1、2022年考博英语-中共中央党校考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 单选题But the changes, even at this early stage of the 2012 campaign, have proven more dramatic and （ ）than all but the most （ ） analyst had imagined.问题1选项A.exciting . pessimisticB.unsettling . fretfulC.upsetting . optimisticD.discomposing . lighthearted【答案】B【解析】形
2、容词词义辨析。Exciting “兴奋的，激动的”； pessimistic “悲观的”； unsettling “使人不安的”； fretful “焦躁的”； upsetting “令人苦恼的”； optimistic “乐观的”； discomposing “使不安”； lighthearted “无忧无虑的”。句意：但事实证明，即便是在2012年竞选早期，这些变化也比最焦躁不安的分析学家想象的更为剧烈和令人不安。选项B符合题意。2. 单选题For some time now, there has been a （ ） position among high-level policymak
3、ers calling for evidence-based practices in the United States and overseas.问题1选项A.wide disseminatingB.wide disseminatedC.widely disseminatingD.widely disseminated【答案】D【解析】语法题。根据题意，空格应该为名词position “工作”的定语，因为disseminate和position之前存在被动关系，表示“被传播的工作”，所以选用-ed分词作定语，表被动。副词修饰动词，所以选用widely “广泛地”。选项D符合题意。3. 单选
4、题Modem persuasion advertising blossomed as a function of markets that were less competitive by economists standards, and are generally referred to as oligopolies. These are markets where a handful of firms dominate output or sales in the industry, and where they have sufficient market power that the
5、y can set the price at which their product sells. The key to an oligopoly is that it is very difficult for newcomers to enter the market, no matter how profitable it may be, because of the power of the existing players. Under oligopoly there is strong disincentive to engage in price warfare to expan
6、d ones market share, because all the main players are large enough to survive a price war and all it would do is shrink the size of the industry revenue pie that the firms are fighting over. Indeed, the price in an oligopolistic industry will tend to gravitate toward what it would be in a pure monop
7、oly so the contenders are fighting for slices of the largest possible revenue pie. At first blush, this is a pretty accurate picture of the U.S. economy of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. The economy has become far more monopolistic over the past thirty years. It is also a good way, though
8、 by no means the only way, to understand the emergence and dominance of advertising. Although firms are not in what economists term competitive markets, they are most definitely engaged in monopolistic competition with each other to maximize their profits. Advertising emerges front and center as a m
9、ajor way to increase market share without engaging in destructive profit-damaging price competition. The election realm, is similar to the economy in that it tends to be a duopoly in general elections, meaning there are usually only two options that could conceivably win, and, as in an oligopoly, th
10、ese duopolists have used their market powerin this case control over election laws-to make it all but impossible for a third party to successfully establish itself as a legitimate contender. Even primary elections are almost always a matter of no more than two or three viable entrants except in a ve
11、ry small number of races. In economic theory this leads to an interesting conclusion: as J. Schor has put it, the smart play for a firm in a duopoly is to act like the other firm, not to differentiate itself. Macpherson was among the first to understand modem electoral politics-the two-party system-
12、in terms of oligopolistic and duopolistic market practices. “Where there are so few sellers, Macpherson wrote concerning political parties, they need not and do not respond to buyers demands as they must do in a fully competitive system. This means that the parties, like oligopolistic firms, can cre
13、ate the demand for political goods and largely dictate the demand schedule for political goods. In Macphersons argument, a duopolistic party system in a modem capitalist society like the United States will tend to gravitate to providing a competition between elites, which are the driving force and ”
14、formulate the issues. The basics in the political economy are agreed upon by the two parties and off the table for public debate or discussion. In Macphersons view, the two-party system was ideal for the production of citizen apathy and de-politicization and for the maintenance of elite rule; i.e. w
15、hat would be called a “weak democracy”.1.With what theme is the passage mainly concerned?2.The authors purpose in writing paragraph 1 and 2 is to （ ）.3.What does the phrase “front and center” in paragraph 2 mean?4.The highlighted sentence “The basics . or discussion” in the last paragraph most proba
16、bly implies that （ ）.5.What is the author likely to talk about in the paragraph following this passage?问题1选项A.Political Advertising.B.Oligopoly Market.C.Weak Democracy.D.Modem Electoral Politics.问题2选项A.state why political advertising appeared in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries in America.B.
17、emphasize that it is a real picture of the U.S. economy of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.C.state that the situation in American election realm is the same as the one in its economic realm.D.explain that the oligopoly market economy has a special function in the U.S. economic realm.问题3选项A.
