1、2022年考博英语-中共中央党校考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 单选题But the changes, even at this early stage of the 2012 campaign, have proven more dramatic and （ ）than all but the most （ ） analyst had imagined.问题1选项A.exciting . pessimisticB.unsettling . fretfulC.upsetting . optimisticD.discomposing . lighthearted【答案】B【解析】形
2、容词词义辨析。Exciting “兴奋的，激动的”； pessimistic “悲观的”； unsettling “使人不安的”； fretful “焦躁的”； upsetting “令人苦恼的”； optimistic “乐观的”； discomposing “使不安”； lighthearted “无忧无虑的”。句意：但事实证明，即便是在2012年竞选早期，这些变化也比最焦躁不安的分析学家想象的更为剧烈和令人不安。选项B符合题意。2. 单选题Global cultural homogenization brings reactions based on identity politics,
3、 including nationalism and religiopolitics because （ ） expressing needs better than the current secular order, which favors universalist modern western values.问题1选项A.it has been seen forB.they have been seen forC.it is seen asD.they are seen as【答案】D【解析】固定搭配和语法题。根据空格前面的名词nationalism and religiopoliti
4、cs，可判断空格中做主语的名词应该为复数，故排除A和C选项。又根据固定搭配be seen as “被看作”，选项D符合题意。3. 单选题The United States and Russia have reached an agreement that calls for Syrias （ ） of chemical weapons to be removed or destroyed by the middle of 2014, Secretary of State John Kerry said on Saturday.问题1选项A.artilleryB.armorC.arsenalD.
5、army【答案】C【解析】名词词义辨析。artillery “炮，炮兵部队”； armor “装甲，盔甲”；arsenal “兵工厂，军械库”；army “军 队”。句意：美俄两国已经达成协议，要求叙利亚化学武器的军械库于2014年年中移除或者销毁。选项C符合题意。4. 单选题Two （ ） bipartisan bills aimed at reducing the “trust deficit” created by the Snowden revelations and placing limits on the bulk collection of American citizens
6、metadata were introduced to Congress this week.问题1选项A.complimentaryB.complementaryC.commentaryD.contemptible【答案】B【解析】形近异义词辨析。complimentary “赠送的，称赞的”；complementary “补足的”，commentary “评论，注释”；contemptible “可鄙的，卑鄙的”。句意：这周，由两党赞成的补充议案被提交国会，这些议案旨在减少“信任赤字”，这种“信任赤字”是由斯诺登造成的，并且限制美国公民元数据的批量收集。选项B符合题意。5. 单选题Ms.
7、Turkle can sound primly （ ）, complaining that the sight at a local cafe of people focusing on their computers as they drink their coffee bothers her.问题1选项A.sanctimonyB.sanctityC.sanctimoniousD.sanctuary【答案】C【解析】语法题。根据sound系动词可知，后面接形容词做表语，可排除A，B，D选项，句意：Turkle女士听起来有些呆板地假装虔诚，她埋怨在一家当地的咖啡馆里，人们边喝咖啡边看电脑的行为
8、打扰她了。选项C符合题意。6. 单选题From the earliest decades of colonization to the 20th century, Americans have celebrated and largely taken for granted the seemingly endless bounty of their land. Not until the early twentieth century did a significant conservation movement develop before the prodding of professio
9、nal resource managers like the forester Gifford Pinchot, and politicians like Theodore Roosevelt. The movement was a response to an evident dwindling of know mineral resources, the decimation of virgin forests, and a decline in the fish and game available to sportsmen. It was also an integral expres
10、sion of the political movement known as progressivism, which stressed, among other things, the use of government power, guided by scientific knowledge and democratic principles, to solve national, social, and economic problems. The progressive conservationists pushed into existence a substantial bod
11、y of legislation at state and national levels that aimed at the rational management of resources. For the most part, however, these laws had more form than substance, and in practice the exploitation of nature continued and largely unchecked.By the 1920s progressivism had faded away, but its enthusi
12、asm for scientific management and research remained active in the business community. Both the commitment to resource management research by industry and the allocation of funds to seek out untapped resources grew rapidly. Science and technology linked up more closely than before to devise means for
13、 their exploitation.The amalgam of science, technology, and business interests not only fostered the continued growth of older industries, but also spawned new industries that fostered economic expansion at great environmental cost. The development of electric power raised manufacturing productivity
14、 and the material standard of living, but also polluted the air through the combustion of fossil fuels in huge amounts. The spread of automotive transportation entailed mobility and productivity, but exacted the price of long-term environmental costs, voracious energy consumption, and expropriation
15、of land for railways. The multifaceted petrochemical industry listed among its benefits better agricultural productivity from the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, but contributed heavily to air, water, and soil pollution. The aviation industry promoted mobility and cohesion within the nat
16、ion and helped to end American isolation from the rest of the world, but promoted a new dimension of air and noise pollution, energy demands, and pressure on scarce land in urban areas for airports.American urbanization and industrialization continued to accelerate between World War I and the 1970s,
