1、2022年考博英语-中共中央党校考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 单选题The conferences participants were also under no illusion about what was （ ）: the Second World War had not yet ended, and frictions between the United States and the Soviet Union were already growing.问题1选项A.in vainB.at troubleC.at stakeD.at odd【答案】B【解析】固定搭配。i
2、n vain “徒劳”；at trouble “陷 入困境”；at stake “在紧要关头”；at odds “争执”。句意：这次会议的与会者对紧急情况不存在幻想：第二次世界大战还没有结束，美国和苏联之间的矛盾在加剧。选项B符合题意。2. 单选题Cool musicians demanded respect, and when （ ）didnt blow up, but, like the president, responded （ ）.问题1选项A.attacked . stoicallyB.attacking . stoicC.attacked . stoicD.attacking .
3、 stoically【答案】A【解析】语法题。根据句意和句子结构，句子的主语为cool musicians，when后面的空格应该是指当音乐家受到攻击时，所以主语musicians和动词attack之间存在被动关系，用attacked过去分词来修饰音乐家，故选项B和D可排除。又根据responded动词，可判断第二空格应填入副词修饰动词，故选项B和C可排除。句意：冷酷的音乐家需要尊重，当被攻击时，当他们受到的攻击没有爆发时，他们就像总统一样，反应冷静。选项A符合题意。3. 单选题If sanity and insanity exist, how shall we know them?The q
4、uestion is neither capricious nor itself insane. However much we may be personally convinced that we can tell the normal from the abnormal, the evidence is simply not compelling. It is commonplace, for example, to read about murder trials wherein eminent psychiatrists for the defense are contradicte
5、d by equally eminent psychiatrists for the prosecution on the matter of the defendants sanity. More generally, there are a great deal of conflicting data on the reliability, utility, and meaning of such terms as sanity, insanity, mental illness, and schizophrenia.Finally, as early as 1934, Benedict
6、suggested that normality and abnormality are not universal. What is viewed as normal in one culture may be seen as quite aberrant in another. Thus, notions of normality and abnormality may not be quite as accurate as people believe they are.To raise questions regarding normality and abnormality is i
7、n no way to question the fact that some behaviors are deviant or odd. Murder is deviant. So, too, are hallucinations. Nor does raising such questions deny the existence of the personal anguish that is often associated with mental illness. Anxiety and depression exist. Psychological suffering exists.
8、 But normality and abnormality, sanity and insanity, and the diagnoses that flow from them may be less substantive than many believe them to be.At its heart, the question of whether the sane can be distinguished from the insane is a simple matter: Do the salient characteristics that lead to diagnose
9、s reside in the patients themselves or in the environments and contexts in which observers find them? From Bleuler, through Kretchmer, through the formulators of the recently revised Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association, the belief has been strong that patients p
10、resent symptoms, that those symptoms can be categorized, and implicitly, that the sane are distinguishable from the insane. More recently, however, this belief has been questioned. Based in part on theoretical and anthropological considerations, but also on philosophical, legal, and therapeutic ones
11、 the view has grown that psychological categorization of mental illness is useless at best and downright harmful, misleading, and pejorative at worst. Psychiatric diagnoses, in this view, are in the minds of the observers and are not valid summaries of characteristics displayed by the observed.Gain
12、s can be made in deciding which of these is more nearly accurate by getting normal people admitted to psychiatric hospitals and then determining whether they were discovered to be sane and, if so, how. If the sanity of such pseudo patients were always detected, there would be prima facie evidence th
13、at a sane individual can be distinguished from the insane context in which he is found. Normality is distinct enough that it can be recognized wherever it occurs, for it is carried within the person. If, on the other hand, the sanity of the pseudo patients were never discovered, serious difficulties
14、 would arise for those who support traditional modes of psychiatric diagnosis. Given that the hospital staff was not incompetent, that the pseudo patient had been behaving as sanely as he had been outside of the hospital, and that it had never previously suggested that he belonged in a psychiatric h
15、ospital, such an unlikely outcome would support the view that psychiatric diagnosis betrays little about the patient but much about the environment in which an observer finds him.1.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?2.What does the word them in the last sentence of the fourth par
16、agraph refer to?3.The word pejorative could best be replaced by （ ）.4.Which of the following statements can best explain the last part of the passage?5.Which of the following would most likely follow this passage?问题1选项A.We can judge precisely what constitutes normality and abnormality.B.It is not ea