18、In front.B.At the forefront.C.In the center.D.In the middle.问题4选项A.The two parties would discuss the basics in the political economy in secret.B.The two parties would discuss the basics in the political economy in public.C.The two parties would not ask the public to discuss the basics in the politic
19、al economy.D.The two parties have the same idea about the basics in the political economy so they would not discuss them anymore.问题5选项A.He is likely to analyze the issues formulated by a duopolistic party system in theUnited States.B.He is likely to explain American citizen apathy and depoliticizati
20、on in detail.C.He is likely to give some supporting evidence of a weak democracy.D.He is likely to provide some examples of a competition between elites【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:B第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1.主旨题。纵观全文，文章前半部分主要提到了与经济相关的规律，垄断经济形势对经济带来了重大影响。文章后半部分将垄断经济层面延伸至政治层面，提出在政治选举中也出现了相似的垄断统治规律，这样的民主实际上不是真正的民主。所以，本文主要围
21、绕现代社会的选举政治这个话题展开的。选项D符合题意。2.推断题。文章一二段主要提到了在经济层面出现的一种垄断经济现象，导致供不应求。根据文章第三段， “The election realm, is similar to the economy in that it tends to be a duopoly in general elections”，可知选举领域和经济领域类似，在选举中往往是双头垄断。可推断出一二段提到的经济现象主要是为了引出政治层面存在的政治垄断现象。选项C符合题意。3.词义理解题。In front “在前面”； At the forefront “最前沿”； In the
22、 center “在中央，表具体位置”； In the middle “在中间，表具体位置”。句意：广告作为一种增加市场份额的主要方式出现在市场的前端，不从事破坏性的、损益性的价格竞争。选项B符合题意。4.推断题。根据文章最后一段， “The basics in the political economy are agreed upon by the two parties and off the table for public debate or discussion.”，可知政治经济学的基础是两党一致同意的，不公开辩论或讨论。这里是说两党在政治方面垄断，因此并不是说他们对于政治经济基础有
23、一致观点，而是完全由他们议定，不让公众或其他党派插手。因此C选项符合题意。5.推断题。根据文章最后一段， “what would be called a weak democracy”，可知在文章末尾出现了Macpherson关于weak democracy的观点，可推断出，在接下来的文段中，可能会进一步对weak democracy进行讨论。选项C符合题意。4. 单选题As the clerk （ ） prepared my milk shake, I wondered how long she had been working there, （ ） making ice cream tre
24、ats in a set order of steps.问题1选项A.logically. incautiouslyB.methodically. mindlesslyC.systematically. carefullyD.synthetically. casually【答案】B【解析】副词词义辨析。logically “合乎逻辑”；incautiously “鲁莽地”； methodically “有条理地”；mindlessly “不费心思地”； systematically “有系统地”；carefully “小心地”；synthetically “综合地”；casually “随意
25、地”。句意：当店员有条不紊地为我准备奶昔时，我想知道她已经在那里工作多久了，她不费心思地按一定的步骤制作冰淇淋。选项B符合题意。5. 单选题There is no doubt that dishonest or （ ）acquisition of information is usually overwhelming evidence that information was confidential and not part of the defendants skill and knowledge.问题1选项A.blatantB.surreptitiousC.suspiciousD.con
26、spicuous【答案】B【解析】形容词词义辨析。blatant “喧嚣的，炫耀的”；surreptitious “秘密的”；suspicious “可疑的”；conspicuous “显而易见的”。句意：毫无疑问，不诚实或秘密获取的信息通常是压倒性的证据，表明这种信息是机密的，不属于辩护人员技能和知识的一部分。选项B符合题意。6. 单选题If a union decided to repudiate a strike, it had to write to all its members taking part in the strike to tell them that the unio
27、n would give no support, and （ ） they risked dismissal without compensation （ ）the strike continued.问题1选项A.that. whenB.what.ifC.why. whenD.that. if【答案】D【解析】语法题。根据题意，可知第一个空格需填入一个引导词，和and前一句中的that从句构成并列关系，作动词tell的宾语，所以填入that引导宾语从句，选项B和C可排除。第二空格引导的从句是前面主句的条件，句意：如果罢工继续下去，他们有被解雇而得不到补偿的风险。选项D符合题意。7. 单选题Th
28、e strategy has been to abolish national protectionism in the sales of terminal equipment, to （ ）one set of technical standards throughout the EC, and to open public purchasing of equipment to pan-European tender.问题1选项A.lay outB.lay downC.lay offD.lay up【答案】B【解析】词组辨析。lay out “展示，安排”；lay down“制定，放下”；l
29、ay off“解雇，休息，停止工作；lay up “储存”。句意：该战略一直是废除终端设备销售方面的国家保护主义，制定一套贯穿欧共体的技术标准，并向泛欧洲地区公开采购设备。选项B符合题意。8. 单选题President Barack Obama has been excoriated for declaring that “we dont have a strategy yet” for effectively confronting the Islamic State group. In criticizing Obama for taking too much time, Mike Rog
30、ers, the Republican chairman of the House Intelligence Committee, told “Fox News Sunday” that “this dont-do-stupid-stuff” policy isnt working.” That sounded odd to my earlike we should just bomb somebody, even if it is stupid. If Obama did that, what would he be ignoring? First, experience. After 9/
31、11 that sort of “fire, ready, aim” approach led George W. Bush to order a ground war in Iraq without sufficient troops to control the country, without a true grasp of Iraqs Shiite-Sunni sectarian dynamics and without any realization that, in destroying the Sunni Taliban regime in Afghanistan and the
32、 Sunni Baathist regime in Iraq, we were destroying both of Irans mortal enemies and thereby opening the way for a vast expansion of Irans regional influence. We were in a hurry, myself included, to change things after 9/11, and when youre in a hurry you ignore complexities that come back to haunt yo
