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1、A Contrastive Analysis on Politeness Formulae between English and Chinese Contents 摘要.2 Abstract.3 I. Introduction .4 II. The difference origin of Politeness concept between English and Chinese.5 III. The contrastive of Courtesy Guidelines between English and Chinese. .6 3.1 The courtesy guidelines
2、in western6 3.2 The Chinese-style politeness norms.7 IV. The difference of culture.89 V. The contrastive of salutation between English and Chinese. 10 5.1 The compare of salutation between English and Chinese.10 5.2 The compare of thanks and apology between English and Chinese. .11 5.3 The differenc
3、e of taboo and nice euphemism. 12 IV. Conclusion.13 Bibliography.14 Acknowledgements15 摘 要 礼貌是人类文明的象征，是人类社会的普遍现象，然而不同的文化 有着不用的礼貌衡量标准以及表达方式，随着中国加入 WTO，中国与外 国之间的往来日益频繁，然而在西方的言语交际中有时却不是那么的成 功。谚语交际成功与否在很大程度上取决能否选用恰当的礼貌表现方式 和礼貌用语。礼貌用语与价值观念，社会习惯等文化因素有着密切的联 系，由于文化背景的差异，不同的民族对礼貌的理解各不相同，所遵循 的礼貌原则和评判方式也相差甚远。本
4、文采用对比分析的方法就如何在 英语和汉语中使用称谓形式，招呼语恭维语，致谦语作了对比分析，从 比较的角度对汉英礼貌用语作梳理以帮助中国的英语学习者更加透彻地 了解英美文化，更好地掌握英语语言。 关键词：礼貌用语 分析对比 Abstract Politeness is the symbol of human culture and societys universal phenomenon. However the different culture has politeness which does not use to weigh the standard as well as the ex
5、pression way. Joining WTO along with China, Intercourse is day by day frequent Between Chinese and the foreign. However spoken language human relations sometimes actually is not such success However in Wests spoken language human relations sometimes actually is not such success. Whether do the prove
6、rb human relations succeed or not are decided to a great extent select the appropriate politeness performance way and the polite expression .The polite expression have the close relation with the value idea, cultural elements and so on social custom. As a result of the cultural context difference, t
7、he different nationality has the various understanding to politeness , Follows politeness principle and the judgment way are also far from. How does this article use the method of the contrast analysis on using the salutation, greeting language thinks highly of the language, apologies have a contras
8、tive in English and Chinese. Does from the comparison angle to polite expression combs to help English learners of china to understand even more thoroughly the British and American culture, grasps English language well between English and Chinese. Key words: politeness formulae contrastive analysis
9、、 Instruction Politeness is the symbol of human culture and societys universal phenomenon. However the different culture has politeness which does not use to weigh the standard as well as the expression way. Joins WTO along with China, Intercourse is day by day frequent Between Chinese and the forei
10、gn. However spoken language human relations sometimes actually is not such success However in Wests spoken language human relations sometimes actually is not such success. Whether do the proverb human relations succeed or not are decided to a great extent select the appropriate politeness performanc
11、e way and the polite expression. The polite expression have the close relation with the value idea, cultural elements and so on social custom. As a result of the cultural context difference, the different nationality has the various understanding for politeness, Follows politeness principle and the
12、judgment way are also far from. How does this article use the method of the contrast analysis on using the salutation, greeting language thinks highly of the language, apologies have contrastive in English and Chinese. Does from the comparison angle to polite expression combs to help English learner
13、s of china to understand even more thoroughly the British and American culture, grasps English language well between English and Chinese. 4 II. The difference origin of Politeness concept between English and Chinese The production and evolution of politeness concept in English culture. Has experienc
14、ed incessant change. Politeness is together with palace and city in English. At first, Said from the etymology, “ politeness” and “polite” have direct relation with etymology “polis, polis”, the two etymology is change from “polis” and “Politeia” of Greece. Forever, the two Greece etymology is meani
15、ng city or government of city. Next, The polis in English have the same meaning with courteous, urbane, civil. These etymologies is imply Peoples good words and deeds manner in city or palace. The behavior of people was considered has politeness in some time in the history. So, the modern politeness
16、 concept glorious historical origin in English culture decided it is completely different from the Chinese culture. Politeness origin in Chinese culture The politeness concept also has the glorious history in the Chinese culture, it come from the ancient times ritual, namely, rituals of state. Rumor
17、 has it that ritual is a important part of philosophic thinking in ancient times of china，and ritual is one of the important concepts of Confucian thought. Kong Zi lives in the Spring and Autumn Period last stage the feudal lord strives for hegemony, social turbulence. In order to adapt the social l
