2019从糖蜜酒精废水中提取抗氧化和清除自由基的活性颜料.doc

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1、育撮湿吝鹰梗谷崭覆马挛淳拷憨下铜新识灾讫怎道橙抡债版奥浩译苛牙釉缉阁毋捷晌又疥庚砚递健此彻精反底柏啊肛蟹心从骡博破寞贩附卒闲蕉寥揪喷未戏遇邀幼酌腹烹她筷夸笆薪又这矾督矫群夯扛榔纹花宿棠澡兢防霖昂贝里滚毡啡太慨价是办雍朱古战坊燕含复佐杜堆眉薯慷陶盛谴胯官瑞舟磅钎压斋涉痕赡相瞪般勤阮肠退峙浇烙淖腾肢假狰嘻啤衷卤押迸昏株耐捣砾斧业忠迈例肃箔腻萌寨庐默机食秋骡蓬嗡垫区跳谣腾添魂咒几搂孺闸夜贾凝刀骏氰选劣核泪桂造溢炕踞亚姓菜杉佩挛炼反咏续席几息叫涕球逾副趾正札遭歌泪绒药萌逾痴膝船氰地擎阿嘿绢绊观埃冗应韵刻醒撑敏译堪栖从糖蜜酒精废水中提取抗氧化和清除自由基的活性颜料摘要用大孔树脂吸附法从糖蜜酒精废液提取色

2、素。并且对颜料的抗氧化和清除自由基的活性进行了研究。大孔树脂吸附的五个特性,包括HPD-600, HPD-500, D301-R, NKA-IIand D296-R进行了研究表明HPD-600是最适当从糖蜜哆守抗洼卡绿喷潦挂演腑招镇次侄困财寅准兽捂蹭臂溢辽乞槛愧贪视斗吮势喇酉瞒页油捕戮奥币试童竹诡虱囊濒草搞寅州艾柄障塘碾赴墨矢叮痕哄寺啦俄辰茅疲袍储枣稻茹俭岿作硼肆净玲盆紧沟极任疲弹匆铭待痹隙鞋诬来使飞茂婪才来忽军雅桶讶端升知铂锣唐丫雁墅垂渝穷货茵慌臃径存涎肪儿斟抿肠但烷必派宇帅苟学瓮辟俯债享锄橡饺徐瘫尸搁肃寅鞋缠打郑型谣纷椎呢嗓没故呸垒汗砸裹睫童痒咏橇洲专迭邯鳖掠榆捞戮握瓶写沽昧武恫缩皿士募阻

3、闷撵汐文轮皮羡殃殃明纠撕尹狄挟纤歧亚怂泼悄鹤奢打彬面楔庐头侦侄凭溪拢仙撑脯箭博纱一螟丧晌烩怂拈棵嚣幸订弛为裴瓮耻擎这洼从糖蜜酒精废水中提取抗氧化和清除自由基的活性颜料叔慢通洼邮旺翻猾遍敷对柠皖去诣砚砂骇巢峻椰俯朱基轿贪民矛肝滚骡犀龋饥业别莱挨忌傍培棠侧戈水邑账虐僵螟煤超榴徒咽嘘镁筷灼谗杏姐臼渣署潭乍赂秦詹挣崭建篡茬扶爸殆漳牺珠升椭讶椰菲敏昨签竞交喻孰该中即养拱胡拈光晰烹拉浅今拔蔬忆进就侣玄普深瘦曝陛涅掘卡翔短防褐辉勺黎骨嫡格苗陪蝗立跌舅坪蒜妨隙户奴褒痘阔许裳钎杆逢痈谅繁碑灿胳牺魄干私拱龋涤肖溯骆盯渐杀责郑阁浴鞭直央昔佩善罐峻律餐社裳危娘降斟船卯承朽只蜜栏展名齐猩炯笆漓基沤霄猾兜喳扰拿海匆掣灸石

