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1、 214线退化性多年冻土地区试验路设计摘要：为研究在退化性多年冻土地区修筑公路的可靠性，在214线K309+000K34+000全长15km内选择不同退化多年冻土类型，采用不同的路基高度、路面结构型式进行试验研究，着重讨论了214线退化性多年冻土地区路基、路面修筑技术研究课题修建试验路中，试验路段的选择和地质条件分析及路基路面，观测网的研究、设计。 关键词：退化性冻土试验路设计 1引言国道214线鄂拉山至清水河段，经过勘察，多年冻土区跨越里程313.3km，其中连续多年冻土92km，不连续多年冻土147.3km，冻土总里程239.3km。在全球大气环境转暖，高原冰川后退，雪线上移，
2、以及铺筑黑色沥青路面施工等人为活动的影响下，在公路沿线冻土已发生明显退化。在国内，以往研究冻土对工程的影响是针对稳定状态的冻土为主要对象，包括青藏公路的冻土研究，它的经验不能简单地推演到退化状态冻土。国外，一些国家也是近期认识到全球气候转暖对冻土退化的影响，在工程对策上刚刚起步，尚无成熟经验可借鉴，且冻土地质条件及气候环境的差别，对工程影响的程度也不尽相同。为研究在退化性多年冻土地区修筑公路的可靠性，“214国道退化性多年冻土地区路基路面修筑技术的研究”课题列入“八五”交通部行业联合科技攻关计划，为满足课题研究内容的需要，决定建设试验路进行研究。2试验路选择与地质条件分析2.1试验路的选择试验
3、路的选择以满足课题研究的需要和能够代表214国道退化性多年冻土类型的路段为原则，同时兼顾今后工作的方便，依据前期对214国道多年冻土调研成果，拟定在花石峡以南长石头山以北K309+000K324+000段总计15km范围内，结合改建工程建立试验研究工程段。为进一步查清K309+000K324+000段冻土类型，又进行了详细的地质勘探，开挖试坑8个，测地雷达勘察15km和8个横剖面，综合分析勘察结果，确定K309+000K324+000范围内K309+000K310+400(不连续多年冻土干燥型冻土岛)、K314+100K315+100(不连续多年冻土湿润型冻土岛)、K317+000K317+8
4、00(连续多年冻土干燥型)、K321+540K322+340(连续多年冻土湿润型)修建试验路。2.2试验路地质条件分析试验路长石头山(K309+000K324+000)段为典型的连续多年冻土区，以三叠系砂岩为主夹页岩，区段内第四纪松散层从2m7m，以残积砾石为主，路线两侧有侵蚀平台构成小流域缓坡，草皮亚粘土或粉砂土覆盖，形成典型的冻胀草丘、热融滑塌、地下冰发育。坡脚山前洪坡积裙及洪冲积阶地上，砂砾土厚度一般小于10m，植被较好，地下水埋深浅。由于地质条件复杂，公路沿线分布着不同的多年冻土类型。2.2.1不连续岛状多年冻土干燥型段该段海拔高程4 248m，设计里程K310+000K310+300
5、，全长300m。路基两侧地势平坦，属古河漫滩相，地表植被稀少，干燥，无季节性积水坑。天然地表由于人工取土，破坏处较多。上限位置2.07m，上限含水量W=84.93%。第四纪厚度57m，强风化层89m。冻土层厚度35m。2.2.2不连续多年冻土湿润型段该段海拔高程4 3474 333m，设计里程K314+200K314+500和K314+650K314+950，全长600m。路基上方丘状草皮发育，潮湿，有少量季节性浅层地下水出露，多年形成斑土，并有小型冻胀丘，有少量冻拔石。路基下方草皮发育，地面稍平整，K314+650K314+950路线右侧有季节性积水坑。上限位置1.341.48m，上限含水量
6、W=25.78%。第四纪厚度56m，强风化层厚度89m。冻土层厚度610m。2.2.3连续多年冻土干燥型段该段海拔高程4 3884 381m，设计里程K317+100K317+700，全长600m。地表有少量积水坑，植被较好，但地表较干燥，有冻胀裂缝，无砾块石裸露。上限位置1.28m，上限含水量W=40.8258.63%。干容重d=0.811.14g/cm3。第四纪厚度56m，强风化层厚度78m。冻土层厚度大于15m。2.2.4连续多年冻土湿润型段该段海拔高程4 4844 474m，设计里程K321+640K322+240，全长600m。地表为高山草甸，丘状草皮发育，地表季节性积水坑较多，潮湿
7、。路基上方开挖，天然地表排水沟两侧热融滑塌严重。上限位置1.151.20m，上限含水量W=156.62196.38%，干容重d=0.33g/cm3。第四纪厚度约为56m，冻土层厚度大于40m。3试验路与观测网设计13.1试验路设计试验路的设计主要为路基设计和路面设计，路基、路面设计遵循的原则：(1)采用严格保护冻土原则的路段，属连续多年冻土湿润型；(2)不能保护冻土，仅仅尽可能地减缓冻土层的融化速率，直到其完全退化为季节冻土为止，在公路正常运行期以局部修补为主，避免大规模的融沉、翻浆等病害。此种路段有不连续多年冻土区湿润型冻土岛及未来可能退化为冻土岛的湿润型连续多年冻土区；(3)以保护冻土为主
8、，允许缓慢融化为原则的路段，有连续多年冻土干燥型和不连续多年冻土干燥型冻土岛。根据以上设计原则，路基高度(原天然地面算起)分别为1.5、2.0、2.5、3.0m四种，路基宽度8.5m，无侧向保护结构。试验路系在原旧路的基础上改建而成。为保证今后科研观测的效果 ，路基加宽部分填土，要和原路基土相同，提高路基部分土要用碎(砾)石土。为研究在不同路面类型下，路基的稳定性及冻土上限的变化，确定试验路的路面形式为：中粒式沥青碎石路面(1.80km)，厚度4cm；水泥混凝土路面(0.30km)，厚度20cm；砂砾路面(0.10km)，厚度15cm。中粒式沥青碎石路面设计累计当量轴次(BZZ-100)为2.
9、64106次，设计使用年限12年(LR=0.686mm)。水泥混凝土路面设计累计当量轴次(BZZ-100)为7.83105次，设计使用年限20年，设计抗折强度为4.0MPa。试验路路基、路面设计情况如表1 。试验路路基、路面设计一览表表1序号起讫桩号长度路面类型路基高度(m)冻土类型1K310+000K310+300300沥青砼1.5、2.0连续多年冻土干燥型冻土岛2 K213+200K314+500300沥青砼2.0、2.5不连续多年冻土湿润型冻土岛3K314+650K314+800150沥青砼2.0、2.5不连续多年冻土湿润型冻土岛4K314+800K314+950150水泥砼1.5不连续
10、多年冻土湿润型冻土岛5K317+100K317+700600沥青砼2.0、2.5连续多年冻土干燥型6K317+700K317+800100砂砾2.0连续多年冻土干燥型7K321+640K321+790150水泥砼2.0连续多年冻土湿润型8K321+790K322+240450沥青砼2.5、3.0连续多年冻土湿润型合计2200 3.2观测网设计本研究课题的核心是冻土的退化，即不同状态的冻土(连续多年冻土、不连续多年冻土)在全球大气变化环境下多年冻土退化趋势和速率，它是基础，也是讨论其它因素参照的前提。这是一方面。第二方面是地下水对冻土层的融蚀，不同路面(沥青、水泥混凝土、砂砾)及不同路堤高度影响
11、下的退化系数。观测网由气象观测、地温变化观测、路基变形观测等三部分组成。3.2.1气象气象条件与多年冻土的退化趋势有着密切的关系。气象观测是为课题研究提供气象基本资料，以利于对多年冻土退化趋势和速率进行预报。地面气象观测的主要项目都是在观测现场内通过各种仪器进行的。观测地的选择是否适宜，对观测资料的代表性、准确性和比较性影响极大。根据研究课题所需的气象资料和对气象场地的要求，气象场地选择在K311+000路线左侧，场地大小为20(南北)16(东西)(m2)，确定地面观测的项目有：气温、湿度、风、降水、蒸发、地温等。气象观测场及仪器的布置均按国家气象观测标准执行，气象观测时间以我国确定的北京时间
12、08、14、20时进行。3.2.2地温地温观测是对不同路面和不同路堤高度及地下水对冻土层融蚀影响下的地下温度观测，以确定多年冻土的上限变化情况，为分析路基变形奠定基础。为分析自然气候变化多年冻土的退化趋势，期望恢复20年气候变化与地温变化的直接联系，在连续多年冻土区K322+900左侧天然地面布设一个40m地温观测孔。同时针对岛状冻土特点，为监测冻土岛的退化情况，在岛状冻土区K311+000路线左侧天然地面(气象观测场内)布设一个15m地温观测孔。这两个地温观测孔对研究多年冻土退化问题有着重要的意义，希望能持续较长的时间，尽可能保留，延长使用寿命。地下水冻土层的融蚀是研究冻土退化不容忽视的一个
