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1、Translation TechniquesIdioms in Chinese-English Translation汉语成语英译汉语成语是人们长期以来习用的，简洁精辟的定型词组。汉语成语结构稳定，绝大部分以四字结构形式出现，一般都有出处。汉语成语的意思往往隐含于字面意义之中，不是其构成成分的简单相加，还有些成语必须知其来源或典故才能理解，这对汉语成语的英译造成了一定的困难。汉语成语的英译根据具体情况，一般可采用以下几种方法：直译法、意译法及英语同义习语的套用法。1. Literal Translation 直译法有些汉语成语没有比喻意义，它们的字面意义也就是它们的实际意义，这样的成语可以采取
2、直译法。例1: 牢不可破 be so strongly built as to be indestructible 例2: 史无前例 be without precedent in history 有些汉语成语虽然有比喻意义，但直接按字面翻译后，英语读者能正确理解译文及其含义，这样的成语亦可采用直译法。直译法能更好地传达出原文的形式、意义和精神。例1: 火上浇油 pour oil on the flames 例2: 剖腹藏珠cut open your stomach to hide a pearl例3: 刻骨铭心 be engraved on ones heart and bones 2. F
3、ree Translation 意译法汉语中还有一些成语涉及独特的汉文化特征，其比喻形象是英语读者不能接受的。这样的汉语成语只能意译。也就是使用英语的习惯表达法，或运用英语读者易懂的切合原文意思的词语来传达原文的含义和精神。例1: 扬眉吐气 feel proud and elated 例2: 粗枝大叶 be crude and careless 例3: 巧舌如簧 have a smooth / ready tongue 还有一部分汉语成语字面上就含有中国古代的人名、地名，有的出自历史典故。英语读者无法理解成语中的文化背景，所以也要采取意译法，绕开其文化背景，译出其真正的内涵意义。例1: 毛遂自
4、荐 volunteer ones service 例2: 初出茅庐 at the beginning of ones career例3: 悬梁刺股 be extremely hard-working in ones study3. Equivalents of Idioms in English英语同义习语的套用法 当汉语成语的意义与某个英语习语相一致时，可直接用该英语习语翻译汉语成语。例1: 赴汤蹈火go through fire and water 例2: 如坐针毡sit on pins and needles 例3: 过河拆桥kick down the ladder 例4: 趁热打铁 S
5、trike while the iron is hot. 总之，翻译汉语成语时，为了保留原文形象，能直译则尽量直译。不能直译时，应该翻译其实际意义。如能在英语中找到意义完全对等的习语，也可采用套用法。ExerciseTranslate the following idioms into English. 1. 奋不顾身 2. 邯郸学步 3. 千钧一发 1. 风雨飘摇 2. 风驰电掣 3. 胆小如鼠 4. 一石二鸟 5. 半途而废 6. 罄竹难书 7. 孟母三迁 Translation of Onomatopoeia拟声词的翻译拟声词是指语言中摹拟事物或动作的声音构成的词。拟声不但是一种构词法，
6、同时也是一种重要的修辞手段。拟声词的英译汉主要有以下三种方法：1. Translation of Germination英语原文中有拟声词，汉译时也运用拟声词1) 英语原文中的拟声词可译成相应的汉语拟声词，有的译为独词句，有的译为动词或名词的辅助成分。例1：Thump! A table was overturned! “哗啦！”桌子被推翻了！例2：Only the ventilator in the cellar window kept up a ceaseless rattle.只有地下室窗户上的鼓风机不停地发出呼呼声。 例3: Round the corner of Croscent Ba
7、y, between the pile-up masses of broken rock, a flock of sheep came pattering.沿着新月海湾，从一堆堆破碎的岩石堆中，一群羊叭嗒叭嗒地跑了过来。 例4：George whirrs and hides behind a post until hes found. (B3U2B) （机器人）乔治发出嗡嗡的声音藏在一根柱子后面，直到被发现为止。2) 英语原文中同一拟声词在汉语中可译成不同的拟声词。例1：The shutters clattered in the wind.百叶窗在风中劈劈啪啪作响。 例2：The girls
8、clattered away at their luncheon.午餐时女孩们咭咭呱呱地谈个不停例3：The dishes and bowls slid together with a clatter.碟子碗碰得丁丁当当响。 3) 有时，英语原文中不同的拟声词在汉语中也可译成同一拟声词。例1：The thunder rolled in the distance.远处雷声隆隆。例2：There came the hum of machines.传来了机器的隆隆声。例3：The offices were quiet. Far below I could hear the rumble of tub
