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1、1 Analysis of fatalities and injuries involving mining equipment aThe Pennsylvania State University, Department of Energy and Mineral Engineering, 110 Hosler Building, University Park, PA 16802-5000, USA bNuclear Generating StationG2, Hydro-Quebec, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of
2、 Quebec, Trois-Rivieres, Canada Received 11 September 2006; revised 11 January 2007; accepted 15 March 2007. Available online 23 July 2007. Abstract Introduction Despite significant reductions, the number of injuries and fatalities in mining remains high. A persistent area of concern continues to be
3、 equipment-related incidents. 尽管大幅减少，伤害和死亡人数在采矿仍然很高。阿持续关注的领域仍然是与 设备有关的事件。 Method Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) and Current Population Survey (CPS) data were used to examine equipment-related injuries over the period 1995 2004. Incidents were reviewed to determine which types of mining
4、 equipment were most often involved and to identify and characterize trends. Results 2 Non-powered hand tools was the equipment category most often involved with non- fatal injuries while off-road ore haulage was the most common source of fatalities. Summary Younger employees had an elevated risk of
5、 injury while workers 55 years had an elevated risk for fatality. A large majority of incidents involve workers with 55 年已为死亡风险升高。大部分 的事故涉及与 55 yr 1995 362 7.4 35.9 45.5 11.1 1996 355 5.6 34.0 48.3 12.1 1997 362 7.2 35.1 47.5 10.2 1998 357 7.2 38.4 42.5 11.9 1999 353 8.4 31.5 46.4 13.7 2000 348 7.7
6、26.2 51.1 15.1 2001 347 4.7 29.0 53.0 13.2 2002 329 7.0 27.4 51.3 14.2 2003 320 5.3 30.7 51.0 12.9 12 Percentage by age category Year Total (in thousands) 1624 yr 2539 yr 4054 yr 55 yr 2004 329 5.3 33.0 47.3 14.5 Full-size table CPS demographics were used with the MSHA database to examine the distri
7、bution of fatalities and injuries by age category and to estimate the “Risk Index” for each. Results are presented in Table 2. The left side of the table shows the percent of total injuries and fatalities accounted for by each age category for each year. The number of fatalities and injuries are com
8、bined in the top half of the table, while fatalities are examined alone in the lower portion. The risk index is calculated by dividing the percentage of injuries attributed to a given age category by the percentage of the total workforce population represented by that category (Table 1). Employees a
9、ge 16 24 years accounted for 7.4% of the mining workforce in 1995 according to CPS data (Table 1) and 8.4% of the recorded fatalities and injuries (Table 2). This corresponds to an injury or risk index of 1.13 (8.4% / 7.4%), which suggests a higher than average risk of injury for this group. The ris
10、k index was calculated for the four age categories (1624 years, 2539 years, 4054 years, and 55 years ) for each of the 10 years examined. The mean and standard deviation of the risk indices were then used to estimate a 95% confidence interval thereby allowing the identification of populations for wh
11、ich there was a significant difference in risks (i.e., age groups for which the risk was significantly greater than or less than average index = 1 over the 10 year period examined). Table 2. Distribution of fatalities and injuries by age categories and estimated Risk Index (19952004) 13 Fatalities a
12、nd Injuries Percentage Risk Index Yea r Tota l 16 24 yr 25 39 yr 40 54 yr 55 yr 16 24 yr 25 39 yr 40 54 yr 55 yr 199 5 2016 7 8.4 41.1 42.5 8.1 1.13 1.14 0.93 0.73 199 6 1837 3 8.4 40.0 43.4 8.2 1.49 1.18 0.90 0.68 199 7 1779 0 9.1 38.1 44.3 8.6 1.26 1.09 0.93 0.84 199 8 1752 4 8.8 37.0 45.1 9.1 1.2
13、2 0.96 1.06 0.76 199 9 1575 3 9.3 36.7 44.7 9.3 1.10 1.16 0.96 0.68 200 0 1559 2 9.5 36.9 43.8 9.8 1.24 1.41 0.86 0.65 200 1 1433 1 10.0 35.4 44.7 9.9 2.12 1.22 0.84 0.75 200 2 1309 4 9.5 35.7 44.4 10.4 1.35 1.30 0.86 0.73 200 3 1205 0 9.1 35.3 44.2 11.4 1.70 1.15 0.87 0.88 200 4 1187 9 9.7 36.2 42.
