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1、,英汉语篇翻译教程,著者：范守义、郭立秋、贾令仪 2011年6-9月,Text A: AMERICAS BRAIN DRAIN CRISIS: WHY OUR BEST SCIENTISTS ARE DISAPPEARING, AND WHATS REALLY AT STAKE,Passage 9:,译文讲评：Text A (PPT v 2.0),小标题,其中Edge即表示“有一点优越于”（a margin of superiority; an advantage），如(to have, to get, to hold) a slight edge over the opposition； A
2、 new poll shows Democrat Jerry Brown with an edge over GOP rival Meg Whitman in the race for California governor.,Losing the Global Edge（正在丧失全球优势地位）,第1段第1句,其中geek被译成“极客”，又译作“奇客”。在“美国俚语”中意指智力超群，善于钻研但不懂与人交往的学者或知识分子，含有贬义。在PC 革命初期，极客开始衍生为精通并沉迷于电脑技术、但拙于人情世故的电脑英雄，他们对计算机与网络的痴迷有时会达到不正常的状态，其行为怪怪的，所以我们将这个词译成“
3、怪才”是不错的，意思完全吻合。,William Kunz is a self-described computer geek.,第1段第4句,翻译有关美国教育的文章，我们必须了解一点美国的学制情况，在5-6岁的时候要上幼儿园（Kindergarten），6-11岁上五年小学(Elementary School, from 1st Grade to 5th Grade)，11-14岁上三年初中(Middle School, from 6th Grade to 8th Grade)，14-18岁上四年高中(High School, from 9th Grade to 12th Grade; 而高中
4、的四年同大学的四年，学生们的称呼是一样的，即freshman, sophomore, junior 和senior)，然后考大学。在美国小学和中学的学制并非全国一致，但是考入大学的年龄要求基本一致，17岁或者18岁可以考大学了。,As a high school sophomore in Houston, Texas.,British Education System Flowchart,Taiwanese & British Education Systems,(中等教育普通証書),(進階級課程),US Education System,本文中提到的休斯敦和西部的加州中小学学制是一致的。翻译
5、的时候要搞清楚。我们中国把中学（初中和高中）叫做middle school，美国人会理解成他们的middle school或者我们的初中。所以我们的中学还是译成secondary school为好。台湾称初中junior high school，高中senior high school供参考。另：后文中的第8段第2句，our high school seniors，应该是高四学生，即高中毕业生。,第2段第2句,其中 to land a job是非正式用语，即to win or obtain，a job, a contract。 Oracle的英语本义并无“甲骨文”之义，该公司起这个名字的本意是
6、取其是“智慧的源泉”之义，指希腊神话的Apollo at Delphi神庙的女祭司。用“甲骨文”来译Oracle Corp.完全是一种附会，不过既然已经在中国注册，只好认可，即一个公司双重命名了有一个美国名字，还有一个中国名字。,After college he landed a job with Oracle in Silicon Valley.,oracle n. 1. a. A shrine consecrated to the worship and consultation of a prophetic deity, as that of Apollo at Delphi. b. A
7、 person, such as a priestess, through whom a deity is held to respond when consulted. c. The response given through such a medium, often in the form of an enigmatic statement or allegory. 2. a. A person considered to be a source of wise counsel or prophetic opinions. b. An authoritative or wise stat
8、ement or prediction. 3. A command or revelation from God. 4. In the Bible, the sanctuary of the Temple.,维基百科也记述了oracle的来历： In Classical Antiquity, an oracle was a person or agency considered to be a source of wise counsel or prophetic opinion, predictions or precognition of the future, inspired by t
9、he gods. As such it is a form of divination. The word is derived from the Latin verb rre “to speak“ and properly refers to the priest or priestess uttering the prediction. In extended use, oracle may also refer to the site of the oracle, and to the oracular utterances themselves, called khrsmoi () i
10、n Greek. Oracles were thought to be portals through which the gods spoke directly to man. In this sense they were different from seers (manteis, ) who interpreted signs sent by the gods through bird signs, animal entrails, and other various methods.,The most important oracles of Greek antiquity were
11、 Pythia, priestess to Apollo at Delphi, and the oracle of Dione and Zeus at Dodona in Epirus. Other temples of Apollo were located at Didyma on the coast of Asia Minor, at Corinth and Bassae in the Peloponnese, and at the islands of Delos and Aegina in the Aegean Sea. Only the Delphic Oracle was a f
