1、2022年考博英语-中共中央党校考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 单选题Hope helps. It keeps us going in bleak times and amid （ ） news. But hope has more credibility when we can point to the reason for it.问题1选项A.disheartenedB.dishearteningC.enlighteningD.enlightened【答案】B【解析】形容词词义辨析。disheartening “使沮丧”；disheartened“沮丧的”；enlighten
2、ing“使人领悟的” ；enlightened“被启发的”。根据题意，空格中的形容词用来形容news，形容物体用-ing形式的形容词，选项A，D可排除。句意：希望是有帮助的。在暗淡的时光和令人沮丧的消息中，能够保持继续前进。但是希望更让人信服，当我们有理由去相信的时候。选项B符合题意。2. 单选题The core spirit was that businesses should always be permitted to develop any area （ ） profits could be found, and （ ） this was the most efficient use
3、of resources for an economy.问题1选项A.when . whatB.that. whichC.where . thatD.for which . where【答案】C【解析】语法题。根据句子结构，可知第一个空格引导定语从句，修饰前面的名字area，所以应该填入关系副词where，表示“在这个领域”，选项A、B和D可排除。第二个空格引导的表语从句和前面的表语从句形成并列关系，所以也应该由引导词that引导。选项C符合题意。3. 单选题The accusations we bring against others should be （ ） ourselves; we
4、should not complacency and easy judgments on our part concerning our own moral conduct.问题1选项A.denigration of excludeB.instructions to. equateC.parodies of. satirizeD.warnings to. justify【答案】D【解析】固定搭配和动词词义辨析。denigration of “低毁”；exclude “排除”；instructions “指令，说明”；equate “使相等”；parodies of “效仿”；satirize
5、讽刺，挖苦”； warnings to “警告”；justify “证明是正当的”。句意：我们对他人的指责应该是对自己的一种警告；我们不应该自满，也不应该对我们自己的道德行为轻易地做出判断。选项D符合题意。4. 单选题There is no doubt that dishonest or （ ）acquisition of information is usually overwhelming evidence that information was confidential and not part of the defendants skill and knowledge.问题1选项A
6、blatantB.surreptitiousC.suspiciousD.conspicuous【答案】B【解析】形容词词义辨析。blatant “喧嚣的，炫耀的”；surreptitious “秘密的”；suspicious “可疑的”；conspicuous “显而易见的”。句意：毫无疑问，不诚实或秘密获取的信息通常是压倒性的证据，表明这种信息是机密的，不属于辩护人员技能和知识的一部分。选项B符合题意。5. 单选题The term folk custom is very broad, but it has been used by folklorists to refer to those
7、 shared patterns of behaviors in a particular folk group. Those patterns of behaviors are regarded as the traditional and established ways of members of the particular folk group. Folk custom is transmitted by Word of mouth, demonstration or imitation. The folklore and folk customs of England are ri
8、ch and varied. Many customs are ancient, and passed down generation after generation from our Germanic and Celtic ancestors. Others are more modem creations.One of the greatest problems in assessing most accounts of folk customs is that they tend to give only the antiquarys point of view. After all,
9、 to most observers, the people they were looking at were simple and illiterate, unmindful of the true significance of the customs they had preserved. Why question them at length if they didnt understand the essential nature of what they were doing? So a folklorist is likely to emphasize aspects of a
10、 tradition which reflect his or her own interests or which fit in with preconceived ideas, while possibly ignoring or giving only passing mention to aspects which may, in fact, be of equal importance.One aspect which generally gets left out of accounts is the viewpoint of the participants themselves
11、 for instance, why they indulge in a particular activity at a particular time of year or of their lives and what feelings they experience while doing so. And now, ideas deriving from folklore studies ate so -widespread that they may easily have become an integral part of the attitude of the partici
12、pants in a custom. So the folklorist is rather like a man staring at a scene in a mirror who must be aware, to fully understand that scene, that his own reflection is a major part of what he is looking at.It is, however, also true to say that many contemporary students of folklore arc fully aware of
