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1、人教版高中英语 系列优秀课件,The Society & Culture of Major English-Speaking Countries,Lecture Four,The British Government & its Judicial System,The British Government & Its Judicial System,The Government; Judicial System; The Political Parties & General Election.,I. The Government,The Political System of the UK;
2、 Introduction to the UKs Government; The Parliament.,I. The Government,The Political System of the UK The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy, which has been practised since the Glorious revolution of 1688; The head of state is a king or queen; The Sovereign reigns, but does not rule (统而不治).
3、,I. The Government,Constitutional Monarchy According to this system, the Constitution is superior to the Monarch； The monarch actually has no real power, doing what the Parliament and the Prime Minister want him/her to do. In law, the Monarch has many supreme powers, but in practice, the real power
4、of monarchy has been greatly reduced & limited by law and Parliament.,I. The Government,The Constitution of UK There is no written constitution in the UK, i.e., the British constitution is not set out in any single document; It is made up of statute law, common law and conventions, etc.,I. The Gover
5、nment,Three Tiers of UKs Government The Central Government; The County Government; The District government.,I. The Government,Structure of Central Government The Monarch Parliament The Cabinet,“Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and
6、Her Other Realms and Territories, Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith. 上帝神佑，大布列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国以及她的其他领土和领地的女王，英联邦元首，国教保护者伊莉莎白二世。”,Elizabeth II,I. The Government,The Roles of the Monarchy The symbol of the whole nation; Head of the executive, and integral part of the legislature; Head of
7、 the judiciary; The commander-in-chief of all the armed forces; The “Supreme Governor” of the established Church of England.,I. The Government,Main Authorities under Constitutional Monarchy Summons, prorogues (休会), Represents Britain at home & abroad, has the power to declare war and make peace, to
8、conclude treaties, as well as to recognize foreign states & governments.,I. The Government,The Succession of the Monarchy Succession is founded on the hereditary principle: the first candidate: the 1st son to a reigning monarch; If the 1st son dies young without descendants, one of his brothers or s
9、isters will be chosen according to established rule.,I. The Government,The Succession of the Monarchy The principle: Sons of the Sovereign and their descendants have precedence over daughters; While daughters take precedence over the sovereigns brothers. The Coronation Ceremony is conducted by the A
10、rchbishop of Canterbury at Westminster Abbey in London. Elizabeth II was crowned on June 2, 1953.,I. The Government,The Privy Council (枢密院) A consultative body of the British monarch, whose origin can be traced back to the times of the Norman Kings; The Privy Council was formerly the chief source of
11、 executive power in the state and gave private advice to the King. So the Privy Council was also called the Kings Council in history. Today its role is largely formal, advising the sovereign to approve certain government decrees.,I. The Government,The Privy Council (枢密院) After the Glorious Revolutio
12、n of 1688, its importance was gradually diminished and replaced by the Cabinet; Its membership is about 400, including all Cabinet ministers, the speaker of the House of Common, the Archbishops of Canterbury and York, as well as senior British and Commonwealth statesmen.,I. The Government,The Cabine
13、t The Core of the government, headed by the Prime Minister; The Prime Minister presides over the Cabinet; Ministers are responsible collectively to Parliament for all Cabinet decisions; Confidential meetings in No. 10 Downing Street each week to decide Government policy on major issues.,I. The Gover
14、nment,Shadow Cabinet The party which wins the second largest number of seats in the Parliament becomes the Official Opposition, with its own leader and “shadow cabinet ”; The rule of Opposition is to help the formulation of policy, to criticizes the Government & debate with the Government.,I. The Go
15、vernment,Civil servants Civil servants are recruited mainly by competitive examination. Change of Government do not involve changes in department staff, who continue to carry out the duties whichever party is in power.,I. The Government,The Parliament The UK is the first country to institute the par
16、liamentary system in the 13th century; The parliament is the supreme legislative organ, which determines the revenue and expenditures of the government; Since the first Reform Bill passed in 1832, the house of Commons has become more important than the House of Lords.,I. The Government,The Parliamen