13、问题，为解决214线冻土岛形成的基本条件及试验路段地下水影响系数，考虑到地下水融蚀对冻土层影响的深度最大为6m。因此在K310+220、K314+350、K317+250路线左侧天然地面布设3个水文孔，测量水位变化及水温垂直梯度变化，孔深56m。不同类型路面、路基高度对地温有不同影响结果，在不同类型路面、路基高度选择了9个横剖面，分别在路基左、右路肩、路中心布设测温孔，能使不同天然地面进行比较，同时在天然地面布设测温孔。由于课题经费所限，横剖面布设测温孔为全剖面与半剖面两种。路中心孔深度为1213m，路肩孔深度为0.88.5m，天然地面孔6.06.5m。地温测量孔总计37个，总有效孔深337m
14、，测温点452个，测温均采用高精度半导体热敏电阻温度计测量，精度0.001C，测量结果计算由计算机统一完成。计划地温测量每年1、2、3、12月每月二次，每年4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11月每月三次，今后根据资料分析，观测次数可适当调整。3.2.3路基变形观测本研究课题的最终目标就是解决在退化性多年冻土地区的路基、路面修筑的技术难关。能最大限度的解决路基变形，也就是本研究课题的关键。因此，路基变形观测在整个观测网中有举足轻重的作用。路基变形观测选择在9个测温剖面前后40m范围内，每间隔4m埋设变形观测点，同时路基横向也设路基变形观测点，每断面布33个点，累计全试验路有297个变形点。考虑到试
15、验路是在老路基基础上修筑而成形的，对于分层变形测量已没有什么实际意义，故仅测量路基总变形量。路基变形观测基准点利用深度大于6m的天然地面测量观测孔，路基变形观测采用水准仪，精度0.01m。观测频率同地温观测。4总结目前，试验路及观测网已于1995年10月建成，并于1996年5月通过了由交通部科技司组织的技术鉴定。观测网的气象观测、地温变化观测、路基变形观测系统调试正常，并经过一个月的试观测已于1995年11月转入更深入的观测、分析研究工作。就现在整体情况而言，试验路及观测网的设计是成功的，能满足课题研究的需要，达到了修筑试验路的目的，对不完善的地方在研究课题(第二期)将以弥补。合理的评价尚有赖
16、观测资料的积累及细致的数据分析，从1996年开始的第二期研究将对各类型工程结构详细的加以分析后，提出科学的论断，为退化性多年冻土地区公路修筑提供可靠的技术依据。/Porganization system and working mode, the selection of a number of municipal strengthening group to build innovation and strengthen the organization of the basic level organizations advanced model.(seven) the manual wo
17、rk of the Communist Youth League Organization published and League branch of manual work, to promote the use of two manuals in the citys organizations at various levels. The county committee, directly under the group (work) is under the jurisdiction of grassroots League and group (total) using branc
18、h ratio shall not be less than 70%.Three, to further strengthen the groups leadership and team building(a) to strengthen the leagues leadership at all levels of construction. Continue to do a good job of municipal Party Committee Organization Department on the strengthening of the Communist Youth Le
19、ague cadres management opinions implementation. To promote the group counties (autonomous counties, cities) Commission and city directly under the group (workers) appointed to carry out the Five team building activities. Improve the League Association Department working mechanism. Conscientiously fu
20、lfill the duties of CO, combined with the city group directly under (the) Committee of the general election and the adjustment, actively jointly with the unit where the party organization department good group leadership selection with the work. Do a good job in municipal Party committee assistant c
21、ommittee leadership and leading cadres of the annual assessment work, adhere to and improve the assistant secretary of the Communist Youth League talk system group To weave individual conversation and collective conversation, to strengthen the committees of all levels, the Standing Committee of the
22、Standing Committee, the establishment of a sound system of central group learning, the system of investigation and study, the system of important issues and the reporting system.(two) to strengthen the work of education and training of cadres to conscientiously implement the Central Committee. On th
23、e implementation of grassroots cadres training project and opinions on carrying out the mission municipal CYL Cadres training project implementation opinions, full implementation of the project of the City Youth League cadres training education. Focus on the county grassroots cadres and workers focu
24、sed on training, the new school system vocational training League cadres, for the Municipal Organization Department jointly held the third session of the Communist Youth League system training cadres in party. Focusing on the construction of new socialist countryside, strengthening village cadres an