13、 the problems which beset their enquiries. Like true scientists they draw their conclusions by looking at available evidence, rather-than selecting evidence which fits in with existing theories. Some have also looked away from the obviously ancient and turned their attention to folklore where it thr
14、ives, in the social life of modern cities, in industry and sport, etc. They may, for example, end up looking at the lore of the motor car, or of popular music, and at customs which, though they have no hints of paganism, nevertheless have much in common with the older activities which do.Many folklo
15、rists have gradually come to the conclusion that folklore is not necessarily a thing of the past, a relic of ancient and outmoded ways of thinking, but the means by which people try to make sense of the world (or to confront its lack of sense) and try to alleviate boredom and suffering.1.The best ti
16、tle for the passage is probably （ ）.2.The early accounts of folk customs are unreliable because （ ）.3.The reason why studying folklore is difficult today is that （ ）.4.What is new about folklorists today?5.What does participation in folk customs mean to people?问题1选项A.Folklore and Folk CustomsB.Probl
17、ems and Tendency of Folk CustomsC.The Revival of Folk CustomsD.Folklore and Folklorists问题2选项A.folklorists undervalued the opinions of the participantsB.the participants did not reveal the significance of their customsC.the participants were not aware of the meaning of their customsD.folklorists did
18、not consider the participants smart enough to answer the questions问题3选项A.participants are now influenced by earlier studies of their activitiesB.participants insist on the accuracy of their own interpretationsC.folklorists are too concerned to justify their own theoriesD.folklorists are often misled
19、 by unreliable earlier studies问题4选项A.They are now more cautious about the evidence they accept.B.They want to investigate the more obscure areas of folklore.C.They are studying the creation of folklore in present-day society.D.They want to discover the link between paganism and social customs.问题5选项A
20、It enables them to escape the problems of the modem world.B.It is an attempt to reconstruct what is lost forever.C.It can be a means of regaining ancient wisdom.D.It can be of psychological benefit to them.【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:A第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.主旨题。纵观全文，文章第一段介绍了民间习俗的概念，以及民间习俗的表现形式。文章第二段提到了民俗评估者对大多数记载民俗
21、进行的评估。根据文章第三段开头“One aspect which generally gets left out of accounts is the viewpoint of the participants themselves”，可知通常被忽视的这个方面就是民俗传承人自己 的观点。第四段谈及研究民俗的学生能确切意识到一些问题。最后一段是全文的总结，主要讲述了民俗学者对民俗的结论和理解。选项D符合题意。2.细节理解题。根据文章第二段，“to most observers, the people they were looking at were simple and illiterate,
22、 unmindful of the true significance of the customs they had preservedSo a folklorist is likely to emphasize aspects of a tradition which reflect his or her own interests or which fit in with preconceived ideasbe of equal importance.”，可知大多数观察者找的都是一些朴素的人，甚至是文盲，并不理解所保存习俗的真正含义，所以民俗家最终只维护自己的兴趣。可推断出民俗家忽略了
23、参与者的观点。选项A符合题意。3.细节理解题。根据文章第三段，“And now, ideas deriving from folklore studies ate so -widespread that they may easily have become an integral part of the attitude of the participants in a custom. So the folklorist is rather like a man staring at a scene in a mirror”，可知民俗研究的结论普遍流传，这些结论很容易影响民俗传承人观点，所以
24、民俗学者研究这些民俗时，就像照镜子一样。可推断出参与者现在会受到他早期研究结论的影响。选项A符合题意。4.细节理解题。根据文章第四段， “end up looking at the lore of the motor car, or of popular music, and at customs which, though they have no hints of paganism, nevertheless have much in common with the older activities which do”，可知那些民俗研究者转而关注现今的现代城市生活等，在一些现代化物体中发现
