1、2022年考博英语-中共中央党校考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 单选题Today in the techno-societies there is an almost ironclad consensus about the future of freedom. Maximum individual choice is regarded as the democratic ideal. Yet most writers predict that we shall move further and further from this ideal. They conjure up a
2、 dark vision of the future, in which people appear as mindless consumer creatures, surrounded by standardized goods, educated in standardized schools, fed a diet of standardized mass culture, and forced to adopt standardized styles of life.Such predictions have spawned a generation of future haters
3、and technophobes, as one might expect. One of the most extreme of there is a French religious mystic, Jacques Ellul, whose books are enjoying a campus vogue. According to Ellul, man was far freer in the past when “Choice was a real possibility for him.” By contrast, today, the human being is “no lon
4、ger in any sense the agent of choice.” And, as for tomorrow, “In the future, man will apparently be confined to the role of a recording device.” Robbed of choice, he will be acted upon, not active. He will live, Ellul warns, in a totalitarian state run by a velvet-gloved Gestapo.This same theme-the
5、loss of choice -runs through much of the work of Arnold Toynbee. It is repeated by everyone from hippie gurus to Supreme Court justices, tabloid editorialists and existentialist philosophers. Put in its simplest form, the theory of Vanishing Choice rests on a crude syllogism: science and technology
6、have fostered standardization. Science and technology will advance, making the future even more standardized than the present. Ergo, man will progressively lose his freedom of choice.If instead of blindly accepting this syllogism, we stop to analyze it, however, we make an extraordinary discovery. F
7、or not only is the logic itself faulty, the entire idea is premised on sheer factual ignorance about the nature, the meaning and the direction of the super-industrial revolution.Certainly, it would be difficult to deny that industrialism has had a leveling effect. Our ability to produce millions of
8、nearly identical units it the growing achievement of the industrial age. Thus, when intellectuals bewail the sameness of our material goods, they accurately reflect the state of affairs of under-industrialism.In the same breath, however, they reveal shocking ignorance about the character of super-in
9、dustrialism. Focused on what society was, they are blinded to what it is fast becoming, for the society of the future will offer not a restricted, standardized flow of goods, but the greatest variety of unstandardized goods and services any society has ever seen. We are moving got towards a further
10、extension of material standardization, but towards its dialectical negation.The end of standardization is already in sight. However, the pace varies from industry to industry, and from country to country.1.The predictions about the future made by many writers, in the authors opinion, are （ ）.2.The a
11、uthor gives the works of Jacques Ellul and Arnold Toynbee as examples to prove that （ ）.3.By saying “In the future, man will apparently be confined to the role of a recording device” (Paragraph 2), Ellul implies that he (man) （ ）.4.The authors attitude toward intellectuals in Paragraph 5 and 6 is on
12、e of （ ）.5.To which of the following is the author likely to agree?问题1选项A.pessimisticB.optimisticC.pleasingD.reasonable问题2选项A.a generation of future will become haters and technophobesB.science and technology will certainly advanceC.man will gradually lose his freedom of choiceD.science and technolo
