nm thick); in E coli, the peptidoglycan is probably only a monolayer thick. Outside the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-negative envelope is an outer membrane structure (about 7.5 to 10 nm thick). In most Gram-negative bacteria, this membrane structure is anchored noncovalently to lipopro

12、tein molecules (Brauns lipoprotein), which, in turn, are covalently linked to the peptidoglycan. The lipopolysaccharides of the Gram-negative cell envelope form part of the outer leaflet of the outer membrane structure.,G,G,G-菌的肽聚糖结构,DAP:二氨基庚二酸,3.G+菌细胞壁的特殊组分(Special components of Gram positive cell

13、wall ):磷壁酸(teichoic acid)及表面特殊蛋白组分 (1)壁磷壁酸:通过磷脂与肽聚糖的M共价连结 膜磷壁酸(又称脂磷壁酸LTA):末端糖脂与细胞膜外层的糖脂共价连结。另外,与细胞壁其他成分协同,能粘附在人体细胞表面,与细菌的致病性有关。,磷壁酸的作用: (1)G+的重要表面抗原,参与血清学分型; (2)调节离子通过粘肽层,有保存和输送镁离子的作用并维持菌体离子平衡; (3)可能与某些酶的活性有关; (4)为噬菌体的特异性受体; (5)介导粘附,与细菌的致病性有关,G+ 菌的特殊组分:磷壁酸及一些表面蛋白,膜磷壁酸,壁磷壁酸,肽聚糖,细胞膜,细胞壁,4.G菌细胞壁的特殊组分(

14、Special components of Gram negative cell wall ):外膜(outer membrane),是G-菌细胞壁的主要结构。由三部分组成,脂质双层:中间嵌有蛋白质,称为外膜蛋白(lipoprotein) ,其中包括孔蛋白,具有物质交换作用,并具有通透性屏障作用,能阻止多种大分子物质和青霉素、溶菌酶等进入细胞。所以, G菌对青霉素、溶菌酶以及去污剂和碱性染料等比G+菌有较大的抵抗力。有的外膜蛋白还是噬菌体、细菌素和性菌毛的受体,脂多糖(Lipopolysacchride,LPS) :由脂质A,核心多糖和特异性多糖组成,外膜的功能: (1)菌的主要致病物质; (

15、2)所带的负电荷可吸附钙、镁离子以提高其浓度; (3)具有抗原性; (4)是噬菌体和性菌毛吸附的受体; (5)具有选择性屏障功能。,Gram negative bacteria major permeability barrier(通透性屏障) space between inner and outer membrane periplasmic space(周浆间隙) store degradative enzymes(降解酶) Gram positive bacteria no periplasmic space,Outer Membrane,5、细胞壁主要功能 维持细菌固有形态 保护细菌抵

16、抗低渗环境 屏障作用:防止药物渗入,对抗菌药物产生抗性 完成菌体内外物质交换 决定菌体的抗原性 某些成分与致病性有关 参与细菌细胞分裂,Functions of Cell Wall,Maintaining the cells characteristic shape- the rigid wall compensates for the flexibility of the phospholipid membrane and keeps the cell from assuming a spherical shape Countering the effects of osmotic pres

17、sure Providing attachment sites for bacteriophages Providing a rigid platform for surface appendages- flagella, fimbriae, and pili all emanate from the wall and extend beyond it Play an essential role in cell division Be the sites of major antigenic determinants of the cell surface。 Resistance of An

18、tibiotics,6细胞壁缺陷型细菌(L型细菌L-formed bacteria) : (1)形成原因:肽聚糖结构受理化或生物因素(例青霉素(penicillin)和溶菌酶(lysozyme) )的破坏及合成被抑制,Wall-less forms of Bacteria.,When bacteria are treated with 1) enzymes that are lytic for the cell wall e.g. lysozyme or 2) antibiotics that interfere with biosynthesis of peptidoglycan, wall

19、-less bacteria are often produced. Usually these treatments generate non-viable organisms. Wall-less bacteria that can not replicate are referred to as spheroplasts (when an outer membrane is present) or protoplasts (if an outer membrane is not present). Occasionally wall-less bacteria that can repl

20、icate are generated by these treatments (L forms).,(2) 形态:多型性;均为G阴性;去除诱导因素后,L型可回复为原菌,L型葡萄球菌,葡萄球菌,(3)培养特性(properties of culturing): 需提高培养基的渗透压(补充3-5%NaCl,10-20%的蔗糖;另加10-20%的人或马血清); 菌落特点:荷包蛋样菌落(也可见颗粒型和丝状形)或在液体培养基中呈疏松的絮状颗粒、沉于管底而培养基澄清。,原菌菌落,荷包蛋样L型菌落,(4)致病性(pathogenesis): 1)致病特点:多组织的间质性炎症 2)常见疾病:通常引起慢性感染