17、t Components of the Parliament: The Monarch House of Lords (the Upper House) House of Commons (the Lower House) Term of a Parliament: a maximum duration of 5 years.,I. The Government,The Origin of the Parliament The Great Council of 13th century is known to be the prototype of the current British Pa
18、rliament; Its main role was to offer advice; There were no elections or parties at that time, and the most important part of Parliament was the House of Lords.,I. The Government,The Main Functions of the Parliament To pass laws; To provide, by voting for taxation, the means of carrying on the work o
19、f government; To examine government Policy and administrations, including proposal for expenditure; To debate the major issues of the day.,I. The Government,The House of Lords (Non-Elected) The House of Lords has over 1,000 non-elected members; Consists of the Lords Spiritual (神职议员) and the Lords Te
20、mporal (世俗议员); The Chairperson of the House of Lords: It is presided over by the Lord Chancellor (大法官, 上议院议长).,I. The Government,The House of Lords (Non-Elected) The Lords Spiritual: Archbishops of Canterbury and York, and 24 senior Bishops of the Church of England. The Lords Temporal: all hereditar
21、y peers and peeresses of five ranks: Duke, Marquis, Earl, Viscount vaikaunt and Baron (公爵，侯爵，伯爵，子爵，男爵); life peers and peeresses.,The main functions: to bring the wide experience of its members into the process of lawmaking, i.e., to act as a chamber of revision, complementing but not rivaling the e
22、lected House.,House of Lords,Plays an important judicial function & is the highest court in the United Kingdom hearing civil and criminal appeals from the lower courts.,House of Lords,I. The Government,The House of Commons (Elected) The House is elected and it is in the House of Commons that the ult
23、imate authority; The Major Function of the House of Commons: Law-making The Chairperson of the House of Commons: The Speaker,House of Commons,Britain is divided 651 constituencies. Each Member of Parliament (MP) represents an area (constituency); Any British man and woman aged over 18 years may vote
24、 in parliament elections.,I. The Government,Parliamentary Electoral System They are elected either at a General Election （大选）or at a by-election (补缺选举) held when an MP dies or resigns, or is given a peerage. The General Election must be held every 5 years and is often held at more frequent intervals
25、.,I. The Government,Relationship between Government Supervises work of government.,II. Judicial System,Components of Legal System,Law Sovereign Court Police,II. Judicial System,Introduction The administration of justice in Britain is independent of both Parliament and the Government; No Ministry of
26、Justice in the UK; Central responsibility: the Lord Chancellor, the Home Secretary(内政大臣), The Home Secretary has overall responsibility for criminal law, the police service, the prison system and the probation service.,II. Judicial System,Introduction The highest judicial appointments are made by th
27、e Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister; Every citizen has the right to equal treatment before the law. People accused of more serious crimes are tried in open court by a judge and jury; England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland all have their own legal systems.,II. Judicial System,Introd
28、uction Fines, probation or imprisonment may be imposed on a convicted person. There is life imprisonment for murder throughout Britain. Life imprisonment is the maximum sentence of a number of other serious offences; Capital punishment (death penalty) for murder has been abolished in the UK, though
29、proposal for its reinstatement are regularly debated by Parliament, and it remains the penalty for treason and piracy.,II. Judicial System,Primary Sources of British Law Statute Law Acts of Parliament and subordinate legislation made under powers conferred by Parliament. Common Law Conventions: rule
30、s and practices which are not legally enforceable but regarded as indispensable to the working of government.,Judicial System,Primary Sources of British Law Equity law (衡平法) A supplementary means to deal with cases not covered by Common Law. European Community Law Derives from Britains membership of
31、 the EU & is confined mainly to economic and social matters.,II. Judicial System,Criminal Proceedings All criminal trials are held in open court; The criminal law presumes the innocence of the accused until he/she has been proved guilty beyond reasonable doubt; No accused person has to answer the qu
32、estions of the police before trial.,II. Judicial System,Jury The role of Jury: In criminal trials by jury, the judge passes sentence, but the jury decides the Verdict of Guilty or Innocence. The composition of Jury 12 in England, Wales and Northern Ireland; and 15 in Scotland; People between the age
