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1、托福强化写作1 (VIP),独立写作框架结构,Teacher,Jack: 13851433407 ,今日内容,学员现状与学习规划 Warm-up: 作文的构思训练 独立写作的框架 部分段落互动写作练习 课后作业,托福写作概述,Independent Writing Task,You will have 30 minutes to write an essay of at least 300 words in response to the following kinds of questions: Agree/disagree Do you agree or disagree with the
2、 following statement? Preference - Some people say X. Others believe Y. which opinion do you agree with? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. - Some people do X. Others people do Y. which do you think is better? Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.,Scoring
3、criteria for independent writing,- Effectively responds to the topic and task by clearly stating an opinion and is easy to understand. - Well developed with clearly appropriate examples, reasons, and/or details. - Displays a good command of language, including a variety of sentence structures and we
4、ll-suited choices of words and idioms to express ideas.,Integrated Writing Task,Read - You will read a short text of about 230-300 words on an academic topic for 3 minutes. You may take notes on the reading passage. Listen - After reading the text, you will listen to a lecture discussing the same to
5、pic from a different perspective for about 2 minutes. You may take notes on the lecture. Write - You will have 20 minutes to write a 150-225-word summary in response to the following kinds of questions:,Casting Doubt - Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they cast dou
6、bt on specific points made in the reading passage. - Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they challenges specific claims/arguments made in the reading passage. Problem-Solution - Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to specifically explain how they ans
7、wer the problems raised in the reading passage.,Warm-up: 作文的构思训练1,目标：还未动笔，构思先行。 临近考试，或考场上拼的是： 词汇量？ 高超句法？ 完美的逻辑结构框架？ Many teachers assign homework to students every day. Do you think that daily homework is necessary for students? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.,Warm-up: 作文的构思
8、训练2,In todays world, the ability to cooperate well with others is more important than before. Agree or not,Warm-up: 作文的构思训练3,It is better to spend money on something that lasts for a long time, such as an expensive piece of jewelry or spend on something that provides a short-term pleasure such as a
9、vacation?,2012.5.20 People care more about public recognition than money. Even if no more money is given, public recognition can still make people work harder 2012.5.12 It is better to choose a university whose graduates have good job opportunities than a university who has famous professors. 2012.4
10、.28 People should know about events happening around world even if they have little influence on their daily lives. 2012.4.22 Should school focus more on purchasing new equipments or recruiting good teachers? 2012.4.14 It is important for government to protect animals and wilderness areas for future
11、 generations. 2012.3.24 If child want to do well in school, parents should limit the hours of watching TV programs or movies。Should school child be limited on the hours of watching TV program and movie?,一、独立写作框架,一边倒模式,Introduction : Paragraph1 : Background + Paraphrase the topic + Personal view Body
12、: Paragraph2 : The first main idea + further explanation + example 1. Paragraph3 : The second main idea + further explanation +example 2. Paragraph4 : The third main idea + further explanation + example 3. Conclusion: Paragraph5 : Conclusion,Sample essay,Do you agree or disagree with the following s
13、tatement? Universities should give the same amount of money to their students sport activities as they give to their libraries. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.,引言段：提出中心观点,Sports activities are an important part of most students academic life, contributing to their physical
14、 health and providing a needed diversion from their studies. However, in terms of importance to universities or to their students, sports activities do not deserve or need the same amount of financial support as do the libraries. 讨论：作者的逻辑思路是什么？,引言段：提出中心观点,先扬后抑 扁你之前，先夸夸你 Sports activities are an impo
15、rtant part of most students academic life, contributing to their physical health and providing a needed diversion from their studies. However, in terms of importance to universities or to their students, sports activities do not deserve or need the same amount of financial support as do the librarie
16、s.,Body paragraph 1: the first reason,The first reason for this is that it could be said that the quality of the libraries at a university is second only in importance to the quality of the professors. Libraries are at the very heart of a university. This is where students must spend many hours in d
17、oing research for their reports and term papers. If the university has a graduate program, for Masters or Ph. D. degree, the libraries become even more important, as advanced research simply cannot be carried out without extensive materials. Not only must the library contain all historical reference