13、gy will make the future more standardized问题3选项A.will record what other people say and then follow themB.will imitate other people when he takes actionsC.can do whatever he wishesD.can do nothing but follow others问题4选项A.strong disapprovalB.reserved consentC.slight contemptD.enthusiastic support问题5选项A
14、People in the future will eventually lose all of their freedom.B.The society of the future will become more standardized.C.Standardization will take a predominant position in the society of the future.D.The society of the future will have a dialectical effect of both standardization and unstandardi
15、zation.【答案】第1题:A第2题:A第3题:D第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.细节理解题。根据文章第一段，“Yet most writers predict that we shall move further and further from this ideal. They conjure up a dark vision of the future”，可知大多数作家预测，我们将离这一理想越来越远。他们对未来产生了一种黑暗的幻想。可判断出作家对未来的预测是悲观的。选项A符合题意。2.推断题。根据文章第二段第一句， “Such predictions have spawned a ge
16、neration of future haters and technophobes, as one might expect.”，可知正如人们可能预期的那样，这样的预测催生了未来一代的仇恨者和技术恐惧症患者。这是一个总的结论，作者在下文举了Jacques Ellul的例子来证明此观点。选项A符合题意。3.细节理解题。根据文章第二段，“Robbed of choice, he will be acted upon, not active.”，可知人们被剥夺了选择的机会，他的行动会变得被动。可判断出人们变得没有主动权，只会跟随别人。选项D符合题意。4.作者态度题。根据文章第五段，“For not
17、 only is the logic itself faulty, the entire idea is premised on sheer factual ignorance about the nature, the meaning and the direction of the super-industrial revolution.”，可知因为不仅逻辑本身有缺陷，整个想法忽视了自然事实、超级工业革命的意义和方向。又根据第六段，“when intellectuals bewail the sameness of our material goods, they accurately r
18、eflect the state of affairs of under-industrialism.”，可知当知识分子哀叹我们的物质生活千篇一律时，他们所反应的是那些工业落后的国家。可判断出作者对知识分子持强烈反对的态度。选项A符合题意。5.细节理解题。根据文章最后一段，“We are moving got towards a further extension of material standardization, but towards its dialectical negation.”，可知我们不是正在走向物质标准化，而是走向对物质标准化的辩证否定。可判断出未来的社会将会有标准化和
19、非标准化的辩证影响。选项D符合题意。2. 单选题During the preparation of papers for seminars, I had to face the conscious problem of writing about a system （ ）silence and links such reticence to ideas of respect, order, and discipline in an all-encompassing paternalism.问题1选项A.what I know prefersB.which I know prefersC.tha
20、t I know preferringD.in which I know to prefer【答案】D【解析】语法题。根据题意，空格引导定语从句，先行词为system，由固定搭配in a system “在系统里”，选项D符合题意。句意：在为研讨会准备论文的过程中，我不得不有意识地描写一个系统，在这个系统里面，我更愿意保持沉默，将这种沉默与“尊重”、“秩序”和“纪律”等概念联系在一起，形成了一种无所不包的家长式作风。选项D符合题意。3. 单选题The desire for friendship is always with us but we do not always have friend
21、s. In fact, the first thing that our own experiences, （1） many of the great philosophers, tell us about true friendship is that it is very rare. A lot of our associations seem like friendships at first, only to weaken and disappear（2）. These lack what might be called the “prerequisites”. In trying t
22、o （3） what they are, we must begin by clearly distinguishing between relationships that are accidental and temporary and （4） that are essential and enduring.Aristotle offers us substantial help here by pointing out that there are three kinds of friendship based on utility, on pleasure, and on virtue
23、The friendship of utility and pleasure go together and are（5） the most common. Everyone has experienced them. People are “friendly” to their business associates, neighbors, the members of their car pool, and（6） casual acquaintances on trains, boats and airplanes. This kind of civility is, （7）, a fo
24、rm of friendship, the friendship of utility, of mutual convenience. （8）, people are “friendly” to their golfing partners, to others at a cocktail party, and to acquaintances who entertain them. This is also a form of friendship, the friendship of （9）, of mutual enjoyment. It could be argued that the