14、1 11.9 1.85 1.10 0.89 0.82 ave (sd) = 1.45 (0.34) 1.17 (0.12) 0.91 (0.06) 0.75 (0.08) 95 % C.I. = ( 1.20, 1.69) ( 1.08, 1.26) (0.86, 0.96) ( 0.70, 0.80) Fatalities Percentage Risk Index 14 Fatalities and Injuries Percentage Risk Index Yea r Tota l 16 24 yr 25 39 yr 40 54 yr 55 yr 16 24 yr 25 39 yr 4
15、0 54 yr 55 yr Yea r Total 16 24 yr 25 39 yr 40 54 yr 55 yr 16 24 yr 25 39 yr 40 54 yr 55 yr 199 5 97 9.3 46.4 35.1 9.3 1.25 1.29 0.77 0.83 199 6 85 8.2 37.6 42.4 11.8 1.46 1.11 0.88 0.97 199 7 91 4.4 30.8 50.5 14.3 0.61 0.88 1.06 1.40 199 8 78 6.4 32.1 38.5 23.1 0.89 0.83 0.91 1.94 199 9 90 3.3 31.1
16、 42.2 23.3 0.40 0.99 0.91 1.70 200 0 85 3.5 31.8 44.7 20.0 0.46 1.21 0.88 1.32 200 1 72 2.8 30.6 54.2 12.5 0.59 1.05 1.02 0.94 200 2 66 10.6 27.3 45.5 16.7 1.51 1.00 0.89 1.17 200 3 55 9.1 36.4 41.8 12.7 1.70 1.18 0.82 0.99 200 4 55 5.5 29.1 40.0 25.5 1.04 0.88 0.85 1.75 ave (sd) = 0.99 (0.47) 1.04
17、(0.15) 0.90 (0.09) 1.30 (0.39) 95 % C.I. ( 0.65, 1.32) ( 0.93, 1.15) (0.84, 0.96) (1.02, 1.58) 15 Fatalities and Injuries Percentage Risk Index Yea r Tota l 16 24 yr 25 39 yr 40 54 yr 55 yr 16 24 yr 25 39 yr 40 54 yr 55 yr = Full-size table Results show that when fatalities and injuries are combined
18、, a significantly greater risk was seen for the 1624 years and 2439 years categories, which had estimated risk indices of 1.45 (1.201.69) and 1.17 (1.081.26), respectively. At the same time, a significantly lower risk was seen for both the 4054 years and 55 years categories as shown by indices of 0.
19、91 (0.860.96) and 0.75 (0.700.80), respectively. When fatalities were considered separately, a statistically significant increased risk of 1.30 (1.02 1.58) was seen for the 55 years category, while a reduced risk of 0.90 (0.84 0.96) was observed for the 4054 years group. The 1624 years and 2539 year
20、s risk indices for fatalities were not significantly different from 1.0. Overall, these results suggest that younger workers are at a higher risk for non-fatal injuries, which may be due to a lack of experience. Older workers, who are likely to be more experienced, show a significantly lower risk of
21、 injury. It should be noted, however, that this analysis could not separate the effects of age and experience, or other factors such as job title, which can also play a role in the risk experienced by different groups of workers. An interesting contrast is seen when the risk index estimates for fata
22、lities alone are examined the 4054 years group has significantly lower risk while the 55 years workers are at a significantly increased risk. Both these groups would generally be expected to have more experience, which could explain the reduced risk for the 40 54 years workers. Without detailed demo
23、graphics for the mining workforce, a definitive reason for the increased risk of the oldest group of workers cannot be determined. It may be that the most experienced workers are more likely to be placed 16 in jobs with greater risks of fatal injury. Butani (1988) previously found that when age and
24、experience were examined separately, there was no age effect on the risk index; however, there was a significant experience effect with the highest increase in risk occurring for workers over the age of 50 years with 1 year experience (risk index = 3.17). Hunting and Weeks (1993) also reported an in
25、creased risk of injury with less experience but no age effect in a study of transport injuries in small coal mines. It should be noted that injuries, illness, and fatalities were combined in the Butani study, so a separate examination of a fatal risk index was not presented. The relative frequency o
26、f equipment related fatalities and injuries as a function of experience in current job is presented in Table 3. Results are shown separately for the five most frequently involved types of equipment for injuries and fatalities. This yields a total of seven different machine types since three (off hig
27、hway haulage, front end loaders, and conveyors) are common to both injuries and fatalities. In all cases, more than 50% of the employees injured had 5 years of experience in their current job. This percentage ranged from a high of 74% for fatalities involving conveyors to a low of 51% for fatalities