18、s and information on all the various subjects, but it must also have all the latest material and information available as well. The Internet has become such a rich resource of information that all campus libraries should have plenty of computers available for students use.,Body paragraph 2: the seco
19、nd reason,Sports activities, on the other hand, are an optional activity, pursued only by a certain portion of the student population. Not every student will participate in some kind of sport activity. Most universities will have the basic sports facilities, such as volleyball, basketball and tennis
20、 courts, a swimming pool, track and field, and maybe even a “workout” room with equipment and weights. All of these are one-time investments, and only require on-going maintenance, and not continuing investments.,Conclusion paragraph: wrap up the main idea,In conclusion, universities should not, and
21、 do not need to, spend the same amount on their sports activities as on their libraries. Libraries are a major and key resource for all the students and directly effect on the quality of education received and research produced, whereas sports activities are optional and utilized only by a certain p
22、ercentage of the students and cannot be said to be integral to the quality of the education.,让步模式,Introduction: Paragraph1: Background + paraphrase the topic + personal view. Body: Paragraph2: The first main idea + further explanation + example 1 Paragraph3: The second main idea + further explanatio
23、n + example 2 Paragraph4: However, the opposite reason 1+ opposite reason 2 + explanation Conclusion : Paragraph5: Conclusion,Sample essay,Many teachers assign homework to students every day. Do you think that daily homework is necessary for students? Use specific reasons and detail to support your
24、answer.,Introduction,The 21 century witnesses that students are loaded with oceans of homework everyday, leading the young to work really late at night. This phenomenon has caused a heat debate recently, some people argue that assigning everyday traps students in homework and has deprived them of a
25、large amount of time which can be devoted to things like exercising. However, i insist that the advantages of assigning homework everyday outweigh its disadvantages.,Body paragraph 1,To begin with, through assignments, teachers will have an effective feedback, based on which they can make suitable a
26、djustment s. Teachers, whose main responsibility is to impart knowledge, should make sure that they have the proper teaching methods as well as that their students acquire rightly and completely of what they had taught. Homework do a lot of help to have a clear understanding of that . Reflected by t
27、he work, teachers come to realize both of the students strength and weakness. Having gained the important information, through the educators profound analysis, it is likely that they will know the reasons behind this situation. So that teachers can moderate their teaching process and techniques acco
28、rdingly.,Body paragraph 2,Another point worth mentioning is that it is beneficial for students to get a good command of the knowledge. Not only can homework consolidate of what had been learnt, but also it can lay a good foundation for future studying. When i was in middle school, i began to study p
29、hysics which i thought was easy enough since i can understand the textbook and what my teacher taught. So i came to the illusion that the homework had become the unnecessary for me. My thought had been proven to be wrong by my really low grade in the first test, and due to that failure, I became unc
30、onfident and did not know how to learn physics any more. Thanks to my teachers help, she pointed out that my problem lied in the lack of temperate practice, which make me find it hard to put the knowledge into use and she guided me to do some relevant homework. Having followed her instruction for a
31、month, I leaped to the top 10 in the next test. After that, I realized the assignments importance and had more confidence for the following study.,Body paragraph 3,Admittedly, it is necessary for us to put an emphasis on the amount of homework. Without denying, study is of great significance to stud
32、ents, however this doesnt mean that we should gain knowledge at the expense of their health. The two (study and health) depend on each other and are both the indivisible parts of our humans. So only when we put a strict control on the quantity of assignment s can we be wise enough.,Conclusion paragr
33、aph,To sum up, the teachers and the students benefit a lot from daily homework, however the prerequisite should be that the homework must be kept in suitable quantity. In order to the students healthy development, it is vital for educators to find a way to control the amount of assignments.,中立模式,Int