25、se sorts of friendship appear to be based upon something（10） reciprocal altruism: we are friendly （11） because cooperating in the office is mutually beneficial in terms of （12）: we like to shop with friends because it is mutually beneficial in terms of increasing the pleasure.These low forms of frie
26、ndship are not necessarily bad,（13） they are （14）. One of their defects （15） the fact that they depend on and vary with circumstances. This is why they quickly arise and just as quickly disappear. （16）, when the Book of Proverbs says, “A friend loves at all times”, it is referring to （17） form of fr
27、iendship that does not depend on circumstances. In order to go beyond the effect of time and accident, it must be based on the inherent qualities of the individuals involved. A friendship（18） cannot be a passing friendship.True friendship, then, （19） (although it often includes) both utility and ple
28、asure. For Aristotle, such a friendship must be based on a good moral character. Only in that way can it last. Further, it must develop （20）, since it first depends on familiarity, knowledge, and theneventually mutual trust.问题1选项A.in spite ofB.exceptC.as well asD.besides问题2选项A.in timeB.on timeC.in n
29、o timeD.at one time问题3选项A.set downB.set upC.set onD.set against问题4选项A.theseB.thoseC.thingsD.others问题5选项A.in doubtB.no doubtC.for doubtD.at doubt问题6选项A.suchB.theirC.evenD.the问题7选项A.in equal degreeB.to an extreme degreeC.by degreesD.to some degree问题8选项A.SecondlyB.LikelyC.EventuallyD.Similarly问题9选项A.ut
30、ilityB.pleasureC.virtueD.trust问题10选项A.rather thanB.rather likeC.such asD.as such问题11选项A.in workB.in the worksC.at workD.off work问题12选项A.having done thingsB.getting things doneC.doing thingsD.getting things to do问题13选项A.thoughB.sinceC.butD.therefore问题14选项A.inadequateB.accidentalC.essentialD.temporary
31、问题15选项A.results fromB.results inC.results toD.results by问题16选项A.By the same tokenB.By accidentC.By comparisonD.By contrast问题17选项A.a highB.a higherC.the highestD.the问题18选项A.having anchoredB.anchoredC.so anchoringD.so anchored问题19选项A.excludesB.includesC.possessesD.surpasses问题20选项A.quicklyB.slowlyC.mod
32、eratelyD.continually【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:A第4题:B第5题:B第6题:C第7题:D第8题:D第9题:B第10题:C第11题:C第12题:B第13题:A第14题:A第15题:A第16题:A第17题:B第18题:D第19题:D第20题:B【解析】（1）固定搭配和连词。in spite of “尽管”；except “除了.之外”；as well as “也，和一样”；besides “除了.之外还有”。句意：事实上，根据我们自己的经历，以及许多伟大的哲学家告诉我们真正友谊是非常罕见的。选项C符合题意。（2）固定搭配。in time “及时”；on time “准
33、时”；in no time “立刻”；at one time “曾经一度”。句意：们之间的许多联系起初看起来像是友谊，它们会慢慢减弱甚至消失。选项A符合题意。（3）动词短语辨析。set down “放下，看作”；set up “建立”；set on “唆使，开始”；set against “反对”。句意：在试图与反抗它们的时候，我们必须首先清楚地辨别。选项A符合题意。（4）语法题。根据句子中的短语betweenand，可知空格中的内容要和上文的relationships有并列关系，所以选用代词those代指前面的relationships。选项B符合题意。（5）固定搭配。in doubt “可
34、怀疑的”；no doubt “无疑地”，没有C和D项的搭配，可排除。句意：功利和快乐在友谊中是相辅相成的，这毫无疑问是最普遍的现象。选项B符合题意。（6）上下文语义理解。such “这个”； their “他们的”；even “甚至”；the定冠词表特指。句意：人们对他们的商业伙伴、邻居、合伙用车的成员，甚至火车上、船上和飞机上的泛泛之交都很“友好”。前后两句存在递进关系。选项C符合题意。（7）固定搭配。in equal degree “在同等程度上”；to an extreme degree “非常”；by degrees “渐渐地”；to some degree “在一定程度上”。句意：
35、在某种程度上，这种礼貌是友谊的一种形式，是实用的友谊，是为了互相方便。选项D符合题意。（8）副词词义辨析。secondly “其次”；likely“很可能”；eventually “最终”；similarly “相似地”。句意：同样，人们对打高尔夫球的伙伴、酒会上的其他人以及招待他们的熟人都很“友好”。选项D符合题意。（9）名词词义辨析。utility “实用”；pleasure “乐趣”；virtue “美德”；trust “信任”。句意：这也是友谊的一种形式，充满快乐的友谊，彼此相互享受的友谊。选项B符合题意。（10）固定搭配。rather than “而不是”；rather like “