17、 with only a temporary slump in the depression era. Demand for iron, steel, coal, oil, gas, water, and food rocked ahead during these years, stimulated particularly by the economic growth associated with World War II. By the 1970s the industrial might of the United States was an overpowering nationa
18、l and global reality. With six percent of the worlds people, it consumes annually some thirty-five percent of the worlds available resources, while generating proportionate burdens of harmful wastes. While Americans have been proud of their technical and industrial preeminence, it was only in the 19
19、50s that persuasive environmental thinking began to remind them that being an economic superpower is a mixed blessing with profound ecological consequences.1.The Americans have always believed that the United States （ ）.2.Progress in environmental protection in the United States would not have been
20、possible if it had not been for （ ）.3.The authors attitude towards environmental laws and regulations in the United States is （ ）.4.In paragraph 3, the author tries to account for （ ）in the United States.5.The last sentence of the passage means that （ ）.问题1选项A.has the largest land area in the worldB
21、enjoys inexhaustible resourcesC.is a democracy that is celebrated by other countriesD.will develop a conservation movement before the prodding of professional resource managers and politicians问题2选项A.the commitments of key professionals and politiciansB.hard evidences of environmental degradationC.t
22、he prevalent political ideologyD.all the above问题3选项A.criticalB.misleadingC.positiveD.neutral问题4选项A.the decline of progressivismB.continued technological and economic advancesC.worsening ecological conditionsD.the contributions of resources in industrial growth问题5选项A.economic progress has taken a ser
23、ious toll on ecology in the United StatesB.the economic status of the United States is a blessingC.the Americans should be reminded of the need to protect natureD.the United States needs to conduct profound ecological research【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:A第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.细节理解题。根据文章开头，“Americans have celebrated
24、 and largely taken for granted the seemingly endless bounty of their land.”，可知美国人庆祝并且理所当然地认为他们的土地资源似乎无穷无尽。可推断出美国人始终相信，他们的可以享受无穷无尽的资源。选项B符合题意。2.细节理解题。根据文章第一段，“Not until the early twentieth century did a significant conservation movement develop before the prodding of professional resource managers”，可
25、知专业资深管理人员发起了进步运动。以及下文提到一些进步主义者提出制定法律对资源进行合理利用。选项A和C符合题意。又根据文章第二段和第三段提到了美国的环境问题，可知环境退化已经具有了确凿的证据，选项B符合题意。所以A，B，C三项都包括，选项D符合题意。3.作者态度题。根据文章第一段最后一句，“these laws had more form than substance, and in practice the exploitation of nature continued and largely unchecked.”，可知作者认为这些法律的形式多于实质，在实践中，对自然的剥削仍在继续，而且
26、没有受到限制。所以作者对美国环保法律法规的态度是批判的。选项A符合题意。4.推断题。根据文章第三段，“The amalgam of science, technology, and business interests not only fostered the continued growth of older industries, but also spawned new industries that fostered economic expansion at great environmental cost.”，可知科学、技术和商业利益的融合不仅促进了老工业的持续增长，而且还催生了
27、以环境问题为代价的促进经济扩张的新工业。下文继续举例说明了一些工业和经济的发展给环境带来了巨大的破坏。可推断出作者在第三段主要是解释了美国环境恶化的原因。选项C符合题意。5.推断题。根据文章最后一句，“it was only in the 1950s that persuasive environmental thinking began to remind them that being an economic superpower is a mixed blessing with profound ecological consequences.”，可知直到20世纪50年代，有说服力的环境
28、思想才开始提醒他们，成为一个经济超级大国是一件喜忧参半的事情，经济的发展同时也带来了严重的生态环境问题。可推断出经济的发展对美国的生态环境造成了严重的破坏。选项A符合题意。7. 单选题The term “evaluation”, sometimes called “institutional” in higher education, has a different connotation from “measurement” and “assessment” as defined here. The process of date-gathering and scoring, coding
29、or rating selected constructs is typically followed by more complex activities of adding some interpretive value and judgments to the information that is generated. This latter process of adding judgments of worth or merit to the results of measurement/assessment in applied decision-making contexts
30、is termed “evaluation”. For example, if an individuals examination score is 76, is it worth an “A” or a “B” grade? Should the individual be promoted to the next level of an undergraduate degree program? The process by which standards and criteria are applied to make such decisions is called evaluati
31、on. Evaluations, thus, are motivated by and closely tied to stakeholder needs for information that speak to particular educational practice or policy concerns.Evaluative decisions can be of two types, depending on how the assessment/measurement information is used: formative or summative. Formative
32、evaluation efforts are designed for continuous quality improvement of particular institutional units, such as a department, school, program, or individual staff/faculty and students. Summative evaluations in institutions, on the other hand, are designed for making some final judgments of merit, wort