34、roduction: Paragraph1: Background + paraphrase the topic Body: Paragraph2: Point out the positive and negative side of A aspect Paragraph3: Point out the positive and negative side of B aspect Conclusion: Paragraph4: A & B are correct depending on different people, purposes and backgrounds.,开头段的写作思路
35、,Introduction 话题切入 Position 中心观点 Transition 论述过渡,Introduction 话题切入,四个方法： 1）背景引入 2）话题重申 3）自我让步 4）概念解释,背景引入,In the future, students may have the choice of studying at home by using technology such as computers or television or of studying at traditional schools. Which would you prefer?,Sample,We live
36、in a technology world in which technology gives us many opportunities to improve every aspect of our lives, including arts, sciences, politics, and education (时代特征). One of most obvious impact which the technology has on education is that it has changed traditional studying-in-class learning pattern
37、. (走向主题). Now we get chance to study at home by using technology such as computer or television(论述主题). This new learning pattern, which I strongly recommend to every one, will save a lot of time on the traveling between schools and living spots; moreover, learners can arrange their time schedule fle
38、xibly (中心观点+结构暗示).,题目重申,Some students like classes where teachers lecture (do all of the talking) in class. Other students prefer classes where the students do some of the talking. Which type of class do you prefer? Give specific reasons and details to support your choice.,Sample,There are basically
39、 two types of classes in universities, classes where teachers lecture and that where the students do some of the talking. Some students prefer the class in which they can talk because they believe the exchange between teachers and students promotes learning; others will prefer lectures which will de
40、liver far more information to students.（重述题目+理由）I prefer the former approach although both teaching and learning approaches are valuable and have relative merits. My reasons are listed below.（我方观点）,自我让步,Some people like to travel with a companion. Other people prefer to travel alone. Which do you pr
41、efer? Use specific reasons and examples to support your choice.,Sample,People generally believe that traveling is an enjoyable time when it is shared with someone else, and somehow it seems strange for a single man to take a trip, as long as it has nothing to do with business, alone. I felt the same
42、 way to a certain degree. （自我观点）However, we would be biased if we arrive to some conclusion like traveling alone is boring and mood-killing, for it is something depends on the ultimate goal of the travel and the condition which the traveler is in. （转折）,解释概念,You have enough money to purchase either a
43、 house or a business. Which would you choose to buy? Give specific reasons to explain your choice.,Sample,Money is a basic need of human society; without money, society cannot be worked. Most of social status have been judged by the amount of money that one person earns per year.（概念展开）If I am in a s
44、ituation where I have to make my own decision on purchasing either house or business, I would choose to purchase business because I know the relationship among money, human life, and the society.（展开主题）,Position 中心观点,开门见山的表明自己的观点立场。用在introduction 的后面。常用的表达方式有： As far as I am concerned I firmly believ
45、e that I prefer the former ,Transition论证过渡,与position 一起连用，顺承的引出下面要解释的原因，让阅卷人针对文章的结构有初步的了解。常用的表达方式有： My reasons are listed below: There are several reasons and agreements to support my idea. Here, I intend to explain couple of reasons. I agree with for the following reasons:,常用句式,My reasons are liste
46、d below: 2) There are numerous reasons for why, but I would only explore a few of them below: 3) There are several reasons and agreements to support my idea. Here, I intend to explain a couple of reasons. 4) I agree with for the following reasons: 5) my arguments are listed as follows. 6) I will try
47、 to prove my point by the following ideas. 7) There are numerous reasons which can support my position, among which, A, B, and C are the most obvious ones. 8) Although , I still agree with the opinion that because A, B, and C.,结尾段的写作思路,总结一下观点，总结一下论据（层次），然后还可以做一下简单的引申。 结尾短的任务主要是一下几个： 1）讨论作者自己看法的重要性 2
48、）以不同的措辞复述文章的主题 3）总结文章的主要论点 4）提建议、做预测、引语和类比,建议式结尾,Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Television, newspapers, magazines, and other media pay too much attention to the personal lives of famous people such as public figures and celebrities. Use specific reasons and details to explain
49、 your opinion. In conclusion, the media should not devote so much coverage to the personal lives of famous people such as public figures and celebrities.（复述题目观点）On the contrary, they should put in the spotlight more “unsung heroes” in every society, those who quietly give off their time, talents and finances, to help humanity. （重申自己观点并提出建议）The result will be that the famous people will have much more needed privacy. （做预测）,引语式结尾,Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? One should never judge a person by external