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1、非谓语动词,非谓语动词及其分类,1.谓语动词与非谓语动词：,在句子中担任谓语的动词，叫做谓语动词；在句 子中担任主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语等的动 词，叫做非谓语动词。,We should serve the people heart and soul.,She found English hard to learn. Seeing is believing.,The results obtained are quite satisfactory. Please stop speaking.,（谓语）,（非谓语动词充当状语）,（主语和表语）,（定语）,（宾语）,Non-Predicate Ve
2、rbs （非谓语动词）,英语中动词的非谓语动词有三类： 1. 不定式：infinitive 2. 动名词：gerund 3. 分词： participle 现在分词： present participle 过去分词： past participle ,非谓语动词的句法功能,1. 不定式：infinitive,Form Usage Omission of “ to”,to do(not to do) 一般式（否定） to be doing 进行式 主动 to have done 完成式 to have been doing 完成进行式 to be done 一般式 被动 to have been
3、 done 完成式,Usage,1 subject（主语） 2 predicative（表语） 3 object（宾语） 4 attribute（定语） 5 adverbial（状语） 6 complement（补足语）,1.不定式（短语）作主语通常转化成 “It + is/was + adj./n. + 不定式（短语）”, 其中it 是形式主语(form subject)，真正的主语是后面的不定式（短语）。 To master a foreign language is not easy. Its not easy to master a foreign language.,It takes
4、 sb. some time 不定式 It costs sb. money不定式 2. 复合结构： for sb. to do sth. It is + adj./n. + for/of sb. to do sth. 当形容词为表示“性格特征或行为表现”的形容词时，介词用of，如kind, wrong, polite, wise 例如：Its very kind of you.,as predicative Her wish is to be a teacher. She seems to be happy.,as object He loved to listen to music. I f
5、ind it difficult to speak English fluently.,下列动词要求不定式作宾语： afford, agree, aim, appear, arrange, care, choose, decide, desire, demand, determine, help, hope, intend, learn, manage, mean, offer, plan, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, strive, tend, wish, ,特殊疑问词+不定式 介词+特殊疑问词+不定式 Where to stay has not been
6、 decided yet. （S.） She doesnt know what to do.（O. of v.） He had no idea of how to do.（O. of prep.） 疑问词包括how, what, where, when, whether, whom, why等,as attribute 不定式通常作后置定语， 而且vi.后要加介词. There is a lot of work to do. He is the best man to consult with.,要求不定式作宾补的动词： ask, tell, want, expect, invite, all
7、ow, forbid, force, oblige, urge, advise, persuade(sb. to do sth.),有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式连用，但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to, 如： I saw him cross the road. He was seen to cross the road.,set phrase(固定表达） 1 had better/ had best (not) do 2 had rather/ had sooner do sth. than do sth. 3 w
8、ould rather/ would sooner do sth. than do sth.,4 would just as soon do sth. as do（宁愿也不愿 ） Eg. I would just as soon stay as go with him. 5 may /might (just) as well do （还是好;还不如;不妨） 6 can not but do (不能不；不得不) Eg. I can not but admire his courage.,7 cannot choose but （只得） 8 cannot help but （不得不） cannot
9、 help + doing (禁不住） 9 can but = can only （只得，充其量不过） Eg I cannot choose but stay. I cannot help but grieve.,set structure 感官动词或使役动词+宾语+动词原形宾补 make / have / let / bid / leave + sb. / sth. + do 常见感官动词： see, hear, watch, notice, observe, listen to, look at, feel perceive etc.,Bid him go home. （叫他回家） We
10、will have the boy mail this letter. Let there be no mistake about it. （这事可别出错） Leave him go. （放他走）,连词 (than, as) 或介词 (except, but, besides , save) 前有 do 的某种形式则可以省略 to; 反之则不省。 I did no more than make a beginning. I have no choice but to accept the fact. My dog does everything except speak.,作表语的不定式:若主
11、语中有do的某种形式，可省略to也可以不省. All I did was (to) hit him on the head. The only thing we can do is (to) encourage him to try again. The only thing to do is (to) encourage him to try again.,典型例题 1. The project _ by the end of 2000, will expand the citys telephone network to cover 1,000,000 users. a. accompli
12、shed b. being accomplished c. to be accomplished d. having been accomplished 3. The bank is reported in the local newspaper _ in broad daylight yesterday. a. robbed b. to have been robbed c. being robbed d. having been robbed 4. Tim cannot but _ his supervisor to help him solve the difficulty he has
13、 in doing his project. a. ask b. to ask c. asking d. asked,典型例题 7. Could you find someone _? a. for me to play tennis with b. for me to play tennis c. play tennis with d. playing tennis 8. Everyone had an application form in his hand, but no one knew which office room _. a. to send it to b. to send
14、it c. to be sent to d. to have it send 13. No one had told Smith about _ a lecture the following day. a. there be b. there would be c. there was d. there being,Gerund（动名词）,Form Usage Testing Structure,Forms: v-ing (主动)一般式 no v-ing / not doing 否定式 having done 主动完成式 being done 被动一般式 having been done 被
15、动完成式 ones doing 复合结构,（二）动名词： 动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。 1动名词的形式： （1）一般式： Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。 （2）被动式： He came to the party without being invited他未被邀请就来到了晚会。 （3）完成式： We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。 （4）完成被动式： He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old. 他忘记
16、五岁时曾被带到广州去过。,（5）否定式：not + 动名词 I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。 （6）复合结构：物主代词（或名词所有格）+ 动名词 He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次。 His not knowing English troubled him a lot. 他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。,Usage,1 subject 2 predicative 3 object 4 attribute, as S. There is no denying this. Its n