33、h or impact. Summative evaluations in the U. S. are frequently stimulated from the outside by government agencies, states, upper level college/university administrators, and accrediting bodies that are interested in making judgments on whether a college or university system is effective.Formative ev
34、aluations imply feedback loops; results must be shared with relevant stakeholders and program personnel so that changes, refinements and improvements to the units can occur using the information. An assumption is that all units in an organization strive for excellence, and that ongoing data generati
35、on will inform the development and progress of various units and the institution as a whole. For example, individual faculty and programs may wish to use results of student outcomes assessment formatively to improve teaching methods or provide added learning supports to under-prepared students.For a
36、ssessment information to be useful in a formative way, evaluation researchers/users have to be able to explain the causal mechanisms and chain of events/actions that led to the results: If we failed to get outcome Y in this program, what should have happened that failed to happen? For diagnostic uti
37、lity in the information, there has to be a focus on measuring not just outcomes, but also the preceding activities (processes) and expected resources (inputs).At the institutional level, summative evaluations and associated decisions often involve accountability actions, resource allocations or with
38、drawal of resources, imposition of sanctions, institutional accreditation, or recognition/rewards for individuals, programs or the institution. For individual students, summative evaluations can involve placement or admission into selective programs based on admissions testing, such as based on scor
39、ed of the SAT (previously the Scholastic Assessment Test). For faculty, they can involve granting of tenure, merit recognitions, and related pay raises or promotions.1.How can “data-gathering and scoring, coding or rating selected constructs” in the first paragraph be processed?2.Summative evaluatio
40、ns in the U.S. are frequently stimulated by the following elements EXCEPT （ ）.3.Which of the following is NOT true about evaluation?4.The highlighted word “they” in the last paragraph refers to （ ）.5. Which of the following is the most appropriate title for the whole passage?问题1选项A.Via particular ed
41、ucational practice or policy concerns.B.Via appropriate measuring or assessment tools.C.Via objective assumptions.D.Via interpretation and judgments.问题2选项A.individual staff/faculty and studentsB.accrediting bodies that are interested in making judgments on whether a college or university system is e
42、ffective.C.government agencies.D.upper level college/university administrators问题3选项A.The process of adding judgments of worth or merit to the results of measurement in applied decision-making contexts is termed “evaluation”.B.Summative evaluations in institutions, on the other hand, are designed for
43、 making some final judgments of merit, worth or impact.C.For formative evaluations, results must be shared with relevant stakeholders and program personnel so that changes, reflections and improvements to the units can occur using the information.D.Evaluative decisions can be of two types, depending
44、 on how the assessment/measurement information is used: formative or summative.问题4选项A.selective programsB.admissionsC.summative evaluationsD.individual students问题5选项A.AssessmentB.Assessment and EvaluationC.Formative EvaluationD.Evaluation【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:C第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.细节理解题。根据文章第一段，“The process
45、of date-gathering and scoring, coding or rating selected constructs is typically followed by more complex activities of adding some interpretive value and judgments to the information that is generated.”，可知数据收集和评分、编码或对选定的结构进行评级的过程通常会伴随着更复杂的活动，即为生成的信息添加一些解释价值和判断。可判断出需要通过解释和判断对数据收集和评分、编码或对选定的结构进行评级。选项
46、D符合题意。2.细节理解题。根据文章第二段，“Summative evaluations in the U. S. are frequently stimulated from the outside by government agencies, states, upper level college/university administrators, and accrediting bodies”，可知在美国，总结性评价通常是由外部刺激而成的，包括政府机构、州、高级学院/大学管理人员和认证机构。所以文中没有提及教职员及学生。选项A符合题意。3.推断题。根据文章第一段，“This latt
47、er process of adding judgments of worth or merit to the results of measurement/assessment in applied decision-making contexts is termed “evaluation”.”，可知选项A正确，可排除。根据文章第二段，“Summative evaluations in institutions, on the other hand, are designed for making some final judgments of merit, worth or impact
48、可知选项B正确，可排除。根据文章第三段，“Formative evaluations imply feedback loops; results must be shared with relevant stakeholders and program personnel so that changes, refinements and improvements to the units can occur using the information.”，可知C选项中reflections不符合文意。根据文章第二段，“Evaluative decisions can be of two types, depending on how the ass
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