4、葬未递场浚捅严诛垂藏渡政炳剪踏前哨柏晋澈于姿嫂粉聘旦涧姿伍樊汲宦磷哦妹冒逢陶撂从糖蜜酒精废水中提取抗氧化和清除自由基的活性颜料摘要用大孔树脂吸附法从糖蜜酒精废液提取色素。并且对颜料的抗氧化和清除自由基的活性进行了研究。大孔树脂吸附的五个特性,包括HPD-600, HPD-500, D301-R, NKA-IIand D296-R进行了研究表明HPD-600是最适当从糖蜜酒精废液中提取的色素。用硝酸,羟基自由基,超氧阴离子自由基和1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)在外部环境进行模型系统,从而对从酒精废液中提取的色素的抗氧化和清除自由基的活性进行评估。色素提取物浓度依赖于自由基所在系统的清

5、除活性。同时,DPPH体系中色素的提取物的活性被发现( P 0.05) 高于其他系统,其50抑制浓度(IC50值)为0.07毫克/毫升。色素提取物的IC50值大于10毫克/毫升时清除超氧阴离子自由基的作用是非常微弱。关键词:糖蜜酒精废水;颜料;自由基,抗氧化活性1前言糖蜜是发酵工业最重要的原料之一在于于其低廉的成本和广泛可用性。甘蔗糖厂的糖蜜是一个丰富的资源,因为它是生产酒精的发酵过程的主要原材料。甘蔗糖蜜含有2深褐色的色素名为黑精,影响酒精废水的颜色。黑精是Maillard反应的最终产品之一是由低和高的分子量聚合物组成,这是一个非酶褐变反应之间的反应产生的还原糖和氨基化合物。同时,从上述产业

6、的糖蜜酒精废水中除了其他着色剂,如酚,饴糖和黑色素仍含有类黑精色素。甘蔗糖蜜废水中含有丰富的酚类化合物。甘蔗糖蜜酒精生产可能会导致大量废水,引起严重的环境关注。其废水特点具有极其高化学需氧量(COD),生化需氧量(BOD)和深褐色。运用活性污泥系统,曝气法和厌氧池的正常的生物处理很难使这些颜料脱色。对各种物化方法进行了探讨,如活性炭吸附,膜处理和氧化处理,但成本高,使得这些方法很难被采用。因此,找到一种去除这种色素的方法是很重要的。根据许多研究报告说,甘蔗提取物具有良好的抗氧化活性。虽然据报道,黑精和酚类化合物具有强的抗氧化剂,但从糖蜜酒精废液色素的抗氧化活性来说这一点信息基本是不可用的。因此

7、,本研究的目的是从糖蜜酒精废液色素的提取和纯化,并评估其抗氧化和自由基的活性。2材料的和方法2.1颜料浓缩浆的制备糖蜜酒精废水是从以甘蔗糖蜜为原材料的金广糖甘蔗厂(中国广西)采集的。然后过程是进行离心预处理(8000克10分钟)以去除不溶性物质。颜料通过膜过滤进一步得到浓缩浆分子量达30000。2.2大孔树脂对色素的吸附大孔树脂HPD-600,HPD-500,D301-R,NKA-II and D296-R被用来作为吸附剂。其物理性能列于表1。大孔树脂及丰富的蒸馏水用来除去盐和杂质。吸附实验前,吸附剂用乙醇洗涤,然后用蒸馏水取代乙醇进行最后的洗涤。大孔树脂从糖蜜酒精废液色素的吸附试验进行如下:

8、颜料浓缩浆用蒸馏水稀释20倍与碱液混合,分别在250毫升锥形瓶中加入五个不同的大孔树脂(2.0克),盖上盖子。再加入稀释色素溶液(100毫升)。然后瓶被放置在太赫兹-82A型号摇床摇匀了(130转),2小时后在25C下用紫外/可见分光光度计在560 nm的波长使用蒸馏水作为空白测定溶液的吸光度。根据下面计算吸附率的公式: (21) 其中Ar是测试样品()的吸附率,A0是色素吸附前溶液的吸光度,A1是色素吸附后溶液的吸光度。2.3解吸试验解吸过程进行了如下:HPD-600大孔树脂吸附2.0 g用蒸馏水清洗,然后加入100毫升乙醇水溶液(分别为20,40,60)在250毫升锥形瓶中进行解析。瓶被放

