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1、Paper-More than Meets the EyeA) We are surrounded by so much paper and card that it is easy to forget just how complex it is. There are many varieties and grades of paper materials, and whilst it is fairly easy to spot the varieties, it is far more difficult to spot the grades.B) It needs to be unde
2、rstood that most paper and card is manufactured for a specific purpose, so that whilst the corn-flake packet may look smart, it is clearly not something destined for the archives. It is made to look good, but only needs a limited life span. It is also much cheaper to manufacture than high grade card
3、.C) Paper can be made from an almost endless variety of cellulose-based material which will include many woods, cottons and grasses or which papyrus is an example and from where we get the word paper. Many of these are very specialized, but the preponderance of paper making has been from soft wood a
4、nd cotton or rags, with the bulk being wood-based.Paper from WoodD) In order to make wood into paper it needs to be broken down into fine strands. Firstly by powerful machinery and then boiled with strong alkalies such as caustic soda, until a fine pulp of cellulose fibers is produced. It is from th
5、is pulp that the final product is made, relying on the bonding together of the cellulose into layers. That, in a very small nutshell, is the essence of paper making from wood. However, the reality is rather more complicated. In order to give us our white paper and card, the makers will add bleach an
6、d other materials such as china clay and additional chemicals.E) A further problem with wood is that it contains a material that is not cellulose. Something called lignin. This is essential for the tree since it holds the cellulose fibres together, but if it is incorporated into the manufactured pap
7、er it presents archivists with a problem. Lignin eventually breaks down and releases acid products into the paper. This will weaken the bond between the cellulose fibers and the paper will become brittle and look rather brown and careworn. We have all seen this in old newspapers and cheap paperback
8、books. It has been estimated that most paper back books will have a life of not greater than fifty years. Not what we need for our archives.F) Since the lignin can be removed from the paper pulp during manufacture, the obvious question is why is it left in the paper? The answer lies in the fact that
9、 lignin makes up a considerable part of the tree. By leaving the lignin in the pulp a papermaker can increase his paper yield from a tree to some 95%. Removing it means a yield of only 35%. It is clearly uneconomic to remove the lignin for many paper and card applications.G) It also means, of course
10、, that lignin-free paper is going to be more expensive, but that is nevertheless what the archivist must look for in his supplies. There is no point whatsoever in carefully placing our valuable artifacts in paper or card that is going to hasten their demise. Acid is particularly harmful to photograp
11、hic materials, causing them to fade and is some cases simply vanish!H) So, how do we tell a piece of suitable paper or card from one that is unsuitable? You cannot do it by simply looking, and rather disappointingly, you cannot always rely on the label. Acid-free might be true inasmuch as a test on
12、the paper may indicate that it is a neutral material at this time. But lignin can take years before it starts the inevitable process of breaking down, and in the right conditions it will speed up enormously.I) Added to this, as I have indicated earlier, paper may also contain other materials added d
13、uring manufacture such as bleach, china clay, chemical whiteners and size. This looks like a bleak picture, and it would be but for the fact that there are suppliers who will guarantee the material that they sell. If you want to be absolutely sure that you are storing in, or printing on, the correct
14、 material then this is probably the only way.J) Incidentally, acids can migrate from material to material. Lining old shoe boxes with good quality acid-free paper will do little to guard the contents. The acid will get there in the end.Paper from RagK) Paper is also commonly made from cotton and rag
15、 waste. This has the advantage of being lignin-free, but because there is much less cotton and rag than trees, it also tends to be much more expensive than wood pulp paper. You will still need to purchase from a reliable source though, since even rag paper and card can contain undesirable additives.