28、 with continuous miners. Conveyors had the highest percentage of employees with 5 years experience for both injuries (66%) and fatalities (74%). The equipment types having the highest percentage of injured employees with 1 year experience were trucks (50%) and non-powered hand tools for fatalities,
29、and off highway ore haulage (36%) and conveyors (36%) for injuries. When all types of equipment were considered, the overall percentage of workers with 5 years experience was 61% for injuries and 56% for fatalities. It should be noted that the experience distribution for all employees using a given
30、piece of equipment is not known, therefore, it cannot be determined whether the number of injuries or fatalities for a given experience category is different than what would be expected for that group based on the makeup of the workforce. Table 3. Relative frequency of equipment-related fatalities a
31、nd injuries as a function of mining experience (19952004) 17 Experie nce in job Non- Powered Hand tools (28) Rock/R oof Bolting Machin e (54) Off Highw ay Ore Haula ge (44) Front- End Loader (24) Conve yor (13) Continu ous Miner (12) Truc ks (67) All Equipm ent Injuries 20435 (24%) 7078 (8%) 5633 (6
32、%) 5376 (6%) 4280 (5%) 2384 (3%) 2841 (3%) 86398 (100%) 1 yr 6724 (33%) 2123 (30%) 2053 (36%) 1562 (29%) 1551 (36%) 549 (23%) 915 (32% ) 24476 (28%) 15 yr 6150 (30%) 2260 (32%) 1608 (28%) 1580 (29%) 1282 (30%) 675 (28%) 842 (30% ) 28804 (33%) 5 10 yr 3152 (15%) 1315 (19%) 804 (14%) 887 (16%) 637 (15
33、%) 460 (19%) 424 (15% ) 13552 (16%) 10 15 yr 1665 (8%) 659 (9%) 448 (8%) 480 (9%) 340 (8%) 305 (13%) 222 (8%) 7444 (9%) 15 20 yr 1321 (6%) 457 (6%) 317 (6%) 380 (7%) 246 (6%) 243 (10%) 195 (7%) 5924 (7%) 20 25 yr 822 (4%) 188 (3%) 222 (4%) 263 (5%) 138 (3%) 102 (4%) 124 (4%) 3553 (4%) 25 30 yr 417 (
34、2%) 62 (1%) 118 (2%) 144 (3%) 63 (2%) 41 (2%) 79 (3%) 1807 (2%) 30 yr 184 (1%) 14 (0.2%) 63 (1%) 80 (2%) 23 (0.5%) 9 (0.4%) 40 (1%) 838 (1%) Fatalitie s 17 (3%) 18 (3%) 95 (16%) 54 (9%) 38 (6%) 47 (8%) 38 (6%) 597 (100%) 1 yr 7 (41%) 2 (11%) 37 (39%) 21 (39%) 14 (37%) 13 (28%) 19 (50% ) 183 (31%) 15
35、 yr 5 (29%) 4 (22%) 20 (21%) 11 (20%) 14 (37%) 11 (23%) 5 (13% ) 147 (25%) 18 Experie nce in job Non- Powered Hand tools (28) Rock/R oof Bolting Machin e (54) Off Highw ay Ore Haula ge (44) Front- End Loader (24) Conve yor (13) Continu ous Miner (12) Truc ks (67) All Equipm ent 5 10 yr 4 (24%) 3 (17
36、%) 12 (13%) 2 (4%) 4 (10%) 9 (19%) 5 (13% ) 94 (16%) 10 15 yr 3 (17%) 9 (10%) 4 (7%) 3 (8%) 4 (8%) 1 (3%) 60 (10%) 15 20 yr 4 (22%) 5 (5%) 6 (11%) 1 (3%) 7 (15%) 5 (13% ) 49 (8%) 20 25 yr 2 (11%) 6 (6%) 5 (9%) 1 (3%) 1 (2%) 2 (5%) 31 (5%) 25 30 yr 1 (6%) 5 (5%) 3 (6%) 1 (3%) 2 (4%) 1 (3%) 18 (3%) 30
37、 yr 1 (1%) 2 (4%) 15 (2%) Full-size table This analysis demonstrates the need for development of new interventions and control strategies for the risks associated with mining equipment. A number of promising new approaches have been described in recent years, including collision prevention for vehic
38、les using GPS-and radar-based warning systems (Ruff, 2006 and Ruff and Holden, 2003), and the use of degraded images in hazard recognition training for the reduction of lost time injuries (Kowalski-Trakofler however, the role of potential factors such as experience and job title could not be examine
39、d separately. These analyses also show that the types of activities most often associated with injury in mining have not changed much over the years. Continued reductions in accidents and injuries will require additional efforts to develop new and creative approaches to training miners, and to ident
40、ify and implement interventions that address the remaining sources of risk. Results also emphasize the need for more detailed demographics data for the mining workforce as a whole, and additional research on the characteristics of the operators of the different types of equipment in order for a comp
41、lete analysis of accidents and injuries to be performed. References Butani, 1988 S.J. Butani, Relative risk analysis of injuries in coal mining by age and experience at present company, Journal of Occupational Accidents 10 (1988), pp. 209216. Abstract | PDF (509 K) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By
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