1、2022年考博英语-中国科学技术大学考试题库及模拟押密卷（含答案解析）1. 单选题There exist some proposals, like creating a series of lasers that would sweep the trash back into our atmosphere, where it would mostly bum up.问题1选项A.particlesB.garbageC.dustD.ashes【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. particles 颗粒，微粒 B. garbage 垃圾；废物C. dust 沙土，尘土；灰尘 D. ashes 灰烬
2、答案】B【考查点】名词辨析。【解题思路】trash的意思为“废物，垃圾”，这里指把垃圾扫到大气层，garbage与之词义相近，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】有人提出了一些建议，比如制造一系列激光，把垃圾扫回来，扫到我们的大气层，大部分垃圾在大气层都会燃烧。2. 填空题What is good is thought to be _ and what is evil is thought to be harmful, but defining good and evil remains a central question of ethics. (benefi
3、t)【答案】beneficial【解析】【考查点】形容词。【解题思路】根据横线前面的be，以及表示并列结构的and，可知横线所在内容为形容词，beneficial“有益的”符合语境，指的是善被认为是有益的。【句意】善被认为是有益的，恶被认为是有害的，但定义善恶仍然是伦理学的中心问题。3. 填空题The recent growth of export surpluses on the world food market has been unexpected great, partlybecause a strange sequence of two successful grain harve
4、sts in North America is now beingfollowed by a third. A B C D【答案】B unexpected改为unexpectedly【解析】【考查点】副词。【解题思路】此句为主系表结构，形容词great为表语，B部分修饰great，应为副词，unexpectedly的意思为“出乎意料地”，符合语境。【句意】世界粮食市场最近的出口盈余增长出人意料地大，部分原因是北美粮食连续两次大丰收之后，现在又出现了第三次大丰收。4. 单选题Creatively exciting and commercially attractiveYouve got a mo
5、vie here that will _ kids and adults alike.问题1选项A.appeal toB.resort toC.switch toD.refer to【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. appeal to 对有吸引力 B. resort to 依靠，求助于C. switch to 切换到，转变成 D. refer to 指的是【答案】A【考查点】词组辨析。【解题思路】横线处和kids and adults构成动宾搭配关系，结合前面的关键词Creatively exciting and commercially attractive，可知这部电影非常精彩，孩子和成
6、年人都会喜欢，appeal to符合语境，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项不符合语境。【句意】在创意上令人兴奋，在商业上具有吸引力这是一部既能吸引孩子也能吸引成年人的电影。5. 填空题It is precisely this kind of conversation which is of importance when we are seeking to develop our reading to meet the new demands being placed upon us by studying at a higher level. A B C D【答案】B which
7、改为that【解析】【考查点】强调句。【解题思路】It isthat为强调句，此题强调这种对话的重要性，引导词用that。【句意】当我们想方设法提高阅读能力，以匹配更高的学习水平和随之而来的新要求时，这种对话尤为重要。6. 单选题Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values, including the principles that all citizens who meet minimal qualifications of age and litera
8、cy are equally competent to serve on juries; that jurors should be selected randomly from a representative cross section of the community; that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on account of race, religion, sex, or national origin; that defendants are entitled to trial by the
9、ir peers; and that verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter of the law. The jury is also said to be the best surviving example of direct rather than representative democracy. In a direct democracy, citizens take turns governing themselves, rather than electin
10、g representatives to govern for them.But as recently as in 1968, jury selection procedures conflicted with these democratic ideals. In some states, for example, jury duty was limited to persons of supposedly superior intelligence, education and moral character. Although the Supreme Court of the Unit
11、ed States had prohibited intentional racial discrimination in jury selection as early as the 1880 case of Strauder v. West Virginia, the practice of selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way around this and other antidiscrimination laws.The system also failed to regul
12、arly include women on juries until the mid-20th century. Although women first served on state juries in Utah in 1898, it was not until the 1940s that a majority of states made women eligible for jury duty. Even then several states automatically exempted women from jury duty unless they personally as
13、ked to have their names included on the jury list. This practice was justified by the claim that women were needed at home, and it kept juries unrepresentative of women through the 1960s.In 1968, the Congress of the United States passed the Jury Selection and Service Act, ushering in a new era of de
14、mocratic reforms for the jury. This law abolished special educational requirements for federal jurors and required them to be selected at random from a cross section of the entire community. In the landmark 1975 decision Taylor v. Louisiana, the Supreme Court extended the requirement that juries be
15、representative of all parts of the community to the state level. The Taylor decision also declared sex discrimination in jury selection to be unconstitutional and ordered states to use the same procedures for selecting male and female jurors.1. From the principles of the U.S. jury system, we learn t
16、hat _.2. The practice of selecting so-called elite jurors prior to 1968 showed _.3. After the Jury Selection and Service Act was passed, _.4. In discussing the U.S. jury system, the text centers on _.问题1选项A.both literate and illiterate people can serve on juriesB.defendants are immune from trial by