33、 of 18-70 (65 in Scotland) whose names appear on the electoral register are liable for jury service and are chosen at random.,II. Judicial System,Law Courts Classification according to the nature of cases： Criminal courts Civil courts 3-tiers of courts in Britain: Supreme Courts County Courts Magist
34、rates Courts,II. Judicial System,Magistrates Courts (治安法庭) Lowest rank, also known as “police courts”(违警罪法庭), “petty sessions”(简易法庭), or “summary jurisdiction” (即决法庭). Dealing with minor criminal offenses & it sits without a jury. Magistrates are not judges and not professional, usually called “Just
35、ice of the Peace” (J.P.) (地方治安官/太平绅士). Some are not salaried others are paid (Stipendiary Magistrates).,II. Judicial System,County Courts Primarily civil law courts; Dealing with minor civil cases. Magistrates Courts have limited civil jurisdiction, while the main courts of civil jurisdiction are Co
36、unty Courts.,II. Judicial System,Supreme Court (最高法院) Including: the High Court, Crown Court The Court of Appeal: The House of Lords ( the Lord Chancellor),Judicial System,Police The police service for the UK is organized and controlled under the Home Secretary (内政大臣) Police are not allowed to join
37、a trade union or go on strike.,The Scotland Yard the Criminal Investigation Department (CID) of London Police (Londons Metropolitan Police Force is directly under the control of Home Secretary),Ranger,随后的皇家护卫队相当于我国仪仗队,III. The Political Parties & General Election,Political Party System Consists of a
38、ll the parties in a particular nation and the laws and customs that govern their behavior. There are three types of party systems: Multi-party systems; Two-party systems; One-party systems.,III. The Political Parties & General Election,Political Parties in UK Great Britain is a typical country in th
39、e world that carries out a two-party system; Britain has a number of parties, but there are only two major parties: the Conservative Party & the Labour Party. British parties developed in the 17th century and by 1679 there were two groups: The Tories and the Whigs.,III. The Political Parties & Gener
40、al Election,Political Parties in UK The Whig (辉格党) were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom. The Whig were to form a coalition with dissident Tories in the mid-19th century and become the Liberal Party; The Tories (托利党) were those who supported hereditary
41、 monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings. The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.,III. The Political Parties & General Election,Political Parties in UK The Trade Union Act of 1871 legalized the trade unions and gave financial security; The Labor Party had its origin in the Ind
42、ependent Labor Party (ILP), which was formed in January, 1893; In 1900, representatives of trade unions, the ILP, and a number of small socialist societies set up the Labor Representation Committee (LRC). The LRC changed its name to the Labor Party for the general election in 1906.,III. The Politica
43、l Parties & General Election,Margaret Hilda Thatcher (1925 ) Prime Minister of the UK from 4 May, 197928 November, 1990 (The winner of three consecutive general elections); Leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990. The first and only woman to hold both positions in the UK.,Iron Lady,III. T
44、he Political Parties & General Election,General Election The party which wins sufficient (or majority) seats in the House of Commons at a General Election forms the Government; The leader of the majority party is appointed Prime Minister by the Sovereign. The leading members of the party are chosen
45、by the Prime Minister to form the Cabinet; In the General Election, the party which wins the second largest number of seats becomes the official Opposition, with its own leader and “shadow cabinet”.,Elections,Rules: aged 18 or over; voting for one; one,Parliament member elected in each,constituency
46、(651),Canvassing,: campaign speech (cheap,promises),Procedure: a voting card; names printed on,the ballot paper; taking to a private booth;,folding the ballot and putting into a sealed box;,votes counted in the presence of all the,candidates,Thank You!,Thatcher with her close ally and friend, Presid
47、ent of the USA, Ronald Reagan, 1981,The Prime Minister presides over the Cabinet, is responsible for the allocation of functions among ministers and informs the Queen at regular meetings of general business of the Government. Cabinet members hold meetings under the chairmanship of the Prime Minister
48、 for a few hours each week to decide Government policy on major issues.,The present heir: The eldest son of Queen Elizabeth IIPrince Charles, Prince of Walesis the heir to the throne. But when Prince Charles and Princess Diana were divorced, many people suggested that he should stand aside from the
49、succession in favor of his eldest son, Prince William.,The common features of all systems of law in Britain: A feature common to all systems of law in the UK: there is no complete code; Another common feature: the distinction