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1、Relative Clauses 定语从句,在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修 饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。,Have a try,指出关系代词（副词）在定语从句中的成份： 1.The man who came to our school is Mr. Wang. ( ) 2.The girl (whom) I met is Lucy. ( ) 3.A child whose parents are dead is called Tom. ( ) 4.I like the book (which) you bought yesterday. ( ),主语 宾语 定语 宾语,Have a
2、try,5. His parents wouldnt let him marry anyone whose family was poor. ( ) 6. I like the person to whom you just talked. ( ) 7. We shall never forget the days (that) we spent together. ( ) 8. We shall never the days when we lived together. ( ),定语 介宾 宾语 状语,1. 关系代词 relative pronoun who whom whose that
3、 which as that who the sth. of which the same.as that of which the sth. such.as 2. 关系副词 relative adverb when ,where ,why the way (_/that/in which) I didnt like the way (_/that/in which) he spoke.,连词（关系词）,关系代词引导的定语从句,1）who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下： Is he the man who/that wants to see
4、you? 他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语） He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）,2) Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）, 例如： They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。 Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。
5、,3）which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如： A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在句中作宾语） The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语）,关系副词引导的定语从句,1）when, where, why 关系
6、副词when, where, why的含义相当于“介词+ which”结构，因此常常和“介词+ which”结构交替使用。例如： There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。 Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。,Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？,2）that代替关系副词 that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由
7、的名词后取代when, where, why和“介词+ which”引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略， 例如：His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。 He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。,判断关系代词与关系副词,This is the mountain village where I visited la
8、st year. This is the mountain village which I visited last year. I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. 4.Ill never forget the days which I spent in the countryside.,判断方法,方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代
9、词/关系副词。,1. 限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确； 非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开， 例如： This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性） The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。 （非限制性）,II. 限制性和非限制性定语从句,2. 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的， 例
10、如： Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。 My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。,3. 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数， 例如： He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，
11、这使我心烦。 Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evapo-ration. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。 说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。,考点总结,考点一：that和which,以下情况，引导词用that，不用which。 1. 先行词为不定代词everything，little，much，all，anything，nothing。 e.g. Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen. 2. 先行词前有形容词最高级、序数词修饰时，
12、用that。 e.g. This is the best book (that) Ive ever read.,考点一：that和which,3. 先行词被the only，the very，the last 修饰时，用that。 e.g. He is the only person that I want to see now. 4. 先行词同时指人和指物时，用that。 e.g. We talked about the things and persons that we saw then. 5. 定语从句内容为解释名词的性质、概念时，需用that。 e.g. A plane is a m
13、achine that can fly.,考点二：连接词which的用法,Which引导非限定性定语从句，其先行词可是一个词,也可是整个主句或主句的某一部分。 e.g. 1. She heard a terrible noise, _ brought her heart into her mouth A. it B. which C. this D. that 2. The weather turned out to be good, _ was more than we could expect. A. what B. which C. that D. it,B,Good!,B,考点三：介词
14、+关系代词,* “of + which/whom”可用来限定名词、代词、分数词、数词等。 e.g. 1. In the dark street, there wasnt a single person _ she could turn for help. A. that B. who C. from whom D. to whom 2. He paid the boy $10 for washing the windows, most of _ hadnt been cleaned for at least a year. A. these B. those C. that D. which,
15、D,D,关系代词前介词的确定,1.根据从句中动词与先行词的逻辑关系，请体会： e.g. Is that the newspaper for which you often write articles? 2. 根据从句中动词或形容词的习惯搭配，如： e.g. Can you explain to me how to use these idioms about which Im sure. 3. 根据先行词与介词的搭配习惯，请体会： e.g. 1949 was the year in which the P.R.C. was founded.,关系代词前介词的确定,4.非限制性定与从句中，要表
16、示先行词的一部分时，可用“数词/代词 + of + 关系代词”的结构，如： e.g. There are 50 students in our class, two-thirds of whom have been to Beijing.,关系代词前的介词的确定,5. Whose从句可转换为“ of +关系代词”型，如： e.g. They live in a house, whose door opens to the south.,They lived in a house, of which the door opens to the south. They lived in a hou
17、se, the door of which open to the south.,Can you work them out?,Fill in the blanks with proper prepositions: 1. The sun gives us heat and light, _ which we cant live. 2. The student _ whom we were talking just now is the best student in our class. 3. Ill never forget the day _ which she said good-by
18、e to me. 4. Who can give me the reason _ which he hasnt turned up yet?,for,about,on,without,考点四:关系副词的运用,在限定性和非限定性从句中，when的先行词是时间名词，where的先行词是地点名词，分别在定语从句中做状语。 e.g.1. After living in Paris for 50 years he returned to the small town _ he grew up as a child. A. which B. where C. that D. when 2. It was
19、an exciting moment for these people this year, _ for the first time their team won the World Cup. A. that B. while C. which D. when,B D,考点五：as与which引导的定语从句,两者均可引导非限制性定语从句，有时可以互换，但下列情况多用as。 1. 关系代词引导的定语从句居句首时。 e.g. As we all know, the earth is round. 2. 当与such或the same连用时，一般用as。 e.g. Such books as yo
20、u tell me are interesting. I have the same plan as you.,Go on Please!,3. 当从句和主句语义一致时，用as，反之则用which。 e.g. She has married again, as was expected. She has married again, which was unexpected.,Go on please!,4. as在从句中作主语时，后面常接行为动词的被动语态，如be known，be said，be reported等，如从句中行为动词是主动语态，一般要用which作主语。 e.g. She has been late again, as was expected. Tom has made great progress, which made us happy.,