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1、第五組 組員,496100082 蔡乃文 496100290 黃湘茹 496100343 凌詩婷 496100563 羅玉芬 496100575 吳旻真,Image and text : a review of the literature concerning the information needs and research behaviors of art historians Joan Beaudoin,圖像和文字： 有關藝術史學家的資訊需求和研究行為的文獻回顧,Introduction 序言,Introduction,This article seeks to present a
2、coherent corpus of materials useful to information professionals interested in the research needs of art historians. 本文試圖提出一個連貫的文集，關於資訊學者研究資料對於藝術史學家，他們在研究時之需求有什麼幫助。 The information needs and information-seeking behaviors of art historians are addressed through a discussion of this user groups resear
3、ch methodologies, the types of materials they consult, the impact of technology on their scholarship, and the disciplines continuing development and redefinition. 對藝術史學家的資訊需求和資訊尋求行為，通過討論這個使用者群的研究，討論法方包括：他們協商出來的資料種類、技術對他們學術成果的影響，和學科的持續發展和重新界定。,Characterization of the User Group 使用者群的特性描述,Characteriza
4、tion of the User Group,A broad and deep knowledge base within the discipline of art history would be considered typical of this user group, as well as advanced language skills, including at least reading facility with a minimum of two foreign languages. 在藝術史學科中廣泛而深刻的知識基礎和先進的語言技能(最少閱讀2門外語)被視為典型的使用者群。
5、,Characterization of the User Group,it is presupposed that the art historian user group is comfortable with and adept at seeking information within archetypal library systems. 假定藝術史學家的使用者群是舒適和善於尋求典型的圖書館系統。,Characterization of the User Group,As libraries have provided increasing access to online reso
6、urces, often at the expense of printed matter such as indexes, art historians have had to learn new skills to perform their research. 圖書館提供了越來越多的線上資源，但往往犧牲印刷品，如索引。所以藝術史學家必須學習新技能以進行他們的研究。,Characterization of the User Group,The scholars working within the discipline currently have a vastly different s
7、et of tools with which to access information than they did even a decade ago, so the digital divide among established and emerging scholars must be acknowledged. 與十年前比較，目前學者在學科工作內有廣大的工具以取得資料。因此建立且出現學者之中的數位分歧一定要被承認。,Characterization of the User Group,The information needs of these latter users differ
8、ed only slightly from those of their academic colleagues, the clearest difference being their limited use of visual materials when compared to their academic colleagues. 從他們的學術同事來看，現今使用者的資訊需求僅有少許不同，最清楚的區別是當與他們的學術同事比較時他們所使用有限的視覺材料。,Scope of the Literature Reviewed 文獻分析的範圍,Scope of the Literature Revi
9、ewed,The sources are therefore useful to the information professional seeking to better understand the art historian user group. 為了更好地理解藝術史學家的使用者群，原始資料對資訊專家是有用的資料。 Access to images is also explored in this review because of the central role that visual materials play in art historical research. 由於在藝
10、術歷史研究中視覺材料扮演的是主角，所以在這次的回顧使用的圖像也被探討。,Information-Seeking Models 資訊尋求模式,Information-Seeking Models,Several general statements can be made using the theoretical framework provided by Thomas Mann, Nicholas Belkin,and Marcia Bates concerning the information-seeking models employed by art historians. 幾個一般
11、的陳述方式能被使用在理論的架構上，主要是由湯姆斯曼，尼古拉斯 Belkin提供，瑪西雅貝茲藉由藝術史學家的資訊尋求模式。,Information-Seeking Models,Since the art historian user group is characterized as having an in-depth knowledge of the discipline and the sources specific to the subject area, these users fit Manns“Subject or Discipline Model”in their infor
