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1、CERVICAL CANCER.,Diagnosis Treatment,CERVICAL CANCER.,The most common malignancy in gynecological oncology Incidence: 7.8/100,000 Mortality: 2.7/100,000 Diagnosis: biopsy Main modality of treatment: surgery and radiation Goal of treatment: cure, except stage 4b,Special Case,38 yrs, G3/P1, nurse C/O:
2、 postcoital bleeding for 2 months Menstruation regular with 30 days cycle and 5 days duration. Abnormal discharge with bad smell. LMP: 12 days ago Pap smear: squamous cell cancer PV: Vulva : Normal, Vaginal: yellowish discharge with bloody stained, Cervix: growth with ulceration and contact bleeding
3、. Uterus: N/S, mobile. Parametrium: thickening not to pelvic sidewall on both side,CERVICAL CANCER,How can we make a diagnosis? How can we evaluate the patient? How can we manage the patient? How should we explain to the patient? Can we prevent cervical cancer?,How can we make a diagnosis?,SYMPTOMS
4、Abnormal vaginal bleeding postcoital bleeding* contact bleeding Abnormal vaginal discharge Asymptomatic, just abnormal pap smear,SYMPTOMS,The classic symptom is intermittent, painless metrorragia or spotting only postcoitally or after douching. Probably the first symptom of early cancer of the cervi
5、x is a thin, watery, blood-tinged vaginal discharge that frequently goes unrecognized by the patients. As the maligancy enlarges, the bleeding episodes become heavier and more frequent, and they last longer.,SYMPTOMS,Late symptom or indicators of more advanced disease include the development of pain
6、 referred to the flank or leg. Many patients c/o dysuria, hematuria or rectal bleeding or obstipation resulting from bladder or rectal invasion. Distant metastasis and persistent edema of one or both lower extremities as a result of lymphatic and venous blockage by extensive pelvic wall disease are
7、late manifestation of primary disease and frequent manifestations of recurrent disease.,How can we make a diagnosis?,SIGNS Vagina: mucous, fornix Cervix: erosion growth ulceration barrel-shaped Uterus: size, mobility Paramet: thickening,Gross appearence,Three categories of gross lesions have traditi
8、onally been described. The most common is the exophytic lesion, which usually arises on the ectocervix and ofter grows to form a large, friable,polypoid mass, arises on the endocervical canal, creating barrel-shaped lesion. Little visible ulceration or exophytic mass like a stone-hard cervix that re
9、gresses slowly with radiation therapy. Ulcerative tumor,usually erodes a portion of the cervix or replacing the cervix , erodes a portion of the upper vaginal vault with a large crate.,How can we make a diagnosis?,CLINICAL TESTS: Pap smear Colposcopy and target biopsy Endocervical curettage (ECC) Co
10、ne biopsy Biopsy,Pap smear,Pap smear is the most common and effective screening method. Exfoliated cervical cells are scraped from the cervix by spatula. The entire T zone must be sampled. Incomplete sampling could produce a false-negative smear. The endocervical canal is also sampled with a swab or
11、 cytobrush. Cells are fixed immediately to avoid air-drying cytologic artifacts,Pap Smear Show Squamous Cell Carcinoma,Colposcopy and directed biopsy,A pap smear is only a screening test. A definitive diagnosis requires inspection of a well-visualized cervix with a colposcope. The cervix is painted
12、with 3% acetic acid solution to enhance surface alterations and vascular changes. The colposcope evaluation is considered adequate or satisfactory if the complete T zone and full extent of the lesions is visualized. Areas of abnormality(e.g., White epithelium, mosaicism, and punctation) are selectiv
13、ely punch biopsied.,Colposcopy Examination,Cone biopsy,Indications for cone biopsy 1.The lesion cannot be fully visualized . 2.The ECC is posituve 3.There is significant discrepancy between the Pap smear and biopsy. 4.A biopsy reveals microinvasive squamous cell carcinoma 5.A biopsy reveals adenocar
14、cinoma in situ,How can we make a diagnosis?,A pap smear is only a screening test! Definitive diagnosis of cervical cancer requires a BIOPSY!,How can we evaluate the patient?,Histologic type: Squmous cell carcinoma ( SCC) 80% Adenocacinoma 10%-15% Others 5%-10%,Routes of spread,Into the vaginal mucos
15、a,extending microscopically down beyond visible or palpable disease; Into the myometrium of the low uterine segment and corpus, particularlly with lesions arising from the endocervix. Into the paracervical lymphatics and from there to the most common involved lymph nbodes ( the obturator; hypogastri
16、c,and external iliac nodes). Direct extesion into adjacent structures or parametria, reaching to the obturator fascia and the wall of the true pelvis,How can we evaluate the patient?,Stage: Pelvic examination, Rectovaginal examination, Intravenous pyelography(IVP) Ultrasonography or CT Staging is cl