36、相当喜欢”；such as “例如”；as such “同样地”。句意：可以说，这种友谊似乎是建立在某种基础上的，比如互利主义。选项C符合题意。（11）固定搭配。in work “在完成中”；in the works “正在准备阶段”；at work “在工作”；off work “在休班”。句意：我们在工作中很友好。选项C符合题意。（12）固定搭配。get sth. done “将某事做完”，句意：我们在工作中很友好，因为在办公室里合作有利于工作的完成。选项B符合题意。（13）连词词义辨析。though “尽管，引导让步状语从句”；since “因为，引导原因状语从句”；but “但是，表转
37、折”；therefore “因此，引导结果状语从句”。句意：这些低级形式的友谊不一定是坏的，尽管它们不够好。两句之前存在让步关系。选项A符合题意。（14）形容词词义辨析。inadequate “足够的”；accidental “偶然的”；essential “本质的”；temporary “暂时的”。句意：这些低级形式的友谊不一定是坏的，尽管它们不够好。选项A符合题意。（15）固定搭配。result from “因为，由于”；result in “导致”，没有C和D项的搭配，可排除。句意：它们的缺陷之一是由于它们依赖于环境并随之变化。选项A符合题意。（16）固定搭配。by the same t
38、oken “出于同样的原因”；by accident “偶然，意外地”；by comparison “相比之下”；by contrast “与之相比”。句意：同样的道理，当箴言说“朋友一直都有爱”。选项A符合题意。（17）语法题。根据文意，空格这句话提到的这种友谊和上文提到的有一形式形成了对比，所以两者形成对比，选用比较级，并且表泛指，用不定冠词a。选项B符合题意。（18）根据句子结构，可知空格应填入非谓语动词作后置定语，修饰前面的名词friendship。句意：如此坚固的友谊是不会消逝的友谊。选项D符合题意。（19）动词词义辨析。excludes “排除，不包括”；includes “包括”
39、possesses “拥有”；surpasses “超越”。句意：因此，真正的友谊超越(尽管它经常包括)利益和快乐。选项D符合题意。（20）副词词义辨析。quickly “快速地”；slowly “缓慢地”；moderately “适度地”；continually “不断地”。句意：此外，它必须缓慢发展，因为它首先取决于熟悉程度、相识程度，然后最终取决于相互信任。选项B符合题意。4. 单选题The Great Panic of 2008 may have destroyed blind optimism. But if excessive optimism was the near-fata
40、l pose in 2008, blind pessimism has emerged as the reflexive post-bust crouch. And it has led the economic establishment to miss yet another inflection point. While we were wringing our hands about Americas financial and industrial crisis, we ignored a parallel narrative that was emerging: the repai
41、ring of balance sheets, an embrace of reality, a nascent recovery. The same folks who chased the recession down now are likely to chase the recovery up.Even as the economy started improving, corporate America continued to prepare for Armageddon for much of 2009. Inventories of manufactured goods fel
42、l in 10 of the first 11 months of 2009. Between October 2008 and October 2009, retailers slashed inventories from $500 billion to $432 billion. Translation? Pessimistic about their ability to sell stuff, companies cut way back on their orders. But when consumer demand finally materializes, retailers
43、 will be caught flat-footed and miss out on sales.Excessive pessimism in other areas has been more costly. Virtually all the market geniuses who hung on as the Dow was scythed in half between October 2007 and March 2009 failed to call the market turn. Most hedge-fund managers have chased the 60 perc
44、ent rally since March, not led it. Economic forecasters similarly missed the dramatic turn in the overall economy this spring. Having failed to forecast that the economy would shrink at a 6 percent annual rate through the first quarter of 2009, economists also failed to project it would start growin
45、g again at a decent pace in June. And theyre still behind the curve. My bold prediction for 2010 is that the consensus of the forecasters surveyed by the Philadelphia Federal Reserve, which projects the economy will grow only 2.4 percent in 2010, is too pessimistic, perhaps by half.Then theres a lar
46、ge population of non-ideologues who may not fully embrace the narrative of economic recovery because they dont feel it yet in their paychecks, portfolios, or home values. Try telling a laid-off autoworker in Michigan or a laid-off magazine editor in Brooklyn that things are better. But they may soon
47、 be in for pleasant surprises, too. For all the advances of information technology, big economic turns always take us unawares. In 2007 all indicators flashed greenuntil the bottom suddenly fell out. In this environment, things can look awful, until a new order unexpectedly comes in or a few deals break in your firms favor. All of a sudden, things seem
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