12、mation-seeking behaviors. 自從藝術史學家使用者群的角色被視為一種高知識的學科，且學科領域的資料來源資料非常明確，這些使用者在他們資訊尋求的行為中適合Mann(曼) 的“主題或學科模式”。 Furthermore, users may find themselves consulting out-of-date materials since their discipline-based source lists are often not updated with current publications. 此外，自從他們(Mann(曼)的模式)以學科為基礎的目錄來源
13、時常沒有與現行的出版物一起更新，使用者可能發現他們顧及過期的資料。,Information-Seeking Models,The art historian user group, owing to its long-standing use of traditional library resources, also can be seen to fall within Manns “Library Science Model.” 藝術史學家使用者群，由於他長久使用傳統的圖書館資源，也可在Mann(曼)的“ 圖書館科學模式 “中被看到. Shelf browsing, knowledge o
14、f vocabulary-controlled cataloging and tracings, and the use of published bibliographies and indexes are typical methods of this group that match the library science model. 架上瀏覽，字彙控制的知識目錄和追蹤，和出版的參考書目的使用和索引是符合圖書館科學樣式的這個群體的典型方法。 This model provides more expansive access to materials than does the subj
15、ect model. 這個模式比主題的模式提供更多廣泛的通路資料。,Information-Seeking Models,Belkins discussion of Anomalous States of Knowledge (ASK),although more directly focused on the creation of an information system to better address users needs, can be applied to the art historian user group. Belkin的知識異常狀態(ASK)的討論，雖然多直接把重心
16、集中在資料系統的創造而去滿足使用者的需求，且可以被適用於藝術史學家使用者群。,Information-Seeking Models,In Belkins model there is a high degree of likelihood that art historians will have their information needs satisfied since their well defined problems operate within a system that is designed to address formalized requests. 在 Belkin
17、的模式，有一種高度的可能性是藝術史學家將讓他們的資料需要被滿意,自從他們在系統操作上將問題定義的很好，此系統的設計是為了正式陳述的需要。 Batess article, although specifically addressing a model of searching called “berrypicking” within the context of developing online systems, is also applicable to typical information-seeking behaviors of art historians. 貝茲的文章雖然明確的陳
18、述一個搜尋的模式，此模式在發展線上系統的內容中被稱為“berrypicking”，這也適用於藝術史學家資訊尋求的行為的代表性。,Information-Seeking Models,This model has at its foundation the idea that information-seeking is an ever evolving rather than a static process. 這個模式已經有一個基礎的想法是資訊尋求是永遠在成長而不是一個靜態的過程。 Footnote chasing, citation searches, browsing journal r
19、uns or shelves of materials, author searches, and searches conducted using bibliographies, abstracts, and indexes are all examples of Batess model of user behaviors. 補充說明，搜尋、引用、瀏覽最新的期刊、架上的資料、作者搜尋和搜尋管理使用參考書目、摘要和索引全部是貝茲的使用者行為模式中的例子。,Research Methodologies 研究方法論,Research Methodologies,Investigations by
20、 information professionals into how art historians perform information-seeking tasks have been undertaken by Stam and Rose,6 who discovered methodological similarities among art historians performing research. 藉由資訊專家的深入的調查，藝術史學家如何完成資訊尋求的工作已經被Stam 和Rose著手進行，他們發現方法論和藝術史學家完成的研究類似。,Research Methodologie
21、s,The first is the importance placed on the “invisible college.” 第一個最重要的事是虛擬學院。 Conversations with colleagues and other subject specialists were found to be the most influential avenues to art historians information-seeking behaviors. 與同事和其他(主題)科學專家討論，發現資訊尋求行為對藝術史學家來說是最有影響力的方法。,Research Methodologie
22、s,Librarians were consulted by these users for information needs, although the preponderance(優勢) of these interactions dealt with procedural library functions rather than subject-related assistance. 圖書館員為了使用者的資訊需求被使用者諮詢，雖然這些優點互相影響圖書館處理程序的功能，卻不是相關主題的協助。 Citation tracking was noted as being an importa