12、emale; all others were male. The Sibylline Oracles are a collection of oracular utterances written in Greek hexameters ascribed to the Sibyls, prophetesses who uttered divine revelations in a frenzied state.,下面的company profile说明创建者使用Oracle的初衷。,可见oracle这个词原本跟我们的甲骨文没有什么关系，只不过中国学者借用了这个词“神谕”的意思，来表述我们的甲骨
13、文有一部分这方面“预示”的功能罢了。,第3段,其中looked set to become即look quite likely to become or to do之义，如Chinas leaders, keen to avoid joblessness and the unrest that might follow, look set to take steps to spur the economy; Chinese media outlets look set to make IPOs; Prince Georges council members look set to hold o
14、ff challengers.,Kunz looked set to become a star in his field.,第4段第2句,其中pale to的意思是 To decrease in relative importance，即重要性相对降低，也可以说是与相形见绌，如Google Nexus One Sales Pale Next to Apple iPhone and Even the Motorola Flurry; Torontos contenders pale next to Calgarys exciting new mayor Marcus Gee; Replica
15、Handbags: Never Grow Pale Next to Their Authentic Counterparts。, because his earning potential paled next to friends who were going into law or business.,第5段第1句,其中turn out有To end up; result之义，如The cake turned out beautifully. standout 的意思是one that is prominent or conspicuous especially because of ex
16、cellence，如She is a standout among the available candidates.,Things are turning out very differently for another standout in engineering,第5段第2句,其中cohorts有associates, buddies之义，即A generational group as defined in demographics, statistics, or market research: “The cohort of people aged 30 to 39 . . . w
17、ere more conservative” (American Demographics).,A student at Tsinghua University in Beijing, Jia shines even among his gifted cohorts at a school sometimes called “the MIT of China.”,第5段第3句,其中decide后跟宾语从句时，其含义有时是“断定”。I decided that I must have taken a wrong turning somewhere. 我断定我一定是在某处拐错弯了。我们再从下面所给
18、的该词的义项，来品味这个词在此处的用法：,He considered applying to Harvard for his PhD, but decided it wasnt worth it.,decide v. decided, deciding, decides v.tr. 1. a. To settle conclusively all contention or uncertainty about: decide a case; decided the dispute in favor of the workers. b. To make up ones mind about: d
19、ecide what to do. 2. To influence or determine the outcome of: A few votes decided the election. 3. To cause to make or reach a decision. v.intr. 1. To pronounce a judgment; announce a verdict. 2. To make up ones mind.,Synonyms: decide, determine, settle, rule, conclude, resolve These verbs mean to
20、come to a decision. Decide is the least specific: “If two laws conflict with each other, the courts must decide on the operation of each” (John Marshall). Determine often involves somewhat narrower issues: A jury will determine the verdict. Settle stresses finality of decision: “The lama waved a han
21、d to show that the matter was finally settled in his mind” (Rudyard Kipling). Rule implies that the decision is handed down by someone in authority: The committee ruled that changes in the curriculum should be implemented. Conclude suggests that a decision, opinion, or judgment has been arrived at a
22、fter careful consideration: She concluded that the criticism was unjust. Resolve stresses the exercise of choice in making a firm decision: I resolved to lose weight.,第6段第1句,其中cutting-edge之义是 the leading position in any field; forefront，如 on the cutting edge of space technology。 international profes
23、sors我们成为外国教授，international students就是外国留学生了。,His university is investing heavily in cutting-edge research facilities, and attracts an impressive roster of international professors.,On the cutting edge或 at the cutting edge 最早出现在五十年代，它的字面意思是锐器的锋利的部位，现在最通常的隐喻义是处在最前沿的位置。例如Ever since it outlawed public s
