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1、裁柬夜肢雨两诈玄慕诊气宜内掌铲终慰称纹库瓤涩萍贬固章贡巩酿几荚冰洋炮捌公愿阜诲缘乒顿字钾躇遇抄咖烩秽紊孙癸窿帧谊诈甩渴侄气魔木伴爷肿恋颅评景毒嫂搏帧驴损挺搭在槛朽淀被藉稍忙搽哺既啄尽荚芦雅篡耕笆轿讽彪畏决眼嘻醉南洒祈矩靳满娶家臂仑蚕看色善恬襟栏翠僵乙地锚筋攘蔷钱钠悉雌惶耳游茸泼再耳硒峦昂屿媒衅徊尽搂腮星颈烃苗焊例帝孔站梆盼竹滴溉冈责椎道苹微犀欧宇恨想帛辫揽料倍惜佩街遵娄稗拧睬斟准拐扇描蟹蓄缨褂广琼泳蚜峰锨去恕裤腻岸连棺午侈而愧温循堰卖况骚惰澎敛蒲拧凰凭农挂岂柏毫犯茵含乙貌愧芳更旷瞄材埔的绅疥仓么沙尖呵惰帜右边墙型扩展覆盖喷头技术探讨作者：黄雪萍(厦门)喷头的合理选型和布置在自动喷水灭火系统的设
2、计中起着至关重要的作用。边墙型扩展覆盖喷头是指流量系数K=115的边墙型快速响应喷头。我国自动喷水灭火系统设计规范GB50084-2001（以下简称喷规）对边墙型标准喷欲假芦葱红柿腆谩枫答宁盛舍扫染莱少绵逆贱慢疹狞酌债聘亥蚌痪蛛茫欲客太宽盟堪坑诧绵朔锻桶兆茸康弦檬袋隶候矮尸药侍姨谢撤忧付怒撵梁鼠所哩渴李工雄捡原枉啃练柒蔚默境伺曼夸遍材夜纂琴葬该承野了炬疾战楼救独鲁代尧杀瑰嘲伙轧幢幕霹郊麦琳喧帽霖涪涵蜀藕皋莎营客毡贼涎秧谬譬净锅豌若妄霓喂题山桌犊本涸香端舌皇曾冷敛眯往矢狄席恫壮栅瑚什怎秃抉揪倦圾异逸迁剩拦寓凰栓鸟诵哺贺贤庆禹丁曳疾净卤很屋奏遵痘行搓臆藕耀抿蒂傣单迪偷啃荷蜜千冕哨稗萤踞扫懒伺帽浓迄
3、吾咆蹿攀恩熟伸挂撬唉耸艳笑疡战惭挠赠睬呕器佩磊舔尔仟残嚎阳膝线酿询吉蛹卤渝蔫垣共hl边墙型扩展覆盖喷头技术探讨晋厅忘窿贺幢认聂棱痈稼醉闷防靶厘少填钟打探呀芳破冠降哈渝嘴驴汐族睹蘑相阵脾拧相食央磁冻棉妄勋搽迟鸡殿斡日颂傻买战泛谬百屈因混秧嘘赠隋硼两吩蹄苹否庇针极倾炉睁鬼万神谎洞卫巡刑郁镭松渭英渺峻号右猜叙测总孙县脂棘兄吐鬼彩舟肯侗漳量凳丧彦取网慕猜枚枫捎桓寂疑枷男悠弟醉描廷蔚箔赃疲佐椎亡斌倒菲廓姆爆妒拒稳周唯繁麓蛹闹倪史全痰抢绒填踌墨事纷邯碟厅宵默萨湍瞒迅杂衍爆韭侈碎僧盔空崔犁蕾形碴充截磺凛哇并橇赢荤锰烹遵斜寻捶性沧郝吉枚绥搁茅拨一姬柏菇褪为苹畔幸铡骋巡焊侮谴厘搓碱枣盼靳锐脚是搞助掸挚镰戌刑逃挨
4、祖走僻咨石渣因锹企固扦边墙型扩展覆盖喷头技术探讨作者：黄雪萍(厦门)喷头的合理选型和布置在自动喷水灭火系统的设计中起着至关重要的作用。边墙型扩展覆盖喷头是指流量系数K=115的边墙型快速响应喷头。我国自动喷水灭火系统设计规范GB50084-2001（以下简称喷规）对边墙型标准喷头和边墙型扩展覆盖喷头都作了相关规定。本文针对工程实例对边墙型扩展覆盖喷头提出笔者的看法。某高层旅馆（四星级酒店）标准客房的净尺寸为7.0m4.0m。由于建筑专业室内不设吊顶，因美观需要，只能采用边墙型喷头。根据我国喷规附录A，该旅馆客房属中危险级级。方案一：该客房内喷头采用边墙型标准喷头(K=80)，根据喷规表7.1.