23、nt means of information gathering for art historians by several authors. 引用文獻追蹤已經被注意，為了幾位藝術史學家的作者，引用文獻追蹤被當作一種很重要的資料蒐集的方法。,Research Methodologies,Browsing in the stacks was found to be most useful to those users beginning research in a previously unknown or underdeveloped knowledge area, or to art hi
24、storians performing theoretical and cross-disciplinary research. 發現在書庫中瀏覽已經成為對那些在不知道如何搜尋的使用者或在低度開發知識地區的使用者或者是作為藝術史學家發表理論和突破學科研究剛開始搜尋的使用者最有用。,Research Methodologies,In examining his usual habit of reading all of the articles in a previously unfamiliar journal to become attuned to the editorial polici
25、es and its authors attitudes, Brilliant acknowledges the usefulness of these unplanned forays for increasing his knowledge and adding to possible ideas for future research. 檢查他們平常閱讀所有文章的習慣，在先前不熟悉的期刊中變成理解編者的政策和裡面作家的態度，Brilliant 承認為了增加他的知識和為了未來的研究而增加可能的想法 ,這些非計畫性的突襲(短暫訪問)是有益的。,Materials Consulted 查閱資料
26、,Materials Consulted,Several types of materials are of primary importance to the art historian user group. These include monographs (and their bibliographies), general reference materials, bibliographic databases and indexes, and images (slides, digital images, photographs, and photographic reproduc
27、tions). 以下這幾種類型的資料是人文藝術史學家最重要的來源。其中包括專著(和他們的書目)、一般參考資料、書目數據庫和指標和圖片(幻燈片、數字圖像、照片、和照片的複製品)。,Materials Consulted,Richard Brilliant “How an Art Historian Connects Art Objects and Information.” 如何使藝術史學家連接藝術品和其相關資訊。,Materials Consulted,At the center of the art historians research is the object (or the grou
28、p of objects), and from here he attempts to establish a frame of visual reference and a historical context. Placing objects within a visual framework is done through recalling and discovering objects which are similar or complementary in appearance. This information need is met by objects which resi
29、de in his memory, as well as by searches undertaken of existing collections and illustrated publications. 在以研究美術史為中心的研究對象(或群體對象)裡，他試圖建立一個具有規範的框架(範圍)和歷史背景。而其規範則是透過回顧和發現其物體有類似或互補的外觀。這一資訊必須滿足的需求是住在他的記憶體，以及展開搜索現有的館藏和說明出版物。,Materials Consulted,Stams article entitled “How Art Historians Look for Informati
30、on” “如何尋找藝術史學家的訊息。,Materials Consulted,She believes that “the process of information seeking appears to be a contemplative undertaking involving objects of art, reproductions of those objects and related objects, and written descriptions and observations about works of art.” 她認為，“資訊尋求的過程中似乎是一個思考的事業，
31、涉及藝術品，複製這些物體和有關的物體，並以書面方式說明其藝術作品的觀察資料。 ”,Materials Consulted,She delves further into the information gathering process of this user group and states that the typical art historian seeks to find authoritative writing on an object or a subject, then attempts to discover additional relevant information
32、, and finally develops an original interpretation of the object within its many varied contexts (i.e., historical, iconographic, formal, etc.). 她更深入並進一步研究其資料蒐集過程，並指出，典型的藝術史學家試圖找到權威的書面一個對象或一個主題，然後試圖發現更多有關資料，最後解釋範圍內的對象所出現不同的情況（即，歷史、肖像權、正式的作品，等等） 。,Materials Consulted,As an interesting historical note,
33、 Stam found almost no computerized database experience .They expressed a unanimous willingness to learn how to use these systems. 作一個有趣的歷史說明，Stam發現她的藝術史學家研究幾乎沒有計算化的數據庫經驗，而他們一致表示願意學習如何使用這些系統。,Materials Consulted,This apparent transformation in the art historians use of technology in the information-s