17、their peersC.no age limit should be imposed for jury serviceD.judgment should consider the opinion of the public问题2选项A.the inadequacy of antidiscrimination lawsB.the prevalent discrimination against certain racesC.the conflicting ideals in jury selection proceduresD.the arrogance common among the Su
18、preme Court judges问题3选项A.sex discrimination in jury selection was unconstitutional and had to be abolishedB.educational requirements became less rigid in the selection of federal jurorsC.jurors at the state level ought to be representative of the entire communityD.states ought to conform to the fede
19、ral court in reforming the jury system问题4选项A.its nature and problemsB.its characteristics and traditionC.its tradition and developmentD.its problems and their solutions【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:B第4题:C【解析】第1题:【选项释义】From the principles of the U.S. jury system, we learn that _. 从美国陪审团制度的原则中，我们了解到_。A. both lite
20、rate and illiterate people can serve on juries A. 有无文化都可以担任陪审员B. defendants are immune from trial by their peers B. 被告不受其同侪的审判C. no age limit should be imposed for jury service C. 陪审员的年龄不受限制D. judgment should consider the opinion of the public D. 判决应该考虑公众的观点【答案】D【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词Research Cen
21、ter定位到第一段第一句，该处讲到“判决应代表社会的良知（represent the conscience of the community），而不仅仅是法律条文。”，可知判决应该考虑在社会中公众的想法，因此D选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“有无文化都可以担任陪审员”：对应第一段第一句“所有符合最低年龄和文化水平（meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy）的公民都有同等能力担任陪审员”，可知陪审员需要有文化，属于反向干扰；B选项“被告不受其同侪的审判”：对应第一段第一句“被告有权接受同侪的审判（defendants are entitled
22、 to trial by their peers）”，可知本选项不符合文章内容，属于反向干扰；C选项“陪审员的年龄不受限制”：对应第一段第一句“所有符合最低年龄和文化水平（meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy）的公民都有同等能力担任陪审员”，可知陪审员有年龄限制，属于反向干扰。第2题:【选项释义】The practice of selecting so-called elite jurors prior to 1968 showed _. 1968年以前选拔所谓精英陪审员的惯例体现出_。A. the inadequacy of anti
23、discrimination laws A. 反歧视法的不完善B. the prevalent discrimination against certain races B. 对某些种族的普遍歧视C. the conflicting ideals in jury selection procedures C. 陪审团遴选程序中矛盾的理想D. the arrogance common among the Supreme Court judges D. 最高法院法官中普遍存在的傲慢【答案】A【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词so-called elite jurors定位到第二段最
24、后一句，该处讲到“挑选所谓的精英或蓝丝带陪审团（selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries），这一做法是回避这一法律和其他反歧视法的便利途径（around this and other antidiscrimination laws）。”，可知这体现出反歧视法还存在不足之处，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“对某些种族的普遍歧视”：对应第二段最后一句“美国最高法院禁止在选择陪审团时存在故意的种族歧视（prohibited intentional racial discrimination）”，禁止歧视不代表歧视普遍存在，属于推理过度；C选
25、项“陪审团遴选程序中矛盾的理想”：对应第二段第一句“陪审团的遴选程序（jury selection procedures）与这些民主理想（democratic ideals）发生了冲突（conflicted）”，可知矛盾的是遴选程序和民主理想，而非遴选程序本身，属于偷换概念；D选项“最高法院法官中普遍存在的傲慢”：文中没有提到，属于无中生有。第3题:【选项释义】After the Jury Selection and Service Act was passed, _. 陪审团遴选及服务法案通过后，_。A. sex discrimination in jury selection was un
26、constitutional and had to be abolished A. 在遴选陪审团时的性别歧视违反宪法，必须废除B. educational requirements became less rigid in the selection of federal jurors B. 在挑选联邦陪审员时教育要求变得不那么严格了C. jurors at the state level ought to be representative of the entire community C. 州一级的陪审员应该代表整个社区D. states ought to conform to the
27、federal court in reforming the jury system D. 各州在改革陪审制度方面应与联邦法院保持一致【答案】B【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词Jury Selection and Service Act定位到第四段第一句“美国国会通过了陪审团遴选及服务法案（Jury Selection and Service Act）”，结合该段第二句“这项法律废除了对联邦陪审员的特殊教育要求（abolished special educational requirements）”，可知这项法律通过以后，对陪审员的教育要求没有那么高了，因此B选项正确。【干扰
28、项排除】A选项“在遴选陪审团时的性别歧视违反宪法，必须废除”：这个法案没有要求在性别上平等，属于无中生有；C选项“州一级的陪审员应该代表整个社区”：对应第四段第三句“最高法院将陪审团必须代表社区整体的要求扩大到州一级（extendedrepresentative of all parts of the community to the state level）”，这里指的是把陪审团所代表的范围从社区扩大到州，而不是州一级的陪审员应该代表整个社区，属于偷换概念；D选项“各州在改革陪审制度方面应与联邦法院保持一致”：文中没有提到，属于无中生有。第4题:【选项释义】In discussing the
29、 U.S. jury system, the text centers on _. 在讨论美国陪审团制度时，文本以_为中心。A. its nature and problems A. 其性质和问题B. its characteristics and tradition B. 其特点和传统C. its tradition and development C. 其传统与发展D. its problems and their solutions D. 其问题和解决方案【答案】C【考查点】主旨大意题。【解题思路】第一段提出美国陪审团制度（jury system）的基本原则（principles），第二
30、段讲近年陪审团的遴选程序与民主理想发生冲突（jury selection procedures conflicted with these democratic ideals），第三段讲在20世纪，女性仍然不在陪审团遴选之列（failed to regularly include women on juries），第四段讲1968年美国国会通过陪审团遴选和服务法案（the Congress of the United States passed the Jury Selection and Service Act）。综上所述，本文以时间节点展开行文，讲述了美国陪审团制度的传统与发展，因此C选项
31、正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“其性质和问题”，B选项“其特点和传统”和D选项“其问题和解决方案”：是文章部分内容，不能概括全文，属于以偏概全。7. 单选题In the 1950s, the pioneers of artificial intelligence (AI) predicted that, by the end of this century, computers would be conversing with us at work and robots would be performing our housework. But as useful as computers ar