18、ife request at that time, devotes into restoring the rituals of state. The “ritual” of kongzi is not the politeness, but the social rank order in slave society time. In the two three hundred yeas after kongzi pass away, the ritual have founded completely. But the ritual concept also changed afterwar
19、d, having resembled modern politeness concept. The book about ceremony depicted disparages oneself to respect other people is a important point of Chinese culture. As stated above, in the culture between English and Chinese, the origin is different of polit concept, it is deal to the difference of p
20、olit connotation .The politness principle and rule that people following is different too. 5 III. The contrastive of Courtesy Guidelines between English and Chinese 3.1 The courtesy guidelines in western Well-known British linguist Leach (G. Leech) (1983) carefully studied the phenomenon of politene
21、ss based on the British cultural characteristics, follow the example of Grices cooperative principle, politeness put forward six criteria, are summarized as following (1),Tact Maxim (or said: strategy guidelines) (The Tact Maxim): the speaker should be decrease the prejudicial views of others, so th
22、at minimum damage to others and the greatest benefit to others. (2), Generous criteria (The Generosity Maxim): those who want to speak as little as possible so that their own benefit, so that their minimum benefit and the greatest damage to their own. (3), Praised the guidelines (or said: praise cri
23、teria; or said: praised the guidelines) (The Approbation Maxim): those who want to speak as little as possible to belittle others, and many others praise, praise to others. (4), Modest criteria (or said: Modesty Maxim) (The Modesty Maxim): speaker as little as possible should praise themselves, many
24、 derogatory to own (5), Consistent criteria (or said: agree with the guidelines) (The Agreement Maxim): the speaker should decrease the differences between the two sides, on a best efforts consistent with others. (6), Compassion criteria (The Sympathy Maxim): the speaker should decrease their sense
25、of revulsion to others so as to maximize the same feelings 6 3.2 The Chinese-style politeness norms Gu Yueguo (1990) put forward the four politeness features of Chinese culture: one, respect, 2, modesty, 3, the attitude of enthusiasm, 4, polished Gu Yueguo absorb and learn at the Leach (G. Leech) co
26、urtesy of the six criteria, compared and analyzed the phenomenon of English manners, and traces the modern history of the concept of courtesy after, according to Lilly and polite contact, Courtesy of the five criteria have “Chinese s characteristic” have been generally recognized in “ Politeness, pr
27、agmatics and Culture “, Now be summarized as follows: (1), Demoted own and respected their own criteria: Chinese-style politeness, the greatest feature is the “gift, and low self-esteem and respect people.“ Article courtesy to the current guidelines, “Peel“ the ingredients are becoming fewer and few
28、er, gradually to be “self-criticism“ and “shy“ replaced by the composition (2),Referred to the criteria: that people should be greeted at communication, not to say hello are impolite or rude. Hello is going to call. Call on behalf of the social relations between people. Salutation of change often me
29、ans that relationships have changed. Guidelines are in fact called to inherit and carry on the ancient “ceremony“ of the essence, follow the “top to bottom there is the difference between good and bad jobs who, seniority“ principle (3), Polished criteria: polite language that the speaker has peniten
30、tiary. Education has demonstrated the spiritual realm has reached a higher level. Criteria for selection of civilization that is polished ethereally disable the use of abusive language; many euphemisms used, less outspoken. (4), Germany, and made, the criteria are met: refer to acts on the motive to
31、 minimize the cost to others, maximize the benefits to others (such as Dade); in words, as far as possible to exaggerate the benefits of others of their own to decrease the show of their own advantages and strengths to make it as much as possible “hidden“ (can be described as gentlemanly). 7 (5), Se
32、eking the same criteria: refers to many aspects of communication between the two sides in harmony strive to satisfy each others wishes, as much as possible to maintain consensus. IV. The difference of culture The difference of culture deal to the differenct effect of the same language. Different cul
33、ture is the difference culture between english and chinese come from crossing language and culture. The difference is made by these people who taught English and Chinese, their nation heart, thinking, illation model is the mostly reason. The language obstacle appearanced from crossing culture commun