25、新的跟民俗相关的东西。可推断出他们正在研究现代社会中民俗的创作物或产物。选项C符合题意。5.细节理解题。根据文章最后一段， “but the means by which people try to make sense of the world (or to confront its lack of sense) and try to alleviate boredom and suffering.”，可知民俗是人们试图理解这个世界，试图减轻无聊和痛苦的方式。可推断出参与民俗对人们的心理带来一定的好处。选项D符合题意。6. 翻译题This work belongs within the mo
26、vement of the so-called “Third Force” psychology, but unlike many other works in this stream of thought/ it approaches the problems of man as a person from a point of view that comes from within science and from an academic psychological perspective. I stress this not because there have been no othe
27、r such attempts, but because these attempts are in the minorityand because very often, to those who are not knowledgeable about the movement, Third Force psychology seems to be a domain reserved exclusively for clinicians. This impression is obtained because most of the Third Force psychologists are
28、 clinicians or psychologists interested in personality theory. Also, the mistaken notion that if one is interested in the whole person then it is not possible to be scientific is still too prevalent. In truth, the impact of this psychology is by no means limited to clinical psychologyits insights ar
29、e relevant for the whole field. Moreover, it is precisely the prejudice that this psychology must be either antiscientific or nonscientific that we would like to challenge.【答案】【参考译文】这部作品属于所谓的第三势力心理学运动，但与这一思潮中的许多其他作品不同，它从科学和学术心理学的角度来处理人之所以为人的问题。我强调这一点不是因为没有其他这样的尝试，而是因为这些尝试是少数的，而且很多时候，对于那些不了解这一运动的人来说，
30、第三力量心理学似乎是一个专门为临床医生保留的领域。这种印象之所以产生，是因为大多数的第三势力心理学家都是临床医生或对人格理论感兴趣的心理学家。此外，如果一个人对完整的人感兴趣，那么就不可能进行科学研究这样一种错误观念仍然非常普遍。事实上，这种心理学的影响并不局限于临床心理学它的洞见与整个领域都相关。此外，我们要反驳的正是这种心理学必须是反科学或非科学的偏见。7. 单选题Children value perceptive comments, responses and questions on their writing, but they quickly see through （ ）appr
31、oval and generalized faint praise.问题1选项A.perniciousB.perfunctoryC.lethargicD.phlegmatic【答案】B【解析】形容词词义辨析。pernicious “有害的”；perfunctory “敷衍的”；lethargic “昏睡的，无生气的”；phlegmatic “冷淡的，迟钝的”。句意：孩子们重视他们写作中具有洞察力的评论、回答和问题，但是他们能迅速区分敷衍的意见和普通的赞美。选项B符合题意。8. 翻译题Totalitarianism is the polar case of such bureaucratic c
32、oncentration of power that destroys democratic processess, but not the only one. The same tendency can be observed in political machine that transfer the power that legally belongs to voters to political bosses, in business corporations that vest the power that rightfully belongs to stockholders in
33、corporation officials, in those unions that bestow the power that rightfully belongs to rank-and-file members upon union leaders. These cases lead some writers to contend that the present trend toward bureaucratization spells the doom of democratic institution. This may well be too fatalistic a view
34、point, but there can be no doubt that this trend constitutes a challenge. To protect ourselves against this threat, while continuting to utilize these effcient administrative mechanisms, we must first learn fully to understand how bureaucracies function.【答案】【参考译文】极权主义是这种官僚权力集中破坏民主进程的极端例子，但不是唯一的例子。在其
35、他方面也可看到相同趋势：政治机器将合法属于选民的权力转移给政治领袖；商业公司将合法属于股东的权力授予公司高层；一些工会将应赋予普通成员的权力给工会领导人。这些案例使一些作家认为，目前的官僚主义趋势预示着民主制度的灭亡。这可能是一个偏宿命论的观点，但毫无疑问，这种趋势（给我们）带来了一种挑战。在我们继续使用这些有效行政机制时，为了保护自己不受这种威胁，必须首先充分了解官僚机制是如何运作的。9. 单选题Budget forecasts are the ultimate lesson in taking things （ ）in hindsight, most forecasts look wors
36、e than random guesses.问题1选项A.with a stroke of the penB.with a whip of scorpionsC.with a grain of saltD.with all due submission【答案】C【解析】固定搭配。with a stroke of the pen “一笔一划”；with a whip of scorpions “用残酷的高压手段”；with a grain of salt “持怀疑态度，有保留”；with all due submission “必恭必敬的”。句意：预算预估对事情的猜测持保留态度，大多数预测看起来