24、chool segregation in 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court has been on the cutting edge of civil rights advances. (Time, 1988) 类似的短语leading edge也属于这种隐喻用法，不过起先它的意思是指机翼或螺旋桨叶。 Cutting edge目前还在广泛使用，而leading edge则多少有点过时。如今可用来描述新概念，新款式和新产品的词汇实在太多了。,比如，bleeding edge通常描述有一定风险的新生事物，如可能带来经济灾难或只是昙花一现的新事物。下面的一段解释就可以反映出“
25、风险”的意思 “Leading Edge or Bleeding Edge: Staying at the forefront of technological innovation without going overboard Working on the edge of technological innovation can be a difficult balancing act” (Newport Communications, 1997)。Bleeding edge 大约在20年前在句子 “Environmental management is an organization t
26、hat addresses change and manages that change so the DP community can be state of the art without being the bleeding edge” (Computerworld, 1983) 第一次出现，如今通常用它来指电脑技术。,形容词edgy 也有 on the cutting edge的意思，尽管它的内涵是大胆创新(“being innovative in a daring or discomfiting way”)，不过它不像bleeding edge那样显得颇具风险。例如 “Crisp,
27、edgy and sometimes startlingly raunchy style.the chuckles keep coming like poisoned darts.” (Newsweek, 1999). 也许”bleeding edge”, “edgy” 很快就会像 “leading edge”一样成为过时的用法， “cutting edge” 成为它们当中寿命最长的短语。,第7段第1句,这是一个隐喻的表达方式，其词典定义是：An isolated observation: a sociopolitical snapshot of the electorate。snapshot
28、s与picture相配，这是合适的；但是翻译成中文，这种说法我们不太习惯，所以要换一种我们容易接受的说法，即“这两则简短个别事例部分地说明了令人堪忧的形势”。,These two snapshots illustrate part of a deeply disturbing picture.,第8段第5句,其中mint的原义是铸造硬币，这里显然是比喻的用法。,Japan, with half our population, has minted twice as many in recent years.,第9段第1句,其中add up to 义即amount to，如the play ad
29、ds up to a lot of laughs。,There are many more unnerving developments, and they add up to this.,第9段第1句,其中to hang on to的意思是To hold firmly; keep fast: Hang on to your money.即抓住不放。,As other countries create the learning centers and jobs to hang on to their best and brightest，,第9段第1句,其中pipeline的意思是什么呢？ p
30、ipeline n. 1. A conduit of pipe, especially one used for the conveyance of water, gas, or petroleum products. 2. A direct channel by which information is privately transmitted. 3. A system through which something is conducted, especially as a means of supply: “Farther down the pipeline are three oth
31、er approaches to vaccine development” (Boston Globe)., the United States is losing a dependable pipeline of talent.,在上面的定义中，义项1是本义， 义项2是转义，义项3可以视为义项2的引申义，在英语中有talent pipeline的比喻说法，表示人才的管道，如，These organizations tend to recognize the importance of having top quality talent and that strategically build
32、ing a talent pipeline is a source of competitive advantage in obtaining top quality talent.而pipeline of talent是侧重指对于人才的输送，如Which college team has provided the NFL the best pipeline of talent from 1979 to 2009?。你们可以品味一下。,第10段第1句,其中stand to lose something的意思是to be likely to lose something or have it t
33、aken away 如，I stand to lose hundreds of dollars if I am not there on time; The Liverpool co-owners, Tom Hicks and George Gillett, stand to lose the 144m they loaned to the club if the proposed sale to John W Henry；Nortel retirees stand to lose one third of pension., and what we stand to lose if we c
34、ant keep up，,第10段第2句,其中put it bluntly，即says candidly, or frankly。,David Baltimore, president of the California Institute of Technology and a Nobel laureate, puts it bluntly: “We cant hope to keep intact our standard of living, our national security, our way of life, if Americans arent competitive in science.”,版权所有 欢迎改编 2011年6-9月,