17、sy to distinguish sanity from insanity.C.It is no doubt that some behaviors of human beings are odd.D.Settings where people are living have much to do with how we know what sanity is.问题2选项A.Questions from normality and abnormality.B.The diagnoses.C.Normality and abnormality, sanity and insanity.D.Pe
18、ople.问题3选项A.peevishB.depreciatoryC.negativeD.meaningless问题4选项A.Psychiatric diagnosis doesnt inform people of the patient but of the environment where he is living.B.The patient isnt betrayed by psychiatrists but by the environment where he is living.C.Psychiatrists know more about the patient than t
19、he environment where he is living.D.Psychiatric diagnosis is likely to improve the environment where the patient is living which does little help to him.问题5选项A.Description of the experiment of putting some sane people in psychiatric hospitals.B.Argument against the difficulty of distinguishing the s
20、ane from the insane.C.Description of the experiment of sane and insane people in the same psychiatric hospitals.D.Argument for the difficulty of finding out who are real patients.【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:B第4题:A第5题:A【解析】1.推断题。根据文章第二段，“However much we may be personally convinced that we can tell the normal f
21、rom the abnormal, the evidence is simply not compelling.”，可知无论我们个人多么相信我们能够分辨出正常和异常，这些证据根本就没有说服力。选项B可排除。根据文章四段，“To raise questions regarding normality and abnormality is in no way to question the fact that some behaviors are deviant or odd.”，可知提出关于正常和异常的问题并不能质疑某些行为是异常的或奇怪的这一事实。选项C可排除。根据文章最后一段内容可知，人们生
22、活的环境与了解理智的程度有很大关系，选项D可排除。综上，选项A文中未提及。选项A符合题意。2.词义理解题。根据第四段最后一句，“But normality and abnormality, sanity and insanity, and the diagnoses that flow from them may be less substantive than many believe them to be.”，可知但正常与异常、理智与疯狂，以及由此产生的分析调查，可能并不像许多人认为的那样具有实质性。可知them指代前面出现的normality and abnormality, sanit
23、y and insanity，选项C符合题意。3.词义理解题。pejorative “贬损的，贬抑的”；peevish “脾气坏的，易怒的”；depreciatory “贬低的，轻蔑的”；negative “否定的，消极的”；meaningless “无意义的”。句意：越来越多的观点认为，对精神疾病进行心理分类，往好处说是无用的，往坏处说是完全有害的、误导的和贬低的。选项B符合题意。4.细节理解题。根据文章最后一段，“psychiatric diagnosis betrays little about the patient but much about the environment in
24、which an observer finds him.”，可知精神病学的诊断并很少告诉病人的情况，而是更多告诉他们所生活的环境。选项A符合题意。5.推断题。文章最后一段主要提到了人神智是否清晰与所处的环境存在很大的关系。可推断出下文可能会对这一话题进行进一步的阐述，可能会描述一个将一些神志正常的人送入精神病院的实验。选项A符合题意。4. 单选题After Sunday nights concert, Steve and Otis had a loud argument with the band director, which （ ） first Otiss departure, then
25、Steves.问题1选项A.contributedB.highlightedC.procrastinatedD.precipitated【答案】D【解析】动词词义辨析。contribute “贡献”；highlight “突出，强调”；procrastinate “耽搁”；precipitate “使坏事等突然发生”。句意：星期天晚上的音乐会之后，史蒂夫和奥蒂斯与乐队指挥大吵了一架，最终使史蒂夫和奥蒂斯突然离开。选项D符合题意。5. 单选题Early research on attitudes assumed that they were casually related to behavio
26、r; that is, the attitudes people hold determine what they do. Common sense, too, suggests a relationship. Isnt it logical that people watch television programs they like, or that employees try to avoid assignments they find distasteful? However, in the late 1960s, this assumed effect of attitudes on
27、 behavior was challenged by a review of the research. One researcherLeon Festingerargued that attitudes follow behavior. Did you ever notice how people change what they say. so it doesnt contradict what they do? Perhaps a friend of yours has consistently argued that the quality of US cars isnt up to
28、 that of imports and that hed never own anything but a Japanese or German car. But his dad gives him a late-model Ford Mustang, and suddenly US cars arent so bad. Festinger argued that these cases of attitude following behavior illustrate the effects of cognitive dissonance. Cognitive dissonance ref
29、ers to any incompatibility an individual might perceive between two or more attitudes or between behavior and attitudes. Festinger argued that any form of inconsistency is uncomfortable and that individuals will attempt to reduce the dissonance and, hence, the discomfort. They will seek a stable sta
30、te, in which there is a minimum of dissonance. Research has generally concluded that people seek consistency among their attitudes and between their attitudes and their behavior. They do this by altering either the attitudes or the behavior or by developing a rationalization for the discrepancy. Tob
31、acco executives provide an example. How you might wonder do these people cope with the ongoing barrage of data linking cigarette smoking and negative health outcomes? They can deny that any clear causation between smoking and cancer, for instance, has been established. They can brainwash themselves
32、by continually articulating the benefits of tobacco. They can acknowledge the negative consequences of smoking, but rationalize that people are going to smoke and that tobacco companies merely promote freedom of choice. They can accept the research evidence and begin actively working to make less da