9、e trains carrying commuters to the West End.各间办公室都很静，我可以听到地底下的隆隆声，那是地铁载着人们去西区。 2. Absence of Chinese Translation英语原文有拟声词，汉译时改用非拟声词在翻译的过程中，不宜毫无节制地滥用拟声词以免造成译文语言轻佻、累赘，从而破坏原文的表达力。译者应斟酌上下文的情况，运用合适的翻译技巧。因此英语原文中的拟声词有时在汉译时可改用非拟声词来表达，有时可以将英文的拟声词译为汉语中较为抽象的“的叫，声”，或直叙其动作。例1：When your new car loses its ability t
10、o make your heart go pitter-patter, he says, you tend to draw the wrong conclusions. (B3U3A) 他说当新车不再让你心跳加速时，你就很可能得出错误的结论。例2: The low whir of the spinning wheel spoke to him of the warmth of home and his mothers love. 低沉的纺车声传出了家庭的温暖，母亲的关爱。例3：They splashed through the mire to the village.他们一路踏着泥水向村子走去
11、。 例4：A profound silence prevailed over all and the only thing she could hear was the tap of ivy on the pane.万籁俱寂，她惟一听到的是长青藤轻扣玻璃的声音。 例5：The animals even use “adjective” and “verb” chirps to communicate information as complex as “large black dog moving slowly.” (B3U1B) 这种动物甚至会用含有“形容词”和“动词”的鸣叫来传达复杂的信息，
12、如“一只大黑狗在缓慢移动”。 3. Supplement of Chinese Translation英语原文中没有拟声词，汉语译文中加用拟声词在某种情况下，即使英语原文中没有拟声词，汉语译文中也可以酌情增添拟声词，以加强译文语言的表现力。 例1：Zigurd fell asleep almost immediately. 祖格德几乎倒头就呼呼睡了。例2：The lad rushed in, gasping for breath.小伙子冲进来，呼哧呼哧地，上气不接下气。例3：Phyla expected them to start brawling, but Mrs. Cooper merel
13、y laughed good-naturedly. 菲儿以为他们要开始吵架了，可是库柏太太只是很和善的哈哈大笑了一阵。综上所述，翻译英语拟声词时，应根据具体语境和修辞等要求，选用恰当的翻译方法。Exercise Translate the following sentences into Chinese.1. All was quiet and still except for the distant tinkling of a piano. 2. Then followed a loud Clump! Clump! Clump! The bandits rushed up the stair
14、s.3. They heard the twitter of birds among the bushes. 4. While Miss Martha was reaching for bread there was a great tooting and clanging, and a fire engine came rumbling.5. The train puffed towards Tokyo from Sendai.6. The screeching of the brakes got on my nerves. 7. The frogs in the fields outsid
15、e the town were croaking cheerfully. 8. The stone fell on his head. 9. The tears she could not hold back fell on his face.10. Those standing behind whispered and chattered all the time.Translation of Color Words颜色词的翻译要想准确而生动地把原文中的各种颜色词展现在读者面前，使读者有身临其境之感，译者需要“察言观色”。遇到词汇空白和文化鸿沟时，要采取灵活的补救措施，使原文与译文相协调，使
16、读者真正欣赏原作的色彩和意境。1. Translation of Gemination 将英语颜色词译成与之相对应的汉语颜色词人类感受和认识世界的手段和方式在许多方面都是相近或一致的。因此，尽管中国人和英语国家人士的文化、社会背景不同，但相互间却存在一些完全对应或基本对应的颜色词。对于这些语义单纯、无感情色彩的基本颜色词，可采用直译的方法。例1： what Doug Band, who began as Clintons personal aide in the White House and now carries the title of counselor, calls his “abi