34、ication can always deal to mistake and conflict, The base cause is the both sides is influenced by each culture background lead to lack a same language uses the premise. For example ,the modest word of our language, it is pleasantries without any actual Significance. When speech finished ,people usu
35、al said “please correct the deficiency” “in the above is my simple opinion ,and not comprehensive”, ”welcome everyone to point our mistake”, “Offering a few ordinary introductory remarks so that others may offer their valuable ideas”. and so on. But the native who speak English will not say the same
36、 words in the same situation, maybe they will say “I hope you all enjoy my talk”, but the mostfrequent word is “Thank you”. Then , according to Wests cultural convention, in order to denote respect ,gentleman usual say “please your first” to ladies, such as entering the dining room, gentleman will l
37、et lady go into first, its our china students often said “Lady first ”Actually, the parlance with polite and decency should be “After you”. Maybe it also be difference of culture from using of two language. Otherwise, it is a politeness that mankind praise the close and appearance 8 of lady in Engli
38、sh culture ,the people who was complimented would accept agreeably. But it will be considered a inurbane behavior in china. There was a story :A men who praise a lady approach him in the bus ,he said “lady, you are so beautiful!”, however, the result is glare resolut and “rascal” the two word from t
39、he lady. The man feel so embarrassed and feel too ashamed to show ones face . Then ,more editor in china finished book, author will according to the custom of china to say several condescension words in preface: Due to the time is too short and the level is finitity, so I will hard to avoid the defe
40、ct and misgivings, hope you can comment and point out mistakes so that they can be corrected. However, in English culture, the standard of auditor isnt doubted, people often choice the neutral finished words to appreciate their attention and interest from all reader, such as “Thank you for your cons
41、ideration ”or “I hope you will benefit in reading this book ”and so on. Similarity above all the difference of china and westerns culture will pass the wrong information to these people who spoke English and Chinese ,will influence their communication .So in order to let each side can communicate ri
42、ghtly and reasonable. To acquaint ourselves culture background is important very much. 9 V. The contrastive of salutation between English and Chinese. 5.1 The compare of salutation between English and Chinese Affected by the impact of the social structure, traditional ethics, blood, religion and the
43、 social factors. The salutation system of Chinese is more complex than western countries. Child often cant call their parents name, student cant call teachers name directly, subordinates also cant salutation name of their boss in china, or they will be considered is impoliteness. The Chinese not onl
44、y like to call their family and relative use the name including consanguinity connection, but call not family and relative use the same salutation. For example, named those male grandfather who have the same old with our ancestor the female is also called grandmother , named those male uncle who hav
45、e the same old with our parent, the female is also called aunty. named those male brother who have the same old with us, the female is also called sister. It is so infrequent in England. Communicated in their daily life, the Chinese often like using duty to call. It will show they respect those peop
46、le who is called , at the same time, it also can show they respect those peoples status Such as administration duties in china . Up to the State President, the next to head ,all will be used salutation, such as president Wang and director Liu and so on. But English isnt so .The salutation of China c
47、an incarnate the tradition custom that respect old man. People always called the old man as “old A”, like “old Wang” “old Li” and so on .It Express respect for each other; called many prestigious people as “A old” or “Mr old”. For example ,called GuoMoRuo as “Mr Guo” and so on, The old havent belitt
48、le , only have respect and respected. But it will not appropriate and have affront meaning if used the salutation in English. 10 treated the using of the salutation and explained of the meaning is far away from it, specific represent how to call, called name of each other directly or used the fashio
49、n “title add surname”. Specific performance, the English maybe need use polite language to talk with their boss, but not need use special salutation ,no matter how old he is, high statue ,people rather called name than other called fashion, it express fully the same culture trend. 5.2 The compare of thanks and apology between English and Chinese. Thanks language is one of polite languages. You should express appreciation to each other, when others spend considerable time and effort for you, paid labor or provide help to you, this is the basic c