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1、Chapter 3 Matter, Element, Compound and Mixture,If youre planning to be an engineer, you can be sure that many of the materials you will work with have been synthesized by chemists. Some of these materials are organic (carbon-containing).,如果你计划成为一名工程师，你可以确定你将要打交道的很多材料都是化学家们合成的。这些材料有些是有机的（含碳的）。,They
2、could be familiar plastics like polyethylene or the more esoteric plastics used in unbreakable windows and nonflammable clothing. Other materials, including metal alloys, semiconductors, and superconductors, are inorganic in nature.,它们可能是像常见的聚乙烯塑料或是用于不易碎窗户和阻燃衣服的更神秘的塑料。其它材料，包括金属合金、半导体以及超导体，本质上都是无机的。,
3、Polyethylene: ,plieili:n n. 聚乙烯 Esoteric: ,esuterik adj. 机密的; 神秘的; 难解的 Nonflammable:,nnflmbl adj. 不燃烧的 Alloy: li n. 合金,Perhaps you are a health science major, looking forward to a career in medicine or pharmacy. If so, you will want to become familiar with the properties of aqueous solutions, which
4、include blood and other body fluids.,也许你主修保健科学，希望从事一个医学或药学方面的工作。如果这样，你将希望熟悉水溶液的性质，包括血液和其它体液。,Pharmacy:f:msi n.药房，药剂学，制药业 Aqueous: eikwis adj. 水的,水性的,Chemists have made many life-saving products over the past few decades. These range from drugs used in chemotherapy to new antibiotics used against res
5、istant microorganisms.,在过去的几十年里，化学家们研制了很多挽救生命的产品，包括在化学疗法中使用的药物和用于对付抗性微生物的新型抗生素。,Chemotherapy:kemuerpi n.化学疗法 Antibiotics:抗生素，抗生学 Microorganisms:,maikru:nizm n.微生物,Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. It exists in three phases: solid, liquid, and gas. A solid has a rigid shape and a f
6、ixed volume.,一切具有一定质量和占据一定空间的东西都是物质。它存在于三种状态：固态、液态和气态。固体具有刚性的形状和固定的体积。,A liquid has a fixed volume but is nor rigid in shape; it takes on the shape of the container. A gas has neither a fixed volume nor a rigid shape; it takes on both the volume and the shape of the container.,液体具有固定的体积，但是没有刚性的形状；它取
7、决于容器的形状。气体既没有固定的体积也没有刚性的形状；它取决于容器的体积和形状。,Matter can be classified into two categories: pure substances are either elements or compounds, while mixtures can be either homogeneous or heterogeneous (see Figure 1-3-1).,物质可以分为两大类：纯物质是元素或化合物，而混合物可以是同类的或异类的（见图1-3-1）。,Homogeneous:,hmdi:njs adj. 同性质的, 同类的 He
8、terogeneous:,hetrudi:nis adj. 混杂的,matter,mixtures,Pure substances,heterogeneous,homogeneous,elements,compounds,Figure 1-3-1 The Classification of Matter,An element is a type of matter which cannot be broken down into two or more pure substances. Many elements are familiar to all of us.,元素是物质的一种类型，它不
9、能再进一步分成两种或更多种纯物质。很多元素对我们来说都很熟悉。,The charcoal used in outdoor grills is nearly pure carbon. Electrical wiring, jewelry, and water pipes are often made from copper, a metallic element.,室外烧烤用的木炭接近于纯碳。电线、首饰以及水管常常用一种金属元素铜来制作。,Charcoal: t:kul n. 炭, 木炭,Another such element, aluminum, is used in many househ
10、old utensils. The shiny liquid in the thermometers you use is still another metallic element, mercury.,另一种元素铝用于很多家庭用具。在你是用的温度计里面的闪亮的液体是另一种金属元素汞。,Thermometer: mmit n. 温度计, 体温表,Some elements come in and out of fashion, so to speak. Fifty years ago, elemental silicon was a chemical curiosity.,可以说，有些元素风
11、靡一时，有些则过时沉寂。五十年前，元素硅曾经是化学珍品。,Curiosity: ,kjurisiti n. 好奇心，奇人，珍品,Today, ultrapure silicon has become the basis for the multibillion-dollar semiconductor industry. Lead, on the other hand, is an element moving in the other direction.,今天，超纯硅已经成为数十亿美元半导体工业的基础。而另一种元素铅却走向了另一个方向。,Ultrapure: ,ltrpju adj. 超纯
12、的,A generation ago it was widely used to make paint pigments, plumbing connections, and gasoline additives. Today, because of the toxicity of lead compounds, all of these applications have been banned in the United States.,一代人以前它曾经广泛用于制造绘画颜料，铅管连接，以及汽油添加剂。今天，由于铅化合物的毒性，所有这些应用在美国都遭到禁止。,Pigment:pimnt n.