21、,如尿路感染(多见)、骨髓炎、心内膜炎(一般培养往往阴性) ;常在使用了作用于细胞壁的抗菌药物后发生,(二)细胞膜(cell envelope) 参与物质转运、生物合成和分泌、呼吸并与细胞分裂有关等作用,(三)细胞质 (cytoplasm) 1.核糖体/核蛋白体(ribosome): 细菌合成蛋白质的场所; 70%RNA+30%蛋白质; 70S(50S+30S): Ribosomal are 70S with subunits 30S (16S rRNA) and 50S (5S & 23S rRNA) 链霉素和红霉素作用于50S及30S亚基,干扰蛋白质的合成,部分抗菌药物的作用机制,2.质粒

22、(plasmid): 染色体外的遗传物质; 闭合环状双股DNA,控制细菌的某些特定遗传性状; 能独立进行复制而分配到子代细胞中去; 控制的形状非细菌生命活动所必须; 分子生物学研究中重要的载体工具。 质粒控制的形状有:性菌毛生成、耐药性、细菌素产生、毒素形成等。,Plasmid,Plasmids are small,circular/line,extrachromosomal,double-stranded DNA molecules。They are capable of self-replication and contain genes that confer some properti

23、es,such as antibiotic resistance,virulence factors。Plasmids are not essential for cellular survival.,Inclusions of Bacteria,Inclusions are aggregates of various compounds that are normally involved in storing energy reserves or building blocks for the cell. Inclusions accumilate when a cell is grown

24、 in the presence of excess nutrients and they are often observed under laboratory conditions.,granulose,Plasmids extrachromosomal DNA multiple copy number coding pathogenesis and antibiotic resistance factors bacterial replication,3.胞质颗粒(cytoplasmic granules,又称内含物) (1)异染颗粒:大多为储藏的营养物质;主要成分:RNA和多偏磷酸(嗜

25、碱性强,甲基兰染色成异染颗粒,亦称纡回体。在白喉杆菌中称极体) (2)脂质颗粒、多糖颗粒,(五) 核 质(nuclear material) *喹诺酮类药物作用于DNA旋转酶,抑制DNA的复制,第二节 细菌的特殊结构 (Special Structures of Bacterial ) (荚膜、鞭毛、菌毛、芽孢),(一)荚膜( Capsules ): 是一层包围在细菌细胞壁外厚度0.2um、边界清楚、化学性质主要为多糖的粘液性物质。 *微荚膜(M蛋白、Vi抗原、K抗原)、粘液层 1化学成分:多糖( polysaccharide )(可用于分型)、少数为多肽; 2形成条件: 在动物体内或大量血清

26、或糖的培养基中容易形成荚膜;普通培养基上则易消失。,荚膜:边界清楚, 厚度大于0.2m,Many bacteria synthesize large amounts of extracellular polymer (聚合物)when growing in their natural environments. When the polymer forms a condensed, well-defined layer closely surrounding the cell, it is called the capsule. With one known exception (the po

27、lypeptide capsule), the polymer is polysaccharide(多糖). The capsules are hard to stain directly, and usually capsules are demonstrated by the negative staining (负染) procedure.,The capsule is a major virulence factor (毒力因子). -protect the encapsulated cells from phagocytosis (吞噬). -act as a barrier to

28、antimicrobial substances in the blood, body fluids. -promote adherence to other bacteria or to host tissue surfaces or to the surfaces of certain medical equipments (医疗器械).,3.功能:抗吞噬作用;抗有害物质的损伤作用;抗干燥作用。 粘附作用:荚膜多糖可使细菌彼此相连,粘附于组织细胞或无生命物质表面,在粘膜细胞表面形成生物膜( biomembrane),是引起感染的重要因素。,肺炎球菌,产气荚膜梭菌,(二)鞭毛(flagell

29、um) :细菌菌体上附有的细长并呈波状弯曲具有运动功能的丝状物。 (包括所有的弧菌和螺菌,半数的杆菌和个别球菌) 1、细菌的运动器官,与致病性有关 ; 2、需用电子显微镜观察或特殊染色后才能在光学显微镜下观察。,Bacterial flagella are thread-like appendages (附属结构), and are constructed of a class of proteins called flagellins. The number and distribution of flagella on the bacterial surface are character

30、istic for a given species and hence are useful in identifying and classifying bacteria .There are four flagella types。 They are the organs of locomotion (运动) and provide motility (动力) for bacteria, allowing the cell to swim (chemotaxis 趋化性)toward food and away from poisons. They are highly antigenic