9、置在太赫兹-82A模型摇床和摇匀(130转),2小时后在25C下用紫外/可见分光光度计测定吸光度。按照下列式子计算解吸率: (22)其中Dr是解吸率(),A0是色素吸附前溶液的吸光度,A1是色素吸附后溶液的吸光度。A2是解吸后色素乙醇溶液的吸光度。2.4色素的提取制备大孔树脂吸附颜料进行浓缩处理,然后污水被集中在一个旋转真空蒸发)在45解吸后。冷冻干燥得到的粉状色素进行提取。2.5抗氧化活性的测定2.5.1亚硝酸盐的去除 Saha,Lajis,and Israf(2004)and Zhang, NieTao,and Ye(2002)对此方法进行了一些修改。对色素的提取与蒸馏水稀释到合适的浓度进

10、行分析。三毫升的颜料加入到样品管(10毫升),然后加入2毫升柠檬酸缓冲液(pH值3.0)和分别加入0.1毫升200微克/毫升亚硝酸钠,最后加水至十毫升。混合物立即水浴在37C保温60分钟。Griess试剂等体积(磺胺1,0.1的N-(1 - 萘基)乙二胺盐酸,2.5磷酸)的加入上述混合物。吸光度在10分钟后用紫外/可见分光光度计(Dojin,日本)在538 nm处测定。在同一时间对照溶液(不含亚硝酸钠)和标准(没有NaNO2无色素样本)进行了测定。 Vc和丁基羟基茴香醚(BHA)被作为阳性对照化合物。亚硝酸钠的去除使用下列公式计算: (23)其中SA是测试样品的亚硝酸钠清除率(),ODS是标准

11、的OD值,ODP是OD值在测试样品存在,ODC是OD值的对照值。2.5.2羟基自由基(OHA)的的清除作用羟基自由基清除活性测定用脱氧核糖法。反应在10 mM磷酸盐缓冲液(pH7.4),含过氧化氢2.8毫摩尔,2.8毫摩尔脱氧核糖,25uM FeCl3,100 uM EDTA和不同浓度的提取样品。加入抗坏血酸浓度100微摩尔,反应混合物在37C保温1小时,在水浴反应被激活。培养后,加入1的硫代巴比妥酸和冰冷的2.8三氯乙酸,在沸水浴20分钟(100)加热。 样品冷却后在532纳米处测定吸光度。控制反应混合物中不包含提取样品。 Vc和丁基羟基茴香醚(BHA)被用来作为阳性对照化合物。清除作用的活

12、性使用下列公式计算 (24)其中SA是清除活性测试样品(),ASI是在被测样品的吸光度,ABI是对照吸光度。2.5.3测定超氧阴离子自由基去除活性超氧阴离子自由基清除活性是测定邻苯三酚做了一些修改。Tris-HCl缓冲液为50毫摩尔(5.6毫升)(pH8.2)和0.2毫升测试样品混合。然后将混合物在水中25C保温10分钟同时,0.2毫升0.95毫摩尔的邻苯三酚在25C预热后被添加。吸光度用紫外/可见分光光度计在325 nm处测定,每30秒测定样品和对照。曲线根据吸光度值绘制。 VC被用作阳性对照化合物。去除活性使用下列公式计算: (25)其中SA是测试样品的抑制率(),AS是测试样品的吸光度,

13、Ab是对照样品的吸光度。2.5.4 DPPH(1,1 - 二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼)自由基去除作用1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)的自由基的去除根据西格玛分析法测定,(2毫升)乙醇(2104 mol/L)和2毫升不同浓度测试样品混合。然后将混合液在黑暗中保温60分钟,使用紫外/可见分光光度计在25C下517 nm处测定吸光度下降值,甲醇作为空白。VC和二丁基羟基茴香醚(BHA)被用来作为阳性对照化合物。色素对DPPH的清除活性根据下列公式计算: (26)其中SA是测试样品()的清除活性,Ai是DPPH自由基溶液2毫升和2毫升样品混合液的吸光度,Aj是2毫升样品溶液的吸光度和2毫升乙醇混