33、u later. There are no words to describe the vileness of the video beheadings of two U.S. journalists by the Islamic State, but I have no doubt that theyre meant to get us to overreact, a la 9/11, and rush off again without a strategy. The Islamic State is awful, but it is not a threat to Americas ho
34、meland. Second, the context. To defeat the Islamic State, you have to address the context out of which it emerged. And that is the three civil wars raging in the Arab world today: the civil war within Sunni Islam between radical jihadists and moderate mainstream Sunni Muslims and regimes; the civil
35、war across the region between Sunnis funded by Saudi Arabia and Shiites funded by Iran; and the civil war between Sunni jihadists and all other minorities in the region: Yazidis, Turkmen, Kurds, Christians, Jews and Alawites. When you have a region beset by that many civil wars at once, it means the
36、re is no center, only sides. And when you intervene in the middle of a region with no center, you very quickly become a side. The Islamic State emerged as an extreme expression of resentment by one side: Iraqi and Syrian Sunnis who felt cut out of power and resources by the pro-Iranian Shiite regime
37、 in Baghdad and the pro-Iranian Alawite/Shiite regime in Damascus. That is why Obama keeps insisting that the United States military intervention must be accompanied, for starters, by Iraqis producing a national unity government of mainstream Shiites, Sunnis and Kurds - so our use of force supports
38、pluralism and power-sharing, not just Shiite power. But power-sharing doesnt come easy in a region where kinship and sectarian loyalties overwhelm any sense of shared citizenship. Without it, though, the dominant philosophy is either: “I am strong, why should I compromise?” or “I am weak, how can I
39、compromise?” So any onslaught we make on the Islamic State, absent national unity governments, will have Shiites saying the former and Sunnis saying the latter. Thats why this is complicated. 1.Which of the following words is synonymous to the highlighted word “excoriated” in the first line of the p
40、assage?2.According to the passage, all of the following statements are FALSE EXCEPT （ ）.3.Which of the following statements is FALSE according to the passage?4.Which of the following is the most appropriate title for the whole passage?5.What do you think of the authors attitude towards Obamas policy
41、 on the Islamic State according to the passage?问题1选项A.excruciatedB.approbatedC.exfoliatedD.reprobated问题2选项A.Mike Rogers doesnt think that it is stupid that Obama didnt take actions to bomb the Islamic State.B.George W. Bushs approach to destroy the Sunni Taliban regime in Afghanistan and the Sunni B
42、aathist regime in Iraq has actually helped Iran.C.The Islamic State beheaded two American Journalists had threatened the safety of American homeland.D.When a region is beset by many civil wars at once, there is center, no sides.问题3选项A.If Obama did destroy the Islamic State, he would ignore several i
43、ssues.B.The video beheadings of two U.S. journalists by the Islamic State are just meant to threaten the United States.C.Obama insists that the United States，military intervention in Iraq must be accompanied by Iraqis producing a national unity government.D.The U.S. government needs to think over be
44、fore taking actions against the Islamic State.问题4选项A.Obamas Policy on the Islamic StateB.Conflicts in the Arab WorldC.Fire, Ready, Aim. Not Ready, Aim, FireD.Ready, Aim, Fire. Not Fire, Ready, Aim问题5选项A.opposingB.approvingC.neutralD.indifferent【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:B第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.词义理解题。根据文章第一句，“Presid
45、ent Barack Obama has been excoriated for declaring that “we dont have a strategy yet” for effectively confronting the Islamic State group.”，可知美国总统巴拉克奥巴马因宣称尚未制定有效对抗伊斯兰国组织的战略而受到严厉批评。所以找出excoriate “批评，斥责”的同义词，选项D符合题意。2.细节理解题。根据文章第二段第二句，“After 9/11 that sort of “fire, ready, aim” approach led George W.
46、Bush to order a ground war in Iraq without sufficient troops to control the country, without a true grasp of Iraqs Shiite-Sunni sectarian dynamics and without any realization that, in destroying the Sunni Taliban regime in Afghanistan and the Sunni Baathist regime in Iraq, we were destroying both of
47、 Irans mortal enemies and thereby opening the way for a vast expansion of Irans regional influence.”可知9.11后那种“开炮、准备、作战”的方法使布什在伊拉克发动地面战争的时候没有足够的军事力量在控制这个国家，没有真正了解伊拉克什叶派和逊尼派的宗派动态，也没有意识到摧毁了阿富汗的逊尼派塔利班政权和伊拉克的逊尼派复兴党政权，我们就可以摧毁伊朗的死敌，从而为伊朗地区影响力的大规模扩张开辟道路。可推断出布什摧毁阿富汗逊尼派塔利班政权和伊拉克逊尼派复兴党政权的做法，实际上帮助了伊朗。选项B符合题意。3.细节理解题。根据文章第三段第一句，“ There are no words to describe the vileness of the video beheadings of two U.S. journalists by the Islamic State, but I have no doubt that theyre meant to get us to overreact”，可知伊斯兰国斩首两名美国记者的视频的恶劣程度无法用言语来形容，但
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