33、ngerous cigarettes or at least reduce their availability to more vulnerable groups, such as teenagers. Or they can quit their job because the dissonance is too great. No individual, of course, can completely avoid dissonance. You know that cheating on your income tax is wrong, but you “fudge” the nu
34、mbers a bit every year and hope youre not audited. Or you tell your children to floss their teeth every day, but you dont. So how do people cope? Festinger would propose that the desire to reduce dissonance depends on the importance of the elements creating it and the degree of influence the individ
35、ual believes he has over the elements; individuals will be more motivated to reduce dissonance when the attitudes or behavior are important or when they believe that the dissonance is due to something they can control. A third factor is the rewards of dissonance; high rewards accompanying high disso
36、nance tend to reduce the tension inherent in the dissonance because they allow us to easily rationalize it. 1.The purpose of mentioning the TV programs people watch in the first paragraph is to show （ ）.2.Which of the following cases can illustrate “dissonance”？3.People seek consistency among their
37、attitudes and between their attitudes and their behavior by doing many things EXCEPT by （ ）.4.The author wants to tell us （ ）by giving the example of tobacco executives.5.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the last paragraph?问题1选项A.that people hold different attitudes toward diff
38、erent TV programsB.that peoples attitudes determine their behaviorsC.that peoples behaviors determine their attitudesD.that there exists a reversible relationship between peoples attitudes and their behaviors问题2选项A.Employees try to avoid assignments they find distastefi.il.B.A young man like Japanes
39、e cars, but his father buys him a US car.C.You know that cheating on your income tax is wrong.D.You tell your children to floss their teeth every day, but you dont.问题3选项A.altering their attitudesB.altering their behaviorC.developing the rational discrepancyD.rationalizing the discrepancy问题4选项A.why s
40、o many people quit their jobsB.how people reduce the dissonanceC.how peoples attitudes determine their behaviorD.why peoples attitudes are inconsistent with their behavior问题5选项A.High rewards decrease peoples desire to reduce the dissonance.B.High rewards prompt people to reduce the dissonance.C.If p
41、eople believe that the dissonance is due to something they can control, the dissonance can be avoided.D.People are likely to get higher rewards, if they can rationalize their behavior【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:C第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.推断题。根据文章第一段，“the attitudes people hold determine what they do.”，可知作者的提出的一个观点是人们的态度
42、决定了他们的行为。所以可推断接下来的例子都是用来进一步证明这个观点。选项B符合题意。2.细节理解题。根据文章第二段，“Festinger argued that these cases of attitude following behavior illustrate the effects of cognitive dissonance. Cognitive dissonance refers to any incompatibility an individual might perceive between two or more attitudes or between behavio
43、r and attitudes.”，可知认知失调是指个体在两种或两种以上的态度之间或行为与态度之间所感知到的任何不一致。可推断dissonance涉及到不一致的问题。所以告诉孩子用牙线但自己却不用，就体现了这种认知的不一致。选项D符合题意。3.细节理解题。根据文章第三段第二句，“They do this by altering either the attitudes or the behavior or by developing a rationalization for the discrepancy.”，可知他们会通过改变态度，或者改变行为，或者为这种差异找合理的解释来解决不一致的问题
44、所以C项“发展合理化的不一致”文章没有提及。选项C符合题意。4.推断题。文章第三段首先提到了人们解决不一致性问题的方法，下文举出了烟草公司高管的例子，可推断作者用实例来进一步说明人们减少不一致性的具体方法。选项B符合题意。5.细节理解题。根据文章最后一段，“high rewards accompanying high dissonance tend to reduce the tension inherent in the dissonance”，可知高回报伴随着高失调，减少不一致的内在张力。所以高回报是可以降低人们减少不一致的欲望。选项A符合题意。同时可排除B选项。根据文章最后一段，“in
45、dividuals will be more motivated to reduce dissonance when the attitudes or behavior are important or when they believe that the dissonance is due to something they can control.”，可知当态度或行为很重要，或者当他们认为这种不一致是由他们能够控制的事情造成时，个人会更有动力去减少这种不协调。可排除C选项。D选项提到如果人们能使自己的行为合理化，他们就有可能获得更高的回报，在文中并未提及。选项A符合题意。6. 单选题As
46、the worlds political and business elites gather in Davos, the dominant economic and political trend is clear. In the aftermath of the Great Recession, the divergent fortunes of the western and Asian powers have become an overarching theme. The really big question, however, is whether this is just a
47、cyclical blip, or the start of a truly historic long-term trend.Both viewpoints will have their supporters in Davos. Those who predict the continuing dominance of the western world will argue that the US economy is already beginning to recover and that it has consistently surprised skeptics with its
48、 technological prowess and economic resilience.As for Europe, some believe that the euro zone crisis has already peaked. They argue that market confidence is returning, that the German economythe core of the euro zone-is in rude health and that the European Union is beginning to put in place the reforms that will make EU more resilient and unified in future.
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