17、lity to motivate people and move mountains.” (Unit 2 A)克林顿白宫执政时期的私人助理、现任顾问道格班德则称之为“激励民众开山移石的能力”。例2：He contributed generously to the Red Cross. 他对红十字会慷慨捐助。例3：She used her big blue eyes to their fullest advantage, melting the hearts of men and women through an expression of complete vulnerability. (Un
18、it 2 B)她把自己那双蓝色大眼睛的魅力发挥到了极致柔弱万分的眼神足以融化所有男人和女人的心。例4：That information may well be leading to a biological bombshell of a finding that the red planet has been, and could well be now, an extraterrestrial home for life. (Unit 3 A)这一发现很可能会使生物学界为之震惊：那颗红色星球曾经，甚至很可能现在仍然是地球之外的一个生命家园。2. Conversion of English C
19、olor Words 改换英语颜色词各种语言都有其独特的表达方式，颜色词也往往打上了本民族的烙印。因此，在处理颜色词的互译时，译者必须随时注意英汉两种语言是否有不同的颜色概念，并尊重英汉颜色词的习惯用法。如果一种颜色在两种语言中分别被不同的颜色词所指称，直译会导致读者不正确的联想或是不为汉语读者接受，这时可对英语颜色词进行转换，使之符合汉语的表达习惯。例1：It is the most excellent and prestigious priests that would be raised to the purple. 最优秀最知名的牧师会被晋升为红衣主教。例2：All of a sudd
20、en, her face turned ashy pale, like a corpse. 她脸色突然变成灰黄，死了似的。例3：I made this cake specially, with brown sugar instead of white. 我特别地用红糖代替白糖专门制作了这个蛋糕。例4：When I got the well-paid job in a foreign company, my friends were very green-eyed.当我在一家外企找了份收入丰厚的工作时，我的朋友们都很眼红。3. Supplement of Chinese Translation
21、英语原文中没有颜色词，汉译时加用颜色词有时虽然英语原文中没有颜色词，但汉语译文可根据具体语境增添颜色词以加强译文的生动性和感染力。例1：He stared blankly at the gaily dressed men and women in the street.他茫然地望着街上的红男绿女。 例2：There are a lot of wrongly written characters in his diary. 他的日记中满是大白字。4. Free Translation of English Color Words 意译英语颜色词不同的地理环境、社会、文化背景等使不同的民族对同一颜
22、色词所持的态度以及所产生的联想形成一定的距离和差异。当英语原文颜色词有象征意义或意义有所引申时，一般采用意译灵活处理。例1：There are black sheep in every flock. 害群之马到处有。例2：The boy showed no interest in music. The grand piano they had bought for him was nothing but a white elephant.那个男孩对音乐没有兴趣，他们为他买的大钢琴成了件多余的东西。例3：At the last minute Johnny came out of the blue
23、 to catch the pass and score a touchdown. 最后一分钟，乔尼出乎意料地得到一球，并持球触地得分。例4：The man was caught red-handed in robbery. 那个人在抢劫时被当场抓住。Exercise Translate the following sentences into Chinese. 1. He is a tall fellow with long hair and more white than black to his eyes.2. The grey-black clouds had suddenly dep
24、arted and the colored clouds had blazed up at the western edge of the sky. 3. His face became blue with cold.4. She dressed in a very short creamy skirt that day.5. The enterprise which has been operating in the red has decided to switch to other production. 6. She is green-eyed with his success.7.
