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1、非谓语动词及其分类,1.谓语动词与非谓语动词：,在句子中担任谓语的动词，叫做谓语动词；在句 子中担任主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语等的动 词，叫做非谓语动词。,We should serve the people heart and soul. I am reading a novel.,She found English hard to learn. Seeing is believing.,The results obtained are quite satisfactory. Please stop speaking.,（谓语）,（谓语）,（状语）,（主语和表语）,（定语）,（宾语）,2.
2、非谓语动词的分类,不定式(infinitive),分词（participle）,动名词（gerund）,3.非谓语动词的特点,1)不能单独做谓语，但可和助动词或情态动词 组成谓语。,You ought to have been here yesterday.,2)具有动词的特征，可以有自己的宾语或状语。,The Party called on us to serve the people .,3)连系动词的非谓语动词形式后还可以带表语。,The students ran out of the classroom, laughing merrily .,To be frank, your pla
3、n is not practicable.,The Infinitive,不定式的构成,(to) do,not (to) do,不定式的特点,具有名词、形容词、副词的句法功能。,有主动、被动语态、一般、进行或完成式,一般形式 进行式 完成形式 主动语态 to do to be doing to have done 被动语态 to be done to have been done,不定式的用法：,(1)作主语,不定式短语作主语时，往往放在谓语之后， 用it作形式主语。,To see is to believe,It is right to give up smoking.,It made me
4、 very happy to hear her talk about it.,【注意一】不定式的逻辑主语：,不定式不能单独做谓语，因此没有语法上的主语， 但可以有意义上的逻辑主语。,I promised Tom to play with him. I asked him to play with me.,（to play的逻辑主语是I） （to play的逻辑主语是him）,【注意二】,同一句型中不同介词的不同含义,It is + adj + for sb to do sth It is + adj + of sb to do sth,（for 引出动作发出者）,（of 引出adj修饰的对象）
5、,It is easy for me to finish this work before ten. It is a great honor for us to be present at your birthday party.,It is very kind of you to give me some help. Its impolite of you to speak to the teacher like that.,注意：常用在of句型中的adj有：,kind, good, nice, wise, unwise, clever, foolish, cruel, careless,
6、stupid, naughty (淘气的), polite, impolite, silly, wrong, brave, honest, noble，right, rude等,You are very kind to give me some help.,you are impolite to speak to the teacher like that.,(2)作宾语,注意：不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后，而用it作形式宾语。,I want to know this matter. I havent decided whether to go
7、or stay.,I find/feel it interesting to work with him,Subject+ find/think/feel/make it +adj/n + to do sth.,My teacher made it a rule only to speak English in class.,能接不定式作宾语的常见动词有：like, demand, want, expect, promise, begin, determine, refuse, offer, fail, manage, learn, agree, seem, hope, intend, pre
8、fer, promise, forget, decide, mean, prepare, pretend, continue, wish, start, afford, hate等,(3)作宾语补足语,He asked me to do the work with him,注意1：在feel，hear，listen to，look at，notice，observe，see，watch，have，1et，make等词后的补足语中，不定式不带to。但是这些句中如果变成被动结构时，就必须带to。,能用于此用法的动词有：ask, get, expect, wish, want, help, perm
9、it, beg, encourage, order, prefer, advise, like, call on, depend on, ask for, wait for等,I often hear him sing the song,He is often heard to sing the song,注意2：不定式动词在介词but，except，besides后面时，如果这些介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式，那么，这些介词后的不定式不带to，否则要带to。,She could do nothing but cry,What do you like to do besides swim?,
10、I have no choice but to go,(4)作定语。,I have some books for you to read.,注：作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。,He is looking for a room to live in ,There is nothing to worry about,Please give me a knife to cut with,注：当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可以用主动语态，也可用被动语态，但其意义有所不同。,比较：,Ha
11、ve you anything to send? B) Have you anything to be sent?,(5)作状语 表示目的、原因、结果或条件。,I came here to see you We were very excited to hear the news He hurried to the school to find nobody there . To look at him，you would like him,(目的),(原因),(结果),(条件),你有什么东西要寄吗?(不定式to send的动作执行者是you),你有什么要(我或别人)寄的东西吗?(不定式to
12、be sent 的动作执行者是已被省略的me或someone else),目的状语还可以用in order to或so as to来表示。,In order to pass the exam，he worked very hard,We ran all the way so as not to be late,不定式也可以在作表语用的形容词后面作状语。,I am very glad to hear it. The question is difficult to answer,“too + adj/adv + to do”也作状语。,He is too old to do that,另外句子中
13、有enough这个词时，常用不定式作状语。,The room is big enough to hold us,(6) 作表语,My job is to help the patient,(7)作独立成分,To tell the truth，I dont agree with you,(8)不定式与疑问词who，which，when，where , how，what等连用，在句中起名词作用，可充当主语表语、宾语等。,He didnt know what to say. My question is when to start How to solve the problem is very i
14、mportant,(宾语) (表语) （主语）,注意：在与why连用时，只用于why或why not开 头的简短疑问句中，后面紧跟的动词不定式不带to。,Why not have a rest?,2不定式的时态,(1)不定式的一般形式所表示的动作，通常与谓语的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生，或是在它 之后发生。,I saw him go out,Our teachers always encourage all of us to work hard.,(2)如果谓语表示的动作(情况)发生时，不定式表 示的动作正在进行，这时不定式就要用进行式。,Tom and Martin pretende
15、d to be doing their homework when the teacher came into the classroom.,When I got home, my son happened to be watching TV.,(3)如果不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前，要用 完成式。,She is said to have read thirty novels this year.,Im sorry to have kept you waiting so long,3不定式的语态,当不定式的逻辑上的主语是这不定式所表示的动作 的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动形式。不定式的 被动
16、形式有两种：一般式和完成式。在句子中可以 做主语、宾语、构成复合谓语、构成复合宾语、定 语和状语。,It is an honor for me to be invited to your party. After graduation, he asked to be sent to work in the countryside.,This novel is said to have been translated into French. He was the first student to have been punished by The teacher.,1)不定式修饰的名词或代词和
17、不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式。,Have you got a key to unlock the door? (A key unlocks the door),2)不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式常用主动形式。,I have got a letter to write,(I write a letter),He needs a room to live in,(He lives in a room),注意以下几点：,3)不定式作表语形容词的状语，和句中 的主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，不定式多用主动形式，这是因为人们往往认为形容词后省去了for one或for people,He is hard to talk to,The book is difficult to understand,Thanks a lot!,