13、 颜料，天然色素 Plumbing: plmi n. 装修水管的工作, 水管装置 Gasoline: sli:n n. 汽油 Toxicity:tksisiti n. 毒性,In chemistry, an element is identified by its symbol. This consists of one or two letters, usually derived from the name of the element. Thus the symbol for carbon is C; that for aluminum is Al.,在化学中，一种元素通过它的符号来进行
14、识别。这包括一个或两个字母，通常来源于这个元素的名称。因此碳的符号就是C，铝的符号就是Al。,Sometimes the symbol comes from the Latin name of the element or one of its compounds. The two elements copper and mercury, which were known in ancient times, have the symbols Cu (cuprum) and Hg (hydrargyrum).,有时候元素的符号来源于它的元素或一种化合物的名称。有两种古代就为人所知的元素铜和汞，它
15、们的符号就是Cu (cuprum)和Hg (hydrargyrum)。,Table 1-3-1 lists the names and symbols of some elements.,表1-3-1列出了一些元素的名称和符号。,Aluminum: ,lju:-minjm; lju:minm,Al,铝 Antimony: ntimni, Sb,锑 Argon: :n,Ar,氩 Barium: brim,Ba,钡 Beryllium: briljm,Be,铍 Bismuth: bizm,Bi,铋 Boron: b:rn,B,硼 Bromine: brumi:n,Br,溴 Cadmium: kdm
16、im,Cd,镉 Carbon: k:bn,C,碳 Cesium: si:zjm,Cs,铯 Calcium: klsim, Ca, 钙,Chlorine: kl:ri:n, Cl, 氯 Chromium: krumjm, Cr, 铬 Cobalt: kb:lt,kub:lt, Co, 钴 Copper: kp, Cu, 铜 Fluorine: fluri:n, F, 氟 Gold: uld, Au, 金 Helium: hi:ljm, He, 氦 Hydrogen: haidrdn, H, 氢 Iodine: aidi:n, I, 碘 Iron: ain, Fe, 铁 Krypton: krip
17、tn, Kr, 氪 Lead: led, Pb, 铅,Lithium: liim, Li, 锂 Magnesium: mni:zjm, Mg, 镁 Manganese: ,mni:z, mni:z, Mn, 锰 Mercury: m:kjuri, Hg, 汞 Neon: ni:n,Ne, 氖 Nickel: nikl, Ni, 镍 Nitrogen: naitrdn, N, 氮 Oxygen: ksidn, O, 氧 Phosphorus: fsfrs, P, 磷 Platinum: pltinm, Pt, 铂 Plutonium: plu:tunim, Pu, 钚 Potassium: pt
18、sjm, K, 钾,Rubidium: ru:bidim, Rb, 铷 Selenium: sili:nim, Se, 硒 Silicon: silikn, Si, 硅 Silver: silv, Ag, 银 Sodium: sudim, Na, 钠 Strontium: strnim, Sr, 锶 Sulfur: slf, S, 硫 Tin: tin, Sn, 锡 Uranium: jureinjm, U, 铀 Xenon: zenn, Xe, 氙 Zinc: zik, Zn, 锌,A compound is a pure substance that contains more than
19、one element. Water is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen. The compounds methane, acetylene, and naphthalene all contain the elements carbon and hydrogen, in different proportions.,化合物是包含多于一种元素的纯物质。水是氢和氧的化合物。甲烷、乙炔和萘都是由不同比例的碳和氢元素组成。,Hydrogen:haidrdn n. 氢 Oxygen:ksidn n. 氧, 氧气 Methane:meein n. 甲烷, 沼气 Ac
20、etylene:setili:n n. 乙炔,电石气 Naphthalene:nfli:n n. 萘(球),卫生球,The properties of compounds are very different from those of the elements they contain. Ordinary table salt, sodium chloride, is a white, unreactive solid. As you can guess from its name, it contains the two elements sodium and chlorine.,化合物的
21、性质与它们包含的元素的性质差别很大。普通的精制食盐氯化钠是一种白色不起化学反应的固体。就像你可以从它的名字猜测的那样，它包含两种元素钠和氯。,Sodium:sudim n. 钠 Chlorine:kl:ri:n n. 氯, 氯气 Chloride:kl:raid n. 氯化物,Sodium (Na) is a shiny, extremely reactive metal. Chlorine (Cl) is a poisonous, greenish-yellow gas. Clearly, when these two elements combine to form sodium chlo
22、ride, a profound change takes place.,钠是一种闪亮的反应活性极强的金属。氯是一种有毒的黄绿色气体。很明显，当这两种元素结合形成氯化钠的时候发生的显著的变化。,Many different methods can be used to resolve compounds into their elements. Sometimes, but not often, heat alone is sufficient. Mercury (II) oxide, a compound of mercury and oxygen, decomposes to its el