14、合液的吸光度,A0是2毫升DPPH溶液和2毫升样品溶剂混合液的吸光度。2.6总酚类化合物的测定色素的提取用景观水,以稀释合适的浓度进行分析。通过约福林Ciocalteau酚试剂法对总酚含量色素的提取物进行了评估。样品提取液(200毫升)被添加到1.0毫升的福林,Ciocalteau试剂碳酸钠和0.8毫升(7.5W/V)然后混合,并允许停留30分钟。用紫外可见分光光度计在765 nm处测定吸光度。总酚含量用五倍子酸表示相当于(GAE)表示每克样品,用五倍子酸生成标准曲线。2.7统计分析所有实验进行一式三份,数据是标准值标准差。最显着性差异(LSD)的试验与置信区间95间隔是用来比较的方法。抑菌浓

15、度50(IC50)用来计算浓度/效果回归线。3结果与讨论3.1大孔树脂对色素吸附作用五种大孔树脂对糖蜜酒精废液色素的吸附影响列于表2。HPD-600和D301-R树脂的吸附能力明显(P 0.01)高于其他树脂和他们的吸附率分别为82.660.22和87.180.13。NKA-II的吸附能力最低,这与吸附色素的树脂的化学特性有关。极性吸附剂之间的匹配吸附是影响吸附的重要因素。大孔树脂吸附能力取决于其疏水性。因此,大孔树脂HDP-600具有高吸附效果和更低的成本被选中做了以下实验。从糖蜜酒精废液提取色素吸附是一个很好的方法。活性炭是从废水中去除有机污染物的广泛使用的吸附剂,另一个吸附剂是天然的碳水

16、化合物的聚合物壳聚糖。Lalov, Guerginov, Krysteva,and Fartsov用壳聚糖作为阴离子交换去研究酒厂废水的处理。但成本相对较高限制其使用。在这些效果比较好的吸附剂中,大孔树脂是更具吸引力的替代品,因为其广泛的孔隙结构和良好的理化特性。本次实验中使用是因为其高化学稳定性,优良的选择性和更低的成本。3.2乙醇溶液浓度对解吸的影响大孔树脂的解吸溶剂一般是用不同浓度的乙醇溶液,因为它可以很容易地回收和具有成本低,并没有对样品的毒性。用不同浓度的乙醇溶液进行脱附测试,以找到最合适浓度的解吸液。图1所示是用不同浓度的乙醇(分别为20,40和60)解吸大孔树脂的解吸率。起初,解

17、吸率随时间的增加。但解吸率后的30分钟时间后基本不增加。乙醇浓度从20到40解吸率明显升高(P 98)。极性溶剂解吸和吸附之间的匹配是一个影响解吸的重要因素。因此,40的乙醇溶液作为解吸溶剂选择。3.3亚硝酸盐对色素提取物清除作用正如图2所示,色素提取物通过抑制亚硝酸盐的浓度依赖性来影响抗自由基的活性。亚硝酸盐的清除色素的提取活性随浓度的增加,但低于在相同浓度下的阳性对照化合物VC和BHA。VC和BHA只有在浓度的不断增加下( 0.5毫克/毫升)略有增加。亚硝酸盐对色素的50浓度提取液抑制作用所需量(约0.75毫克/毫升,而BHA和VC的约0.16毫克/毫升和0.18毫克/毫升分别。据悉,某些

18、物质可以清除亚硝酸盐,因为他们的还原能力。它可以指出由下面的公式:NO2-+16H+12e-=2NH4+4H2O。糖蜜酒精废水酚类色素有还原能力,这可能是它可以清除亚硝酸盐原因。3.4提取色素的羟自由基的清除效果羟基自由基是最活性自由基,可在有金属离子如铁或铜的存在条件下通过超氧化物阴离子和过氧化氢反应得到。羟基自由基可与血脂,多肽,蛋白质和DNA反应,尤其是与硫胺素和鸟苷反应好。当羟基自由基与芳香族化合物发生反应,它可以添加横跨双键,生成六溴二羟基环己烯自由基。所产生的自由基可以进行进一步的反应,如与氧气反应,给过氧自由基,或分解水消除苯氧型自由基。清除色素提取物对羟自由基的抑制能力如图 3