17、inical, but can use IVP and CT Cervical cancer is the only gynecologic malignancy that is not surgically staged,Clinical Staging for Cervical Carcinoma,Stage 0 Carcinoma-in situ; Confined to the epithelium only,Clinical Staging for Cervical Carcinoma,Stage I Invasion is strictly confined to the cerv
18、ix Ia: Invasive cancer identified only microscopically . Ia1: Minimal microscopically evident stromal invasion =3mm in depth and no wider than 7mm. Ia2: Microscopic invasion =5mm in depth and no wider than 7mm,Clinical Staging for Cervical Carcinoma,Stage I Invasion is strictly confined to the cervi
19、x IB: All others preclinical lesions and clinical lesions confined to the cervix. Ib1: Clinical lisions no greater than 4 cm. Ib2: Clinical lisions greater than 4 cm.,Clinical Staging for Cervical Carcinoma,Stage II Invasion is beyond the cervix but not to the pelvic wall or lower third of the vagin
20、a IIA Parametria is not involved IIB Parametria is involved,Clinical Staging for Cervical Carcinoma,Stage III Invasion is to the pelvic wall or lower third of vagina IIIA Pelvic wall is not involved IIIB Pelvic wall is involved; hydronephrosis or nonfunctioning of the kidney may occur because of tum
21、or,Clinical Staging for Cervical Carcinoma,Stage IV Invasion is beyond to the true pelvis or to the mucosa of the bladder or rectum. IVA Spread is to adjacent organs IVB Spread is to distant organs,How can we evaluate the patient?,Age: treatment vary with the patients age Marriage statue Reproductiv
22、e history：menstrual, contraceptive,Gynecologic,Obstetric Social history:sexually activity, social statue Family history: children, partner,parents Past medical history,How can we evaluate the patient?,General condition: pulmonary (Chest-x-ray) cardiac function (ECG) liver function renal function Spe
23、cial disorders: bleeding diseases, diabetes mellitus, and infection,How can we manage the patient?,Management of premalignant lesions: make definitive diagnosis selection of an appropriate mode of therapy 1. carbon dioxide laser 2. cryotherapy 3. electrocautery 4. loop electrodiathermy excision proc
24、edure (LEEP） 5. Conization 6. hysterectomy,How can we manage the patient?,Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia(CIN) For CIN I-II: observation(only for CIN I), carbon dioxide laser cryotherapy electrocautery loop electrdiathermy excision procedure (LEEP),How can we manage the patient?,Cervical Intraepi
25、thelial Neoplasia (CIN) For CIN III or CIS: conization: cold knife carbon dioxide laser diathermy and LEEP simple hysterectomy,How can we manage the patient?,For invasive cancer: 1 Simple hysterectomy (Ia1) 2 Modified radical hysterectomy (Ia2) 3 Radical hysterectomy and RPND (Ib-IIa) 4 Radiotherapy
26、 (any stage, IIb III IV) 5 Chemotherapy,CERVICAL CANCER.,Prognosis: 55% five-year survival (all stage combined) stage I 85% stage II 60% stage III 30% stage IV 10%,How can we prevent cervical cancer?,Risk factors Education Screening program Treatment of premalignant lesions,How can we prevent cervic
27、al cancer?,RISK FACTORS: early age of sexual intercourse multiple sexual partners low socioeconomic classes early age of pregnancy high parity cigarette smoking HPV (16,18） immunocompromised host,How can we prevent cervical cancer?,EDUCATION: Population education Medical staff education,How can we p
28、revent cervical cancer?,SCREENING: committee program: onset of screening, duration, end of screening methods for screening pap smear, CCT, thin-rep,HPV typing,Case discussion,27 yrs, G0/P0, married for 2 yrs C/O: one episode of postcoital bleeding for 2 weeks Menstruation regular with 30 days cycle
29、and 5 days duration. No abnormal discharge. LMP: 2 weeks ago Pap smear: LSIL with HPV infection, clue cell 50% PV: Vulva and vaginal: normal Cervix: erosion with contact bleeding,Uterus: N/S, mobile. Parametrium: clear Wants to preserve her reproductive function,Treatment strategy for CIN,Case discu
30、ssion,48 yrs, G3/P1, midlife C/O: postcoital bleeding for 4 months Menstruation irregular with 30-60 days cycle and 5-20 days duration. Abnormal discharge with bad smell. LMP: 2 months ago Pap smear: squamous cell cancer PV: Vulva : Normal, vaginal: right fornix involved by cervical growth. Cervix:
31、growth with ulceration and contact bleeding.Uterus: N/S, mobile. Parametrium: nodular thickening to pelvic sidewall on right Biopsy:SCC. IVP:nonfunctional kidney,Treatment strategy for Invasive Cervical Cancer,How can we explain to the patient?,What is cervical cancer? How many treatment mode for ce
32、rvical cancer? Why we choose surgery or RT for the patient? What is the side-effect of the treatment? What is the prognosis and survival rate?,Cervical cancer,Cervical cancer is the most common gynecologic malignancy. The most common tumor type is squamous cell carcinoma (80%) A pap smear is only a screening test! Definitive diagnosis of cervical cancer requires a tumor BIOPSY! Radiation and operation are both effective treament . Goal of the treatment: cure, except stage IV,