25、He didnt try in vain.8. The sun was dropping behind the farthest mountain and the valleys were purple.9. Of those who are under investigation, seven out of ten said they preferred brown bread. 10. I drove through a red light. Traps in Translation of Negative Structures (1)否定翻译中的陷阱I. Traps in Transla
26、tion of Partial Negative Structures 部分否定翻译中的陷阱部分否定主要由all, every, both, always等含整体意义的词与否定词构成。这类否定句的否定词not有时与谓语在一起，构成谓语否定，形式上很像全部否定，但实际上是部分否定。这类句子中不论not在什么地方，通常都译为“不全是”、“不总是”、“并非都”、“未必都”等等。1. Indefinite Pronouns or Adverbs of Degree Ahead of “not” 英语不定代词或程度副词 not 1) all的否定式：not all （或：all not）表示“并非都”、
27、“不是所有的都”例1：All that glitters is not gold.闪光的不全是金子。例2：All institutions of higher learning have not an officer for each of these areas并非所有的高校都有这样一位官员来负责这些职能。2) both的否定式：not both（或：both not）表示“并非两个都” 例1：I dont want both the books. 我不是两本书都要。例2：Both of the substances do not dissolve in water.不是两种物质都能溶于水。
28、3) everyone或every + n. 的否定式：not everyone （或：everyone not）表示“不是每都”例1：Not everyone likes this book. 并非人人都喜欢这本书。例2：Not every book is educative. / Every book is not educative. 不是每本书都有教育意义。4) always的否定式：not always表示“并非总是（并非一直）”例1：He is not always so sad. 他不总是都这样悲伤。例2：He is not always at home on Sundays.他
29、星期天不一定在家。5) entirely, altogether, completely和quite的否定式：not entirely / altogether / completely / quite表示“不完全”，“并非完全”例1：The businessman is never to be entirely trusted. 不能完全信任商人。例2：He felt not altogether satisfied. 他并不完全满意。2. “ not adv. (adj.) + and + adv. (adj.)” Structure “ not adv. (adj.) + and + a
30、dv. (adj.)” 结构not and 的否定式，被否定的往往是and后面的那一部分。例1：He did not speak clearly and correctly. 他讲得很清楚，但不正确。例2：This film is not interesting and instructive. 这部电影很有趣，但无教育意义。但如果将and换成or，not对其后面的两部分就是全盘否定了。例：He did not speak clearly or correctly. 他讲的既不清楚也不正确。3. “ not + as well as ” Structure “ not + as well as
31、 ” 结构not as well as 的否定式，被否定的往往是as well as前面的那一部分，其语意重点却在后面，翻译时应特别注意。例1：She does not sing as well as playing the piano.她弹钢琴，但不唱歌。例2：Last month reference to computers wasnt found in newspapers as well as in magazine.关于计算机的参考资料，上月我们在杂志上见到过，但未曾在报纸上见到。II. Traps in Translation of Transferred Negative Str
32、uctures 转移否定翻译中的陷阱有时，英语中的否定结构极易引起理解与翻译方面的错误，其原因往往是难以分辨否定词所否定的范围。一般说来，英语中的否定词通常出现在被否定部分的前面，对其后的词语进行否定。但有时否定词所否定的并不是紧随其后的词语，而是后面的某些成分，这就是否定的转移。如果对否定的转移缺乏足够的认识，就会造成理解和翻译上的失误。否定的转移通常有下列几种情况。1. “ not + prepositional phrase ” Structure 否定介词短语例1：I have not come to you for money.我来找你不是为了要钱。（not否定介词短语for mon
33、ey）例2：He never traveled by air.他从来没有乘飞机旅行过。（not否定介词短语by air） 2. “ not + to do ” Structure 否定动词不定式例1：One does not live to eat, but eats to live.人活着不是为了吃，而吃却是为了活着。（not否定不定式to eat） 例2：He does not read a lot to show off. 他读很多书并不是为了炫耀。（not否定不定式to show off）3. “Subject + not + think (believe, imagine, etc.
34、) + that clause” 否定宾语从句主从复合句中主句谓语动词为否定，且谓语动词为某些表示“揣想、认为”意义的动词，如think，believe，suppose，feel，look，imagine，expect，reckon, seem等，英译汉时，其否定意义应移至宾语从句。例1：I dont think its right to make such a hasty decision.我认为不应该这样仓促地作出决定。例2：I dont suppose she cares what they say, does she?我想她不在乎他们说什么，不是吗？例3：It doesnt seem
35、that we can get our money back.好像我们无法把钱收回来。4. Prepositional Phrase with No / Neither 带no，neither的介词短语有些句子的介词短语中带有no，neither之类的否定词，这些词形式上是否定介词短语中的名词，而在翻译成汉语的时候要把否定词转移到谓语上。例1：At no time can we give up learning.在任何时候，我们都不能放弃学习。例2：In neither case can they agree.在这两种情况下，他们都不会同意。5. “ not because / for” St
