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1、英语语句基本 结构分析,是句子要说明的人或事物，是句子的主体，是谓语陈述的对象。一般由名词、主格代词（you）、数词、不定式或动名词等充当，一般在句首。,一、主语,1.The car is running fast. (名词) 2. We are students. (代词) 3. One of my classmates is from Shanghai. (数词) 4. Its bad manners to spit in public. (不定式) 5. Eating too much is bad for your health. (动名词),若不定式短语作主语常用it作形式主语，而把
2、真正的主语(不定式短语)放在句后，如例4 。,二、谓语,由动词构成，一般在主语之后，说明主语的动作或状态。动词分为实义动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词。实义动词单独作谓语，连系动词与表语一起构成谓语，情态动词与省略to的不定式构成合成谓语，助动词与动词原形共同构成谓语部分。,1.He works in a factory. (实义动词) 2.I felt cold. (系动词表语) 3.How can I get to the station？ (情态动词实义动词) 4.Do you speak English？ (助动词实义动词) 5.They are working in a field.
3、 (助动词实义动词),谓语与主语在人称与数方面要相互照应。,三、宾语,是及物动词所涉及的对象，一般由名词、代词、不定式及动名词等充当。,1.He is doing his homework.(名词) 2.They did nothing this morning.(代词) 3.She wants to go home.(不定式) 4.We enjoy playing football.(动名词),1.有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，如：give，pass，bring，show.这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语；一个指物，为直接宾语。 间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。,一般的顺序为： 动词 + 间接
4、宾语 + 直接宾语。 Give me a cup of tea, please. 强调间接宾语顺序为： 动词 + 直接宾语 + to + 间接宾语。 Show this house to Mr.Smith.,注意：,强调间接宾语顺序为： 动词 + 直接宾语 + to + 间接宾语。 如：Show this house to Mr. Smith. 若直接宾语为人称代词： 动词+ 代词直接宾语 + to + 间接宾语。 如：Bring it to me, please.,直接宾语一般放在间接宾语之后，但若把直接宾语放在前面，则要在间接宾语前加适当的介词如to或 for等。,如： Han Chen
5、lent some money to Li Hai. (直宾间宾) Xiao Liu bought a dictionary for Tom. (直宾间宾),2.有的动词常用不定式作宾语，而不能用动名词。这类动词有：want，wish， hope，promise，decide，agree， choose，care等。 eg： I hope to see you again. 3.有的动词一般只用动名词作宾语，而不用不定式。这类动词有：enjoy，finish，mind，practise，miss， suggest，keep (on)等。 eg： Do you mind my opening t
6、he window？,4.有的动词后接不定式与动名词含义不同。 a) forget to do表示“未发生的动作”，forget doing表示“已完成的动作”。如： Dont forget to come here earlier tomorrow. I forgot returning the book to him. b) stop to do表示“停下 原来的事，去做另一件事”，stop doing表示“停止做某事”。如： I stopped to talk with him. The students stopped talking when the teacher came in.
7、,四、宾语补足语,位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。需接复合宾语的动词有：tell，let，help，teach， ask，see，have，order，make等。“宾补”一般由不定式短语、分词、名词、形容词等充当。,1.We elected him monitor.(名词) 2.I found it difficult to learn English well. (形容词) 3.The doctor told me to do more exercise. (不定式短语) 4.He is going to have his hair
8、 cut.(过去分词) 5.They saw a bird flying in the sky.(现在分词) 6. I often find him at work. （介词短语）,这类常见的动词还有：give，buy，lend, pass, leave等。如： He bought me a book. Pass me the ball, will you？(间宾直宾),五、表语,用于说明主语的身份、特征、感受、状态、性质、等，一般由名词、数词、形容词、分词等充当。常用的连系动词有：be（am, is, are, was, were, have been)，look，get，sound(听起来
9、)，feel，become， smell，turn，taste(尝起来)等。,1.They are workers.(名词) 2.Two and three is five.(数词) 3.The story is very interesting.(形容词) 4.M y job(工作)is teaching English.(动名词) 5.She is at home.(介词短语) 6.I feel terrible.(形容词) 7.The dish tastes delicious.(形容词),感官动词多可用作联系动词：look well/面色好,sound nice/听起来不错,feel
10、good/感觉好，smell bad/难闻,六、定语,定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用的表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。若修饰some, any, every, no构成的复合不定代词时，（如：something、nothing）；或不定式、分词短语作定语、从句作定语时，则定语通常置后。副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。,形容词作定语： The little boy needs a blue pen. Tom is a handsome boy. There is a good boy.,2. 数词作定语相当于形容词： Two boys need two pens.