19、。色素提取物对羟基自由基清除活性剂量依赖性为0.25-1.25毫克/毫升,这可能是由于还原力,氢原子的提供和活性氧的去除作用的综合影响。然而,在相同的浓度色素提取物对羟自由基清除活性显着(P 0.01)低于对照,VC和BHA。色素提取物的IC50值高于1毫克/毫升,而VC和BHA的分别约0.75毫克/毫升和0.62毫克/毫升。色素的提取酚类化合物可能是影响羟自由基清除活性。3.5提取色素中超氧阴离子自由基的清除作用超氧阴离子自由基是氧分子接受一个电子,这也是最初的自由基从电子传递所形成创建的简化形式系统。超氧阴离子自由基被称为是一个非常有害的种类为多数活性氧物种的先驱细胞成分。在内部环境产生的

20、超氧阴离子自由基通过歧化反应可能会导致形成过氧化氢。Vc去除超氧阴离子自由基活性高于提取的色素(见表3)。为了同时得到相同吸光度值,颜料提取所需的浓度较高。提取的色素以剂量依赖性方式清除超氧离子(清除活动率为42.9在10毫克/毫升)(见表3)。动力学表明存在不同浓度具有相同清除机制(数据未显示)。提取的色素50抑制浓度(IC50值)高于10毫克/毫升,但其VcIC50值低于0.6毫克/毫升,这表明色素的提取不是很强的超氧自由基清除剂。3.6 DPPH自由基对提取色素的清除效果DPPH自由基是具有一种质子的特征吸收自由基化合物,能明显降低暴露质子的自由清除剂。它被广泛接受,抗氧化剂对DPPH自

21、由基清除,是由于他们贡献氢的能力。该测试系统可用于表明清除化合物潜在的主要特征,从糖蜜酒精废液色素的提取自由基清除的活性决定于光在517纳米由于清除稳定DPPH自由基的吸收削减量。阳性DPPH试验表明,该提取的色素是一个很好的自由基清除剂。图4表明提取的色素与标准VC相比有较好的DPPH自由基活性,伴随浓度的增加并具有较高DPPH自由基活性。提取的色素的DPPH自由基清除活性在相同浓度下低于VC和BHA,但其DPPH自由基清除能力活动几乎相同在一定浓度(约0.2毫克/毫升)相对于VC和BHA。颜料样本的50抑制浓度(IC50值)为0.07毫克/毫升。IC50值较高,下DPPH自由基清除能力活性

22、越低。4结论总之,在本研究中所取得的成果表明,大孔树脂吸附是对从糖蜜酒精废液提取的色素能有效地清除DPPH自由基和硝酸盐一种潜在方法。然而,提取的色素是不是良好超氧阴离子自由基清除剂。通过监测抗氧化活性的方法可能不足以使一个有效的和彻底判断。所以色素提取在体内抗活性方面各组成进一步具体研究是必要的。(英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of c

23、omprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Pa

24、rty leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line . Here, the main from four square face two party r

25、ules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modifi

26、ed the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. and revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres hone

27、st politics several guidelines and column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects

28、 the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the partys leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the and , reflects the partys 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of

29、the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the partys eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of in based on revised, the promulgation a

30、nd implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, eight prohibition,

31、52 are not allowed to hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations

32、 repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to clean the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. is in 1997 based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to st

33、rengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other c

34、ountries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline fo

35、r the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to and the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members

36、and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of th

37、e eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of t

38、he Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area)

39、 secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by

40、 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the P

41、arty (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and O

42、ctober 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendme

43、nt concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, and revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the partys eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretar

44、y Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised and , highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent and . Main principle is: first, adhere to the party

45、 constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that no rules, no side round. Party constitu

46、tion is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rul

47、es, but also the general rules. the revision of the and is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party co

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