16、L) A reliable source for quality rag papers is a recognized art stockiest. Many water color artists insist on using only fine quality rag paper and board.M) The main lesson to learn from this information is that you cannot rely on purchasing archival materials from the high street. The only safe sol
17、ution is to purchase from specialist suppliers. It may cost rather more, but in the end you will know that your important and valuable data and images have the best home possible.1. The corn-flake packet is cheaper than high grade card.2. There are a lot of materials which can be used for making pap
18、er, but the superiority ones are soft wood, cotton and rags.3. During the whole manufacturing process, the final product is made from a pulp of cellulose fibres.4. In order to make white paper and card, the makers will add bleach.5. Liguin is essential for the tree but it will make paper easy to bre
19、ak.6. Many paper producers will preserve lignin during manufacture, because leaving the lignin will make more paper from a tree.7. Acid is particularly harmful to photographic materials.8. If the lignin is removed from the paper, the paper will be more expensive.9. Although free of lignin, paper mad
20、e from cotton and rag waste can also cost more money than wood pulp paper because there is much less cotton and rag than trees.10. What we can learn from Paper from Rag is that you had better buy archival materials from specialist suppliers.文章精要本文主要介绍了我们平常所见所用的纸的复杂性，通过介绍用木头和破布料造纸的过程，使我们对纸的类别、属性有了更深入
21、的了解。1.B根据题干中的信息提示词cornflake packet,high grade card,可定位到文章第二段，该部分最后提到corn-flake packet在制造过程中比高等级的纸(high grade card)便宜.2.C根据题干中的信息提示词soft wood，cotton and rags，可定位到文章第三段最后一句。3.D根据题干中的信息提示词final product，可将答案定位到D段，第二、三句提到最后的产品来源于纤维素纸浆。4.D根据题干中的信息提示词white paper and card，可将答案定位到D段，该部分最后提到为了得到白纸，纸张生产者在制造过程中
22、添加了漂白粉和其他化学物质。5.E根据题干中的信息提示词essential for the tree，可将答案定位到E段，该部分提到木质素是木头的主要组成物，其作用是凝聚纤维素，但它会使纸张变得易碎。6.F根据题干中的信息提示词lignin，可将答案定位到F段，该部分最后提到许多纸张生产者在生产过程中会保留木质素，主要是因为它会增加树木的造纸产量。7.G根据题干中的信息提示词acid，可将答案定位到G段，该部分最后提到酸对相纸的原料尤其不利。8.F根据题干中的信息提示词lignin和paper可定位到文章的F段，因为该段提到，如果在纸张的生产中去除木质素，将会降低树木出产纸张的量，由此可以知道
23、，去除了木质素的纸张价格必定会更加昂贵。9.K根据题干中的信息提示词cotton and rag waste可定位到文章的K段，该部分告诉我们，尽管用棉花和破布料造的纸里没有木质素，但它们要比木制的纸贵很多，这是因为棉花和破布料的数量比树木少得多，由此可以得出答案。10.M根据题干中的信息提示词Paper from Ra9可定位到文章的最后一段，该部分提出最好到专业的供应商那里去买档案材料，由此可以得出答案。练习题二How to Make Attractive and Effective PowerPoint PresentationsA) Microsoft PowerPoint has d
24、ramatically changed the way in which academic and business presentations are made. This article outlines few tips on making more effective and attractive PowerPoint presentations.The TextB) Keep the wording clear and simple. Use active, visual language. Cut unnecessary wordsa good rule of thumb is t
25、o cut paragraphs down to sentences, sentences into phrases, and phrases into key words.Limit the number of words and lines per slide. Try the Rule of Five-five words per line, five lines per slide. If too much text appears on one slide, use the AutoFit feature to split it between two slides. Click w
26、ithin the placeholder to display the AutoFit Options button (its symbol is two horizontal lines with arrows above and below), then click on the button and choose Split Text between Two Slides from the submenu.C) Font size for titles should be at least 36 to 40, while the text body should not be smal
27、ler than 24.Use only two font styles per slideone for the title and the other for the text. Choose two fonts that visually contrast with each other. Garamond Medium Condensed and Impact are good for titles, while Garamond or Tempus Sans can be used for the text body.D) Embed the fonts in your presen
28、tation, if you are not sure whether the fonts used in the presentation are present in the computer that will be used for the presentation. To embed the fonts: (1) On the File menu, click Save As. (2) On the toolbar, click Tools, click Save Options, select the Embed TrueType Fonts check box, and then
29、 select Embed characters in use only.E) Use colors sparingly; two to three at most. You may use one color for all the titles and another for the text body. Be consistent from slide to slide. Choose a font color that contrasts well with the background.F) Capitalizing the first letter of each word is
30、good for the title of slides and suggests a more formal situation than having just the first letter of the first word capitalized. In bullet point lines, capitalize the first word and no other words unless they normally appear capped. Upper and lower case lettering is more readable than all capital
31、letters. Moreover, current styles indicate that using all capital letters means you are shouting. If you have text that is in the wrong case, select the text, and then click Shift+F3 until it changes to the case style that you like. Clicking Shift+F3 toggles the text case between ALL CAPS, lower cas
32、e, and Initial Capital styles.G) Use bold or italic typeface for emphasis. Avoid underlining, it clutters up the presentation.Dont center bulleted lists or text. It is confusing to read. Left align unless you have a good reason not to. Run “spell check” on your show when finished.The BackgroundH) Ke