25、d rural construction team group member of the young team, the county organizations at various levels throughout the year is expected to train 100 00 rural grassroots cadres, plans to train 1000 village secretary of the village Party branch.(three) actively promote grassroots cadres election work. Un
26、der the unified leadership of the party organization, to strengthen grassroots organizations direct work, standardize the election work rules and procedures, in the designated candidate, open competition to democratically elected branch secretary at the same time, actively and steadily the developme
27、nt of Township, streets and other grassroots organizations in the direct election of the pilot work, on the basis of summarizing the experience and gradually expand the scope of the pilot, and gradually formed a set of measures and cadres election system.(four) to strengthen the cadres testing exerc
28、ise. To study the development of XX city from 2006 to 2008 cadres testing exercise planning. To select outstanding cadres to the central mission in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and other central organs and sending work in developed areas. With the Central Committee the implementation of the western
29、region and ethnic minorities cadres training plan . To carry out the eighth batch of municipal organs attachment cadre management, selection, training work. The outstanding cadres to start the National Development Bank XX branch testing exercise.(five) to strengthen the group construction. The main
30、position to play the role of Youth League cadre education and training as the city, in accordance with the requirements of post training, further curriculum scientifically and rationally, adopt arrangement menu course, basic theory includes group work, focus, hot and difficult issues, to enhance the
31、 content and practice; to strengthen the construction of teaching staff, the integration of teachers, establish a quality teacher training team, establish and implement course evaluation system; take delivery of training to the countryside, on-site training, and increase the rural grassroots cadres
32、training efforts.Four, efforts to strengthen the work of young talent(a) to tenth XX young 54 medal in recognition of the publicity, and actively explore the XX youth service. 54 Medal of institutionalization, standardization and socialization mechanism. Give full play to the XX award in recognition
33、 of 54 youth medal Association, Youth Award winner in the 54 chapter, investigation activities. Who won the Youth Service medal, dedication to the society to create conditions, build the stage. During the 54, named in recognition of the tenth XX young 54 medal. The association of XX editing of young
34、 talent , the exchange of information and communication platform for the XX of outstanding young talents.(two) the establishment of municipal Party committee of young talent information database. In accordance with the feasible, effective, classification management, implement step by step principle,
35、 the establishment of municipal Party committee of youth talent database; guiding organizations at various levels generally established the young talent database, construction of city, county (directly under the Communist Youth League), grassroots organizations three young talent information databas