17、o use / no good / useless crying over the spilt milk. as P. His hobby is collecting ancient gold coins., as O. I have finished reading the book. She is very fond of dancing., as Attr. 动名词作定语，说明人或物的性能or用途 现在分词作定语，表明动作进行，是主谓关系 sleeping pills a sleeping child,Testing Structure: 否定式 no v-ing / not v-ing
18、 复合结构: ones v-ing 名词所有格或物主代词+动名词 1.Its no use buying books but not reading them. 2.His / Him going there wont help much. 3.I dont remember his / him giving me back that dictionary.,有些动词或短语后需接动名词作宾语： anticipate, involve, remember, forget, forgive, forbid, imagine, keep, mind, regret, avoid, consider,
19、 discuss, deny, encourage, finish, like, love, resist, delay, admit，risk,resume, suggest, advise, allow, permit, dislike, favor, fancy, endure, enjoy, escape, excuse, leave off, overlook, miss, pardon, postpone, practice, put off, prevent, prohibit, quit, recommend,require, resent, recall, tolerate,
20、 appreciate, stop, approach to doing, be busy doing, object to doing, feel like doing, cant help doing, prefer doing A to doing B,Participle 分词,Form Usage Testing Structure, Present Participle v-ing (主动)一般式 not v-ing 否定式 having done 主动完成式 being done 被动一般式 having been done 被动完成式, Past Participle v-ed
21、 (被动)一般式 not v-ed 否定式,Usage,1 Predicative 2 Attribute 3 Adverbial 4 Complement,三.分词的用法 (现在分词/过去分词),1.作表语 (具有形容词的特征）,This book is very interesting . This play is very moving and instructive. The cups are broken. / He is married.,比较： The spirit is inspiring the people all over the country. His report
22、is inspiring.,as predicative My pencil was broken. (过去分词作表语主语状态) Her speech was quite stirring. (现在分词作表语主语性质),as attribute A lost opportunity never returns. The woman sitting at the desk is his secretary. The material used is cement. 注:分词(短语)作定语可以转化成定语从句,3.作状语,Lying on the ice ,I would soon die.(时间)
23、 I struggled to my knees, knowing that some how I had to put my tent up for shelter.(伴随) His parents died ,leaving him an orphan.结果) Having realized that I could use a kite to attract lightning , I decided to do an experiment. (分词的完成时态作时间状语).,United, we stand; divided, we fall. Inspired by the spiri
24、t of the hero ,they worked even harder., 分词(短语)作状语,其逻辑主语必须与句子主语一致. Seeing the professor, the students smiled and said good morning to him. Seen from the hill, the city looks beautiful.,as complement a O.C. （宾补) I am sorry Ive kept you waiting. I have my hair cut once a month. (谓语 v.多为使役 v.和感官 v.) b
25、S.C. (主补） She was seen going up stairs. The work was left half done.,Testing Structure,1 Participle as Adverbial 2 Absolute Structure,现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别: Please fill in this form, giving your name, address, etc. Inspired by the spirit of the hero ,they worked even harder. 一般来说 现在分词表示主动的意思; 过去分词表示被动的意思.
26、, 独立主格结构是分词作状语的一种特殊形式: 分词(短语)作状语时,无论是现在分词还是过去分词，是一般式还是完成式，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致。否则，分词前必需有自己的主语，即用独立主格结构。,独立主格结构的特点： 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。 The moon appearing, they decided to go on with their journey. His mother being ill, he had to stay home to look after her. with 独立主格:He stared
27、at his friend with his mouth wide open With you to lead us, our group is sure to succeed,2 have之后的非谓语动词 have sb. do sth. 叫某人做某事 have sth. Done 使某事被(他人)做 have sb. done 使某人被他人做某事 have sb. doing sth. 听任某人做某事,Ill have him do it. I have my hair cut every month. You ought to have her examined by the docto
28、r. I wont have you saying that.,现在分词和过去分词的区别,1.语态上不同,an exciting story /an excited person a moving film /a moved audience,。,2.时间关系上不同,developing countries/developed countries the changing world /the changed world boiling water /boiled water,注意： .to do 和 doing 作主语和表语用法相同。表示泛指意义的行为时多用动名词（也可用to do） 但表示
29、具体的行为（特别是将来的行为）时，必须用to do。,Seeing is believing 。 His hobby is collecting stamps。 Her wish is to become a singer。,2. 动名词 作宾语时,在意义上比较一般和抽象,时 间观念不强,不指某一次动作。动词不定式作 宾语常表示某个具体动作。,He likes swimming, but he doesnt like to swim today.,只能跟 to do的动词,want、wish、hope、expect、decide、agree、manage、promise、pretend,只能跟
30、动名词的动词,enjoy、finish、mind、miss、avoid、risk、suggest、escape、practise、insist on、give up,二者皆可无区别,begin、start、like、hate、prefer、continue、intend,二者皆可但有区别,stop、remember、forget 、try、regret、mean,difference,动名词名词；习惯性动作 不定式将来；一次性动作 现在分词: 动作正在进行；表主动 过去分词: 动作已经完成；表被动,典型例题 21. Soon, Americans hope, the rains will re
31、turn and ease the hardship _ U.S. Farmers. a. faced b. faces c. facing d. to face 29.Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it _ in Cuba. a. being cultivated b. been cultivated c. having cultivated d. cultivating 34. After a whole days heavy work, the old worker returned home, _. a. hungry and felt exhausting b. hunger and exhausted c. hungry and exhausted d. hungry and having been exhausted,Thanks a lot!,