33、ep the background consistent. Simple, light textured backgrounds work well. Complicated textures make the content hard to read. If you are planning to use many clips in your slides, select a white background. If the venue of your presentation is not adequately light-proof, select a dark-colored back
34、ground and use any light color for text. Minimize the use of “bells and whistles” such as sound effects, “flying words” and multiple transitions. Dont use red in any fonts or backgrounds. It is an emotionally overwhelming color that is difficult to see and read.The ClipsI) Animations are best used s
35、ubtly; too much flash and motion can distract and annoy viewers. Do not rely too heavily on those images that were originally loaded on your computer with the rest of Office. You can easily find appropriate clips on any topic through Google Images. While searching for images, do not use long search
36、phrases as is usually done while searching the web-use specific words.J) When importing pictures, make sure that they are smaller than two megabytes and are in a .jpg format. Larger files can slow down your show. Keep graphs, charts and diagrams simple, if possible. Use bar graphs and pie charts ins
37、tead of tables of data. The audience can then immediately pick up the relationships.The PresentationK) If you want your presentation to directly open in the slide show view, save it as a slide show file using the following steps. Open the presentation you want to save as a slide show. On the File me
38、nu, click Save As. In the Save as type list, click PowerPoint Show. Your slide show file will be saved with a ppt file extension. When you double-click on this file, it will automatically start your presentation in slide show view. When youre done, PowerPoint automatically closes and you return to t
39、he desktop. If you want to edit the slide show file, you can always open it from PowerPoint by clicking Open on the File menu.L) Look at the audience, not at the slides, whenever possible. If using a laser pointer, dont move it too fast. For example, if circling a number on the slide, do it slowly.
40、Never point the laser at the audience. Black out the screen (use “B” on the keyboard) after the point has been made, to put the focus on you. Press the key again to continue your presentation.M) You can use the shortcut command CtrlP to access the Pen tool during a slide show. Click with your mouse
41、and drag to use the Pen tool to draw during your slide show. To erase everything youve drawn, press the E key. To turn off the Pen tool, press Esc once.MiscellaneousN) Master Slide Set-Up: The “master slide” will allow you to make changes that are reflected on every slide in your presentation. You c
42、an change fonts, colors, backgrounds, headers, and footers at the “master slide” level. First, go to the “View” menu. Pull down the “Master” menu. Select the “slide master” menu. You may now make changes at this level that meet your presentation needs.1. The ways in which academic and business prese
43、ntations are made have been changed by Microsoft PowerPoint.2. When making the PowerPoint, the wording of the text should not be complicated.3. In each slide, the font styles for the title and the text should contrast with each other.4. A more formal situation is capitalizing the first letter of the
44、 first word.5. Centering bulleted lists or text can not help to read.6. Sound effects should be used as less frequently as possible.7. When importing pictures, make sure that they are smaller than two megabytes.8. When making the presentation, you should look at the audience as possible as you can.9
45、. Pressing the E key can help you to erase everything youve drawn.10. In order to meet your presentation needs, you can make changes at the “slide master” level.1.AA段讲到了微软的PowerPoint对学术及商业陈述形式的改变，可以直接定位到文章的首段。2.B根据题干中的信息词wording of the text定位到第一个小标题下的第一段。3.C根据题干中的信息词the font styles for the title and
46、 the text定位到C段。4.F根据题干中的信息词more formal situation和capitalizing定位到第一个小标题下的F段。5.G根据题干中的信息词Centering bulleted lists or text定位到第一个小标题下的G段。6.H根据题干中的信息词Sound effects定位到第二个小标题下的H段，Minimize the use of “bells and whistles” such as sound effects。7.J根据题干中的信息词importing和two megabytes定位到第三个小标题下的J段。8.L根据题干中的信息词look
47、 at the audience定位到第四个小标题下的L段。9.M根据题干中的信息词Pressing the E key定位到第四个小标题下的M段。10.N根据题干中的信息词make changes at the “slide master” level定位到文章的最后一段可得答案。练习题三Hate Your Job? Heres How to Reshape It A) Once upon a time, if you hated your job, you either quit or bit your lip. These days, a group of researchers is
48、trumpeting a third option: shape your job so ifs more fruitful than futile. B) We often get trapped into thinking about our job as a list of things to do and a list of responsibilities, says Amy Wrzesniewski, an associate professor at the Yale School of Management. But what if you set aside that mind-set? If you could adjust what you do, she says, who would you start talking to, what other tasks would you take on, and who would you work with? C) To make livelihoods more lively, Wrzesniewski and h