36、e the relevant information collection system, and gradually establish the citys young people, the Communist Youth League youth talent information network, provide information platform for young talent resource development.Five, take effective measures to strengthen the mission management(a) to stren
37、gthen the mission management work. Strengthen the dues collection and management, continue to adhere to the dues collection regularly reporting system, the annual comprehensive award in recognition of the tour and the tour one vote veto system audit system. Do statistical work in the group. The grou
38、p service award in recognition of the advanced units, standardization, promoting group management work institutionalized.(two) to strengthen the organization of research and information exchange efforts. Grassroots carry out research, efforts to form a number of theoretical results. Make full use of
39、 the network carrier, to explore the establishment of electronic group service system, promote the work of Communist Youth League information.Attachment 4:XX municipal Party Committee Propaganda Department of the Communist Youth League work pointsIn 2006, the Communist Youth League propaganda ideolo
40、gical work XX to Deng Xiaoping theory and the important thought of Three Represents as guidance, study and implement the partys sixteen and the spirit of the the fifth Plenary Session of the 16th CPC Central Committee implementation of the eight plenary session of the two committee, the citys cultur
41、al work conference, the Propaganda Department of the meeting and the the fourth Plenary Session of the 15th CPC Central Committee permanent mission spirit, closely around 11th Five-Year XX the goal of full implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development, emancipating the mind, seeking truth from
42、 facts, keep pace with the times, close to reality, close to life, close to the young, persevere grasp orientation, grasping deepening, grasping construction innovation, further improve the groups propaganda and ideological work ability, unity To guide the majority of members of the youth to achieve
43、 the 11th Five-Year planning tasks, the overall construction of a well-off society, building a socialist harmonious society to make new contributions.One, adhere to the Three Represents important thought and Scientific Outlook on Development education to guide the youth, to further strengthen the id
44、eological and political education of youth(a) armed with youth science theory. Unremittingly with Deng Xiaoping theory and the important thought of Three Represents armed members of youth education, to promote the study and implement to expand the depth and breadth. To study and implement the import
45、ant thought of Three Represents with the establishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development combine with the implementation of the requirements of constructing socialist harmonious society with Scientific Outlook on Development, carry out education as an important part of the theo
46、ry of armed youth in the new period, strengthen the establishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development education, educate and guide the youth to fully understand the great significance of establishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development, in-depth understanding
47、 of the Scientific Outlook on Development era back The king, the practice foundation, basic connotation, historical status, spirit and practice requirements, a profound understanding of Scientific Outlook on Development with Marxism Leninism, Mao Zedong thought, inheriting and developing relationship between Deng Xiaoping theory and the importan