32、e, theyre nowhere close to achieving anything remotely resembling these early aspirations for humanlike behavior. Never mind something as complex as conversation: the most powerful computers struggle to reliably recognize the shape of an object, the most elementary of tasks for a ten-month-old kid.A
33、 growing group of AI researchers think they know where the field went wrong. The problem, the scientists say, is that AI has been trying to separate the highest, most abstract levels of thought, like language and mathematics, and to duplicate them with logical, step-by-step programs. A new movement
34、in AI, on the other hand, takes a closer look at the more roundabout way in which nature came up with intelligence. Many of these researchers study evolution and natural adaptation instead of formal logic and conventional computer programs. Rather than digital computers and transistors, some want to
35、 work with brain cells and proteins. The results of these early efforts are as promising as they are peculiar, and the new nature-based AI movement is slowly but surely moving to the forefront of the field.Imitating the brains neural network is a huge step in the right direction, says computer scien
36、tist and biophysicist Michael Conrad, but it still misses an important aspect of natural intelligence. “People tend to treat the brain as if it were made up of color-coded transistors,” he explains, “but its not simply a clever network of switches. There are lots of important things going on inside
37、the brain cells themselves.” Specifically, Conrad believes that many of the brains capabilities stem from the pattern recognition proficiency of the individual molecules that make up each brain cell. The best way to build an artificially intelligent device, he claims, would be to build it around the
38、 same sort of molecular skills.Right now, the option that conventional computers and software are fundamentally incapable of matching the processes that take place in the brain remains controversial. But if it proves true, then the efforts of Conrad and his fellow AI rebels could turn out to be the
39、only game in town.1. The author says that the powerful computers of today _.2. The new trend in artificial intelligence research stems from _.3. Conrad and his group of AI researchers have been making enormous efforts to _.4. Whats the authors opinion about the new AI movement?问题1选项A.are capable of
40、reliably recognizing the shape of an objectB.are close to exhibiting humanlike behaviorC.are not very different in their performance from those of the 50sD.still cannot communicate with people in a human language问题2选项A.the shift of the focus of study on to the recognition of the shapes of objectsB.t
41、he belief that human intelligence cannot be duplicated with logical, step-by-step programsC.the aspirations of scientists to duplicate the intelligence of a ten-month-old childD.the efforts made by scientists in the study of the similarities between transistors and brain cells问题3选项A.find a roundabou
42、t way to design powerful computersB.build a computer using a clever network of switchesC.find out how intelligence developed in natureD.separate the highest and most abstract levels of thought问题4选项A.It may prove to be in the right direction though nobody is sure of its future prospects.B.Its a break
43、through in duplicating human thought processes.C.Its more like a peculiar game rather than a real scientific effort.D.It has created a sensation among artificial intelligence researchers but will soon die out.【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:A【解析】第1题:【选项释义】The author says that the powerful computers of today
44、 作者说，如今强大的计算机_。A. are capable of reliably recognizing the shape of an object A. 能够确切地识别物体的形状B. are close to exhibiting humanlike behavior B. 接近人类行为C. are not very different in their performance from those of the 50s C. 它们的表现和50年代没有很大的不同D. still cannot communicate with people in a human language D.
45、 仍然不能用人类的语言与人交流【答案】D【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词powerful computers of today定位到第一段第二、三句，该处讲到“但尽管计算机（computers）很有用，它们离实现类似人类行为（humanlike behavior）的早期愿望还差得很远。更别提像对话这样复杂的事情了（Never mind something as complex as conversation）。”，可知作者表达的意思是，计算机不能使用人类的语言和人进行对话，因此D选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“能够确切地识别物体的形状”：对应第一段最后一句“最强大的计算机也很难确切地识别物体的形状（struggle to reliably recognize the shape of an object）。”，可知计算机不能确切地识别物体的形状，属于反向干扰；B选项“接近人类行为”：对应第一段第二句“它们离实现类似人类行为（humanlike behavior）的早期愿望还差得很远（remotely resembling）。”，可知计算机还不能接近人类行为，属于反向干扰；C选项“它们的表现和50年代没有很大的不同”：对应第一段第一句“上世纪50年代，
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