37、比随机猜测更糟。选项C符合题意。10. 单选题When your dog does anything you want to （ ）, you wait till he does it and then beat him. This is the way judges make laws for you and me.问题1选项A.break him ofB.break him offC.break him freeD.break him up【答案】A【解析】词组辨析。 break sb. of “使戒除（某习惯）”；break sb. off “分离，中断”； “break sb. fre
38、e “摆脱对方防守”； break sb. up “关系破裂”。句意：当你的狗做了任何你想要打它戒除的事情，你要等它做了，然后打它。这就是法官为你我制定法律的方式。选项A符合题意。11. 单选题The Stoics and the Epicureans, however （ ）in the rest of their systems, agreed in holding themselves bound to prove that their respective maxims of conduct were the dictates of nature.问题1选项A.irresponsibl
39、eB.irreconcilableC.irreproachableD.irremediable【答案】B【解析】形容词词义辨析。irresponsible“不可靠的”；irreconcilable “矛盾的”；irreproachable “无可指责的”；irremediable “不能挽回的”。句意：斯多葛学派和伊壁鸠鲁派在其余的体系中是矛盾的，但是他们一致认为必须证明他们各自的行为准则是符合自然要求的。选项B符合题意。12. 单选题If the police （ ）when they did there would have been serious violence.问题1选项A.had
40、 not stepped inB.did not stepped inC.had not stepped downD.did not stepped down【答案】A【解析】语法题。考查虚拟语气，主句结构为would have done，表示对过去事情的虚拟，if引导的从句应该用had done过去完成，选项B和D可排除。step in “介入，干预”；step down “辞职，走下”。句意：如果警方没有介入的话，严重的暴力行为可能已经发生了。选项A符合题意。13. 单选题He was the king of farce and the most influential neoclassi
41、cal playwright. His characters were used to （ ） real people, and he was interested in showing the reality of human weakness as much as possible.问题1选项A.depictB.ridiculeC.amuseD.imitate【答案】A【解析】动词词义辨析。depict“描述”；ridicule“嘲笑”；amuse“娱乐”；imitate “模仿”。句意：他是喜剧之王，也是最具影响力的新古典主义剧作家。他的剧中人物都用来描述真正的人物，并且他对尽可能展现人
42、性的弱点充满兴趣。选项A符合题意。14. 单选题Max Weber proposed a complex approach to inequality which expressly takes account of non-economic dimensions of ranking and inequality. Against Marx, Weber maintains that the operation of power in societies is yet more fundamental than their economic basis. Power（1）the capaci
43、ty of individuals or groups to realize their will even （2） the opposition of others. This yields three categories fundamental to the analysis of inequality: class, status and party. Inequality may be located in economically defined（3）but could also be founded in status groups and political parties.
44、In this elaboration he sought to refine the measurement of inequality and to show the potential singularity of his criteria （4） their connectedness. For example, power is often linked to class-based wealth but it can be separated in situations （5） power is linked to knowledge. Status refers to style
45、 of life. It also refers to social esteem, the respect and admiration （6） a person according to his or her social position and this can be local （7）structural and take account of interpersonal subjectivities. Marxs stress on structural relationships and on the duplicitous nature of culture tends to
46、be replaced by a view of classes as ranked hierarchies of fixed groupings（8）individuals may be mobile. While the categories are fixed and classes are bounded, individuals may, （9）, change their class position. （10）, Webers discussion emphasizes how both class and status distinction can affect people
47、s life chances, that is, the chances that an individual has to share in the economic and cultural goods of a society. Material and cultural goods are often （11）distributed and class and status rankings will ensure that people will have（12）access to these goods. These features of Webers thought are important to （13）when considering non-class based systems of（14 ）. The opening up of the relationship between inequality, meaning and manifestation allows for the consideration of systems of inequality other than class. There a
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