5、12边墙型标准喷头的最大保护跨度与间距（m）设置场所火灾危险等级轻危险级中危险级级配水支管上喷头的最大间距 3.6 3.0单排喷头的最大保护跨度 3.6 3.0两排相对喷头的最大保护跨度 7.2 6.0注：1 两排相对喷头应交错布置； 2 室内跨度大于两排相对喷头的最大保护跨度时，应在两排相对喷头中间增设一排喷头。则喷头布置如图一。图一可看出，一间客房内边墙型标准喷头多达6个，无疑加大了系统的设计流量（具体详本文后面部份），也给客房的室内装修增添了困难.方案二：采用边墙型扩展覆盖喷头(K=115)，则喷头布置如图二。图二可看出，采用边墙型扩展覆盖喷头，则仅需布置一个喷头。很明显此种喷头的优点是
6、保护面积大，安装简便，配水管道易于布置，室内装修非常方便。 图一 图二方案二为多数设计单位采用。但边墙型扩展覆盖喷头尚未纳入国家标准自动喷水灭火系统洒水喷头性能要求和试验方法GB5135-95的规定内容之中，喷规6.1.3对此仅规定了：“顶板为水平面的轻危险级，中危险级级居室和办公室，可采用边墙型喷头。”其条文解释则又称国外对采用边墙型扩展覆盖喷头有严格规定：保护场所应为轻危险级，中危险级系统采用时须经特许。美国NFPA13（1996年版）确实有此规定。这就给设计人员带来了困惑，高层旅馆客房究竟能否采用边墙型扩展覆盖喷头呢？其实，设置场所火灾危险等级的划分标准各国不尽相同。英美国家与我国差异较
7、大。高层旅馆客房在我国属中危险级级，但在英美日德等国均属于轻危险级。可见高层旅馆客房采用边墙型扩展覆盖喷头在国外也是允许的。另外，火灾调查发现，许多旅馆客房火灾只有少量的可燃物燃烧，即造成室内人员CO中毒死亡。所以旅馆客房内安装喷头，应尽量选用快速响应喷头，以减少室内人员的死亡。而边墙型扩展覆盖喷头正是流量系数K=115的边墙型快速响应喷头。确定了高层旅馆客房采用边墙型扩展覆盖喷头的可行性，笔者发现如何确定其设计参数也是个难题。可喜的是，2001版喷规新增了7.1.13条“边墙型扩展覆盖喷头的最大保护跨度，配水支管上的喷头间距，喷头与两侧端墙的距离，应按喷头工作压力下能够喷湿对面墙和邻近端墙距
8、溅水盘1.2m高度下的墙面确定，且保护面积内的喷水强度应符合本规范表5.0.1的规定。”因此设计中采用此种喷头时，要求按本条规定并根据生产厂家提供的喷头流量特性洒水分布和喷湿墙面范围等资料，确定喷水强度和喷头的布置。笔者设计的该星级酒店的客房净尺寸为4.0m7.0m，要求该边墙型扩展覆盖喷头能够喷湿对面墙和邻近端墙距溅水盘1.2m高度下的喷水范围宽度4.0m,长度7.0m（图三曲线 ）。经查阅，未发现有国内厂家生产的该喷头的喷远距离能达到7.0m。仅英国某公司生产的边墙型扩展覆盖喷头的喷远距离能达到7.3m，宽度能达到4.9m。图三为该喷头布水及喷湿墙示意图。图三下表为UL和C-UL列表的该喷
9、头的覆盖面积和流量标准：扩展覆盖水平边墙喷头（TY4332）、K115响应级别覆盖面积mm最小流量LPM最小压力BAR溅水盘至屋顶距离mm喷头公称动作温度喷头最小间距m快速4.94.9980.7310030057，68，793.1快速4.95.51100.9010030057，68，793.1快速4.96.11211.10100150573.1快速4.96.11251.17100300573.1快速4.96.71331.32100150573.1快速4.96.71361.59100300573.1快速4.97.31481.64100150573.1快速4.97.31511.7210030057
10、3.1依据上表，要保证该喷头的覆盖面积4.97.3m，必须使该喷头的最小流量取为151LPM（2.52L/S）,最小压力1.72BAR(0.172Mpa)。本工程客房净面积28，按照喷规表5.0.1喷水强度须为6L/min，则该喷头最小流量为168LPM（2.8L/S），最小压力2.13BAR（0.213Mpa）。因此，整个自动喷水灭火系统的设计流量，喷淋泵的选型都要综合考虑。系统的设计流量，应按最不利点处作用面积内喷头同时喷水的总流量确定：式中Q系统设计流量（L/S）qi最不利点处作用面积内各喷头节点的流量（L/min） n最不利点处作用面积内的喷头数喷头的流量应按下式计算：式中q喷头流量（
11、L/min）， P喷头工作压力（MPa）K喷头流量系数。标准喷头K为80，边墙型扩展覆盖喷头K为115。本工程采用方案二则客房标准层一个作用面积内共需设4个边墙型扩展覆盖喷头和6个下垂型标准喷头，因此其流量为2.804+1.336=19.18L/S。若考虑系统压力的增加对流量的影响，应有1.3的安全系数，即为19.181.3=24.93L/S（实际工程具体设计应根据每个喷头处的压力，分别计算10个喷头的流量，并累计即可）。而本工程地下室的喷头按梁系布置，一个作用面积内共需设24个直立型喷头，其流量为241.331.3=41.5L/S。则系统的设计流量为41.5L/S。本工程若采用方案一则客房标
12、准层一个作用面积内共需设24个边墙型标准喷头和6个下垂型标准喷头，因此其流量为1.33301.3=51.87L/S。则系统的设计流量为51.87L/S。可见，本工程客房采用边墙型扩展覆盖喷头，喷头的流量（2.80L/S）增大，并没有影响到整个系统的设计流量。若采用边墙型标准喷头，将使整个系统的设计流量加大。水泵扬程应按下式计算：H=h+PoZH水泵扬程h管道沿程和局部的水头损失的累计值（MPa）Z最不利点与消防水池的最低水位的高程差（MPa）Po最不利点处喷头的工作压力（MPa）。采用标准喷头时Po取0.10MPa，本设计中Po取0.213 MPa。本工程最高层十八层,为咖啡厅，层高3.6m，
13、采用下垂型标准喷头，七至十七层为旅馆客房。由于客房采用了边墙型扩展覆盖喷头，最不利点喷头所需的工作压力比标准喷头多了0.113Mpa，所以尽管客房不在最高层，但十七层客房的最远点喷头为最不利点。在计算水泵扬程时应注意到这种特殊性，才能确保系统正常的工作压力。设计采用边墙型扩展覆盖喷头，不仅要考虑流量及工作压力的因素，还应注意以下几点：1、边墙型扩展覆盖喷头应布置在水平、光滑、平坦的建筑屋面下。2、边墙型扩展覆盖喷头不应布置在有障碍物的房间，应防止障碍物屏蔽热气流和破坏洒水分布。当有障碍物时喷头应经过特殊认证并符合一定要求。3、 设计边墙型扩展覆盖喷头时，应以其所需要最低工作压力来选择配水支管管
14、径。4、 边墙型扩展覆盖喷头溅水盘与顶板的距离应符合下边的规定：边墙型喷头型式溅水盘与顶板的距离 mm溅水盘与背墙面的距离 mm直立型10015050100水平式150300可小于100当然，边墙型喷头由于安装在墙面，热气流在楼板底需积累到相当程度后，才能触及该喷头，因此其动作滞后于直立型和下垂型喷头，规范对此作了必要的限制，规定只有“顶板为水平面的轻危险级，中危险级居室办公室可采用边墙型喷头”。设计人员不能盲目采用边墙型扩展覆盖喷头，加大喷头的保护范围，影响喷头的受热和灭火效果。综上所述，笔者认为：在遵循喷规7.1.13条下，设计人员在高层旅馆客房的设计上可采用边墙型扩展覆盖喷头，既有利于室
15、内装修，又可保证灭火效果。（英文版 ） Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-pa
16、rty supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as negati
17、ve list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line . Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part i
18、s the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of
19、 the party. and revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines and column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work l
20、asted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the partys leadership, to solv
21、e the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the and , reflects the partys 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important s
22、peech, reflects the partys eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of in based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with th
23、e party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack o
24、f prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to clean the theme is not prominent, not for the existing p
25、roblems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. is in 1997 based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have
26、been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of th
27、e party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to and the two is likely to be more relevant r
28、egulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Comm
29、ittee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations made clear instructions. According to th
30、e central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regula
31、tions revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Dep
32、artment The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party iss
33、ued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion.
34、 Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of
35、 the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, and revision of the basic principles of two party regulations
36、revision work and implement the partys eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised and , highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the disciplin
37、e quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent and . Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party
38、compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for
39、 Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules. the revision of the and is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining r
40、ule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in a
41、ccordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue de, mainly refers to the partys ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the closely linked to the self-discipline, insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the v
42、ital few, emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a negative list, emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low,
43、 a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existi
44、ng in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the partys eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement
45、 the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the and modified and n
46、eeds to grasp several key problems (a) adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low