36、ructure “ not because / for”结构例1：I didnt come because I had to stay with her.我不是因为要和她呆在一起才来的。 例2：The engine didnt stop because the fuel was finished.引擎不是因为燃料耗尽而停止运转。例3：Dont scamp your work because you are pressed for time.不要因为时间紧而敷衍塞责。ExerciseTranslate the following sentences into Chinese. 1. In tha
37、t city, we had never suffered discrimination because we were Jews.2. She had never felt that anyone needed her, but now she saw that many people did.3. As is known to all, the earth does not move round in empty space.4. Both of the substances are not made up of carbon.5. Easy as it may seem, not eve
38、ryone can answer this question.6. Contrary to your expectation, not all lawyers have large incomes.7. I told you I did not say that for amusement. I meant it.8. On no account should a doctor break his confidence in his patients.9. I do not say these words to frighten you, but to warn you.10. When it
39、 comes to sports, I am not interested and skillful.Traps in Translation of Negative Structures (2)否定翻译中的陷阱 在英汉否定结构的翻译过程中，除了有部分否定结构和否定转移结构造成的翻译陷阱之外，还有两种否定结构也会造成一些翻译陷阱，即形式否定和隐性否定。III. Traps in Translation of Formal Negative Structures形式否定翻译中的陷阱英语句子中有些否定词与其他词连用形成一种固定搭配，这种结构从表面上看是否定的，而实际所表达的却是肯定的意义，这种结构
40、就是形式否定。遇到这种结构时，切忌望文生义，应该结合上下文，将其翻译成一般肯定句或强势肯定句。常见的形式否定结构有：1. “cannot too ; cannotover-; cannotenough” Structure“cannot too ; cannotover-; cannotenough” 结构 “cannot too ; cannot over-; cannot enough” 可译为“无论怎样都不过分”，“应尽量”或“越越好”，“not”可用scarcely, hardly, never 等代替。例1：It cannot be taken too seriously. (B1U
41、8C) 对于这件事，再严肃认真也不为过。例2：The importance of this conference cannot be overestimated.这次会议的重要性无论怎么强调也不过分。例3：You cannot be too careful in proofreading.校对时越仔细越好。例4：Our company cannot get enough capital on this project.在这个项目上，公司得到的资金越多越好。例5：One can scarcely pay too high a price for liberty.人们为自由付出的代价再高也不过分。
42、2. “It is a (n) + adj. + n. + that clause with negative meaning” “It is a (n) + adj. + n. + that 否定从句” “It is a (n) + adj. + n. + that 否定从句” 可译为“再也会”。例1：It is a wise man that never makes mistakes.再聪明的人也会犯错误。例2：It is an ill wind that blows nobody good.坏事未必对人人都有害处。例3：Its a good workman that never blun
43、ders.智者千虑，必有一失。3. Interrogative Sentences, Exclamatory Sentences and Declarative Sentences with “not”带“not”的疑问句、感叹句和陈述句例1：How could I not do that? (B3U7B) 我怎么能不这么做？例2：Isnt she a sweet girl! 她多么可爱啊!例3：Who doesnt love his country?谁不爱自己的国家？（谁都爱自己的国家！）例4：How often have they not complained about the high
44、 prices we offer!他们经常抱怨我方报价太高！4. “not () a little, not little, not () slightly” Structure “not () a little, not little, not () slightly” 结构“not () a little, not little, not () slightly” 可译为“十分”，“很”或“很多”。例1：He was not a little excited.他非常兴奋。例2：Manufacturers spend not a little on advertising of produc
45、ts.制造商在产品广告方面投入很多。例3：His parents didnt punish him slightly. 他的父母对他严加惩罚。5. “too to” Structure“too to” 结构“too to”结构中，当“too”后面跟有ready, apt, easy, anxious, willing, inclined等形容词的时候，“too to”结构不表示否定意义，这种结构中“too”表示very, extremely的意思，即“太（很、非常）”，“极易”。例1：Beginners are too apt to make mistakes in grammar.初学者都极
46、易犯语法错误。例2：She was too eager to know the result of her experiment.她急切地想知道所做实验的结果。例3：Heistooreadytopromise他轻于许诺。IV. Traps in Translation of Implicit Negative Structures 隐性否定翻译中的陷阱在英语句子中，另外一种常见的否定形式就是隐性否定。隐性否定是指英语中有些词或短语形式上是肯定的，他们不与否定词连用，同样也可以表示否定的意思。汉译时，一般要把否定的意义明确翻译出来。1. Verbs and Verbal Phrases with Negative Implication有否定含义的动词或动词短语动词或动词短语引起的否定常见的有：fail, deny, miss, lack, refuse, reject, escape, stop, ignore, protect from, keep / prevent from, r