34、eeking process is the next theme to be addressed. 這種明顯的轉變，則讓藝術史學家在使用資訊尋求技術的過程中能更快速的加以解決接下來所要發生的問題。,Technology and Art History Scholarship 科技與藝術史學科,Technology and Art History Scholarship,The phenomenon of computer-mediated research among art historians was examined by Rose in her 2002 article entitle
35、d “Technologys Impact on the Information-Seeking Behavior of Art Historians.” Art historians were found to use computers extensively throughout the research process, especially in the seeking, gathering and writing phases of their research. Rose於2002年提出名為“科技對於藝術史學家資訊尋求行為的影響的文章，文章中再度審視了在藝術史學家間，以電腦作為間
36、接搜尋的現象。它發現了藝術史學家在整個搜尋計畫中廣泛地使用電腦，特別是在搜尋、蒐集和撰寫他們的研究這方面。,Technology and Art History Scholarship,Over half the participants in Roses study continued to use forms of paper-based means of organizing their information, additional reasons for the continued use of paper-based systems are user comfort factors
37、 and concerns about learning another new technology which may not justify the time spent in the process. 在Rose的研究中，超過一半的參與者仍繼續使用以紙本為基礎的物品來組織他們的資訊，因為它們的功能在於能輕易地顯示、整理和重整，其餘仍持續使用以紙本為基礎系統的理由是使用者的安逸因素和關於學習其他新科技可能不能為在計畫中所花費的時間做正當理由。,Technology and Art History Scholarship,Art historians have been slow in t
38、heir adoption of technology, a reason for this slow adoption is the feeling among art historians that technology merely supplants what was done manually, rather than changing and expanding their research in unique ways. 藝術史學家對於科技的接納很緩慢，一個緩慢接納的理由是在藝術史學家間的感覺是這只不過代替了那些用手工所能完成的事，而非以特殊的方式來改變和擴大他們的研究。,Tec
39、hnology and Art History Scholarship,Rose found that art historians continue to perceive the Internet as lacking in scholarly merit, with the searches they perform there having little value. Rose發現藝術史學家繼續用缺乏好學的精神理解網際網路，因為他們在那所做的搜尋只有一點幫助。,Technology and Art History Scholarship,They appreciate the acce
40、ss that online resources afford them, but that they want more intellectual content (including images) with more sophisticated search capabilities 他們感激線上資源所提供的管道，但是他們透過較有經驗的搜尋能力想要更多需要智力的內容（包括影像）。,Redefinition of Discipline 再加以定義學科,Redefinition of Discipline,The discipline is continually being defined
41、 and redefined. This creates a situation in which such changes need to be accommodated in the systems providing access to art historical materials. 學科正在不斷地被解釋而且重新定義。這創造在如此的改變中，需要在系統中提供管道給藝術史資料的一種情形。,Redefinition of Discipline,These fundamental changes to the discipline have a direct impact on what t
42、ype of information is sought by art historians and how they go about accessing these materials. 這些學科的基本改變在由藝術史學家尋找的那些資訊和他們如何去取得這些資料有直接的影響。,Summary 總結,Summary,Art historians possess well honed library skills due to the dependence of their scholarship on library systems. 由於藝術史學家在學術研究上是很依賴圖書館系統的，所以他們擁有
43、很多機會磨練圖書館的技能。 Their heavy reliance on objects, or images of these objects, is a critical difference between their research methods and that of their colleagues in other humanities-based disciplines. 他們嚴重的依賴這些物件，在他們的研究方法和他們的同事在其他以人文學科為基礎的學科上，這是一個關鍵的區別。,Summary,Therefore, a broad and deep collection o
44、f visual materials with adequate indexing is needed to support their research. 因此，廣泛而深入的視聽資料館藏並且有足夠的索引，這將會支持他們的研究需要。 While art historians were found to perform much of their work in an online environment, technology seemed to have a limited impact on their research processes beyond the initial phases of information-seeking and basic writing tasks. 然而我們可以發現，藝術史學家在線上的環境裡呈現他們的大部分作品，技術似乎對他們的研究過程影響有限，超出初始階段的資訊尋求和基礎寫作工作。,