11、 The two boys are students. There are two boys in the room.,3. 代词或名词所有格作定语： His boy needs Toms pen. His name is Tom. There are two boys of Toms there.,4. 介词短语作定语： The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours. The boy in blue is Tom. There are two boys of 9,and three of 10.,6. 副词作定语： The boy there n
12、eeds a pen. The best boy here is Tom.,7. 不定式作定语： The boy to write this letter needs a pen. The boy to write this letter is Tom. There is nothing to do today.,8. 分词（短语）作定语： The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother. The pen bought by her is made in China . There are five boys left.,9.定语从句： The
13、 boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday. The boy you will know is Tom. There are five boys who will play the game.,七、状语,状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。通常在句末；修饰形容词或副词时，位于被修饰词之前；表时间、地点、目的一般位于句子两头，表强调时放在句首，地点状语一般须在时间状语之前。表示不确定时间（如：often）或程度（如：almost）时通常位于be动词、助动词、情态
14、动词之后，动词之前。,副词（短语）作状语： The boy needs a pen very much. （程度状语） The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother. （宾语较长则状语前置） The boy really needs a pen. （程度状语） The boy needs a pen now./Now,the boy needs a pen./The boy,now,needs a pen.（时间状语）,2. 介词短语作状语： In the classroom, the boy needs a pen. （地点状语）
15、Before his mother, Tom is always a boy. (条件状语) On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom. (时间状语),3. 分词（短语）作状语： He sits there, asking for a pen. （表示伴随状态） Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen. （原因状语） Frightened, he sits there soundlessly. （原因状语）,4. 不定式作状语： The boy needs a pen to d
16、o his homework.（目的状语） To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business. 5. 名词作状语： Come this way! 走这条路！（方向状语）,八、同位语,同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代 词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。 如： We students should study hard. (students是we的同位语，都是指同一批学生） We all are students. (all是we的同位语，都指同样的我们）,九、独立成分,有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语
17、法联系的成分，称为句子独立成分,感叹词：oh, hello, aha, ah,等。 肯定词yes 否定词no 称呼语：称呼人的用语。 插入语：一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,情态词：perhaps, maybe, actually, certainly,十、分词独立结构,分词作状语时其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致! 否则应有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词独立结构。,Studying hard, your score will go up.,分词独立结构常省略being, having been.不过There being.的场合不能省略. 如： Game (being) over
18、, he went home. He stands there, book (being) in hand.,独立结构还可用with、without引导，作状语或定语。这种结构不但可以用分词，还可以用不定式、形容词、介词短语、副词或名词等。 如： With nothing to do, he fell asleep soon. The teacher came in, with glasses on his nose.（注意，此句on his nose不可省略！）,十、句子成分,句子的组成成分叫句子成分。句子成分由词或词组充当。基本成分有六种： 主语（subject）、谓语（predicate
19、）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、 定语（attribute）和状语(adverbial)。,英语五种基本句型列式如下： 基本句型一： （主谓） 基本句型二： （主谓表） 基本句型三： （主谓宾） 基本句型四： （主谓间宾直宾） 基本句型五： （主谓宾宾补）,基本句型 一 （主谓）,此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。 这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。,Exx. 4. We all breathe, eat, and drink. 5. Who cares? 6. What he said does not ma
20、tter. 7. They talked for half an hour. 8. The pen writes smoothly , （不及物动词） ,1. The sun was shining. ,2. The moon rose. ,系动词分两类：be, look, keep, seem等属一类，表示情况；get, grow, become, turn等属另一类，表示变化。be 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。, ,This is an English-Chinese dictionary. The dinner smells good. ,Ex
21、x: He fell in love. Everything looks different. He is growing tall and strong. The trouble is that they are short of money Our well has gone dry. His face turned red. , （及物动词） ,Who knows the answer? She smiled her thanks. ,Exx: He has refused to help them. He enjoys reading. They ate what was left o
22、ver. He said “Good morning.” I want to have a cup of tea. He admits that he was mistaken. ,基本句型 四 此句型的句子有一个共同特点：谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者，另一个是动作的间接承受者。通常这一间接承受者用一个介词来连接，当动作的间接承受者在动作的直接承受者之前时，这一介词往往被省略。, ,（多指人）（多指物）, Sheordered herself a new dress. She cooked her husband a delicious meal
23、.,Exx: He brought you a dictionary. He denies her nothing. I showed him my pictures. I gave my car a wash. I told him that the bus was late. He showed me how to run the machine., （及物） （宾语） （宾补） ,They appointed him manager. They painted the door green. ,Exx: This set them thinking. They found the house deserted. What makes him think so? We saw him out. He asked me to come back soon. I saw them getting on the bus. ,