31、 (H antigens).,电子显微镜下的细菌鞭毛,伤寒杆菌的周身鞭毛,菌体,鞭毛,根据鞭毛的数量和部位,鞭毛菌分四类: 1、单毛菌(如霍乱弧菌 ) 3、丛毛菌(如铜绿假单胞菌) 2、双毛菌(如空肠弯曲菌) 4、周毛菌(如伤寒沙门菌),双毛菌,双毛菌,鞭毛的功 能: 细菌的运动器官; 化学趋向性; 与某些细菌的致病性相关; 数量、分布可用以鉴别细菌; 鞭毛抗原有很强的免疫原性。,(三)菌毛(pilus): 1.定义: 是附着在菌体表面的一种比鞭毛更细、短、直与运动无关的,化学成分是蛋白质的结构称菌毛。 2.普通菌毛(ordinary pilus) 是一种粘附结构,与宿主细胞(包括人与动物的红

32、细胞和消化道、呼吸道、泌尿道的粘膜上皮细胞)表面的特异受体结合;数量多。 3.性菌毛(sex pilus) 仅见于少数G菌,数量少;质粒可通过性菌毛在F+菌与F菌之间传递。亦是某些噬菌体吸附于菌细胞的受体。,Pili are hairlike structures on the outside of bacteria. They are shorter and finer than flagella. There are two classes of pili, ordinary pili and sex pili. 1. Ordinary pili (普通菌毛) Generally, sev

33、eral hundred pili are arranged over the entire surface of the bacterial cell. They promote adherence of pathogenic bacteria to host cells and are an important virulence factor. 2. Sex pili (性菌毛) They promote the transfer of the genetic material (遗传物质的转移) between bacteria in bacterial conjugation (接合

34、).,(四)芽胞(spore) 1.定义: 某些细菌在一定的环境条件下,能在菌体内部形成一个圆形或卵圆形小体,称为内芽胞(内生胞子),简称芽胞。,Spore forming inside a bacterium,Under conditions of nutritional depletion, some Gram-positive bacteria can convert from a vegetative (繁殖状态) state to a dormant state (休眠状态), and form a single internal spore, endospore (内芽胞). Th

35、e spore looks bright, often ovoid(卵圆形) in the microscope. The spore contains a complete nucleus, all of the components of the protein-synthesizing apparatus and an energy-generating system.,2.分布及特点: 都是G+菌 含细菌生命活动所必须的营养物质; 不易着色; 不是细菌的繁殖方式 Each vegetative cell forms only one spore. When nutritional co

36、nditions become favorable, each spore germinate (出芽) to produce a single vegetative cell (繁殖体).,3.形成条件: 芽胞基因决定; 动物体外形成; 营养缺乏尤其是C、N、P元素的不足,启动芽胞形成基因,4.功能: 对外界环境有强大的抵抗力; The spore is a dehydrated, multishelled structure that is highly resistant to environment factors, such as desiccation (干燥), heat, ra

37、diation and chemical agents. They can exist for many years as viable(有活力的) spores. 转变为繁殖体后可致病; 鉴别细菌; The location of the spore within a cell is a characteristic of the bacteria and assist in identification of the bacterium. 作为判断灭菌效果的指标(高压蒸汽灭菌) Spores are difficult to decontaminate(消毒、净化) with standa

38、rd disinfectants (消毒方法). A temperature of 121 for 15 minutes is utilized to kill spores, sterilization (灭菌)with autoclaves (高压蒸汽灭菌器) or pressure cookers (高压锅) are used for this purpose.,第四节 细菌形态与结构检查法 1.显微镜放大法 光学显微镜 电子显微镜 暗视野显微镜等 2. 染色法 单染法 革兰染色法 复染法 抗酸染色法 特殊染色法,革兰染色法(Gram stain): 1步骤: (1)细菌涂片、干燥、经火焰固定 (2)结晶紫染色l min,水洗 (3)加碘液媒染 l min,水洗 (4)加 95乙醇脱色 30sec-l min,水洗 (5)用稀释复红或沙黄复染,l min,水洗 吸干后镜检,2结果: 革兰阳性(G)菌呈蓝紫色 革兰阴性(G)菌呈红色 3.原理: (1)等电点: G等电点低,带负电荷多,与带正电荷的结晶紫结合牢固 (2)细胞壁结构:成分、肽聚糖层数等 4革兰染色的临床意义: (1)对细菌的鉴别有重要意义 (2)指导临床选择药物 (3)研究细菌与致病性的关系,

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