23、ements when heated to 600 C.,很多方法都可以用于把化合物分解成元素。有时仅仅加热就足够了，但并不经常这样。一种汞和氧的化合物氧化汞，在加热到600摄氏度的时候分解成它的元素。,Resolve:rizlv vt.使分溶解 Decompose:,di:kmpuz vt. & vi. 分解,Joseph Priestley, an English chemist, discovered oxygen 200 years ago when he carried out this reaction by exposing a sample of mercury (II) ox
24、ide to an intense beam of sunlight focused through a powerful lens.,200年前，一个英国化学家约瑟夫普利斯特利在使用一个强大的透镜聚焦强烈的太阳光束处理氧化汞样品进行这个反应的时候发现了氧。,Lens: lenz n. 透镜, 镜头,Another method of resolving compounds into elements is called electrolysis. This involves passing an electric current through a compound, usually in
25、the liquid state.,另一种把化合物分解成元素的方法叫做电解。这包括让电流穿过通常是液态的化合物。,Electrolysis:ilektrlisis n. 电解,Through the process of electrolysis, it is possible to separate water into the two elements hydrogen and oxygen.,通过电解方法，可以把水分解成两种元素氢和氧。,A mixture contains two or more pure substances combined in such a way that e
26、ach substance retains its chemical identity.,由两种或更多的纯净物组成，并且每种物质都保持它们各自的化学特性，这样的物质被称为混合物。,When you shake iron filings with powdered sulfur, a mixture is formed; the two elements are chemically unchanged.,当你摇晃铁屑和硫粉时，就会形成一种混合物；这两种元素并没有发生化学变化。,Filings:failiz n. 锉屑，铁屑,In contrast, when sodium is exposed
27、 to chlorine gas, a compound, sodium chloride, is formed; the two elements lose their chemical identity.,相反，当钠暴露于氯气中时，就会形成一种化合物氯化钠；这两种元素都失去了它们各自的化学特性。,There are two types of mixtures. Homogeneous or uniform mixture, in which, the composition of the mixture is the same throughout.,混合物有两种。均匀混合物中各组分都是均
28、匀的。,Another name for a homogeneous mixture is a solution. A solution is made up of a solvent, the substance present in largest amount, and one or more solutes.,均匀混合物的另一个名称叫做溶液。溶液由占有最大数量的物质溶剂和一种或多种溶质组成。,Solution:slu:n n. 溶液 Solvent:slvnt n. 溶剂 Solute: slju:t n. 溶解物,溶质,Most commonly, the solvent is a
29、liquid, while solutes may be solids, liquids, or gases. Soda water is solution of carbon dioxide (solute) in water (solvent).,最常见的溶剂是液体，而溶质可以是固体、液体或气体。苏打水就是二氧化碳（溶质）溶于水（溶剂）中形成的溶液。,Soda: sud n. 苏打, 碱,Seawater is more complex solution in which there are several solid solutes, including sodium chloride;
30、 the solvent is water.,海水是更复杂的溶液，里面有多种固体溶质，包括氯化钠；溶剂是水。,It is also possible to have solutions in the solid state. Brass is a solid solution containing the two metals copper (67% - 90%) and zinc (10% - 33%).,形成固态溶液也是可能的。黄铜是一种固体溶液，包含两种金属铜（67% - 90%）和锌（10% - 33%）。,Brass： br:s n. 黄铜,Heterogeneous or nonu
31、niform mixtures are those in which the composition varies throughout. Most rocks fall into this category. In a piece of granite, several components can be distinguished, differing from one another in color.,异类的或不均匀混合物是那些各部分组成不同的。大多数岩石属于这一类。在一块花岗岩中，可以区分出多种成分，相互之间的颜色都不相同。,Granite: rnit n. 花岗岩, 花岗石,Homework,Prepare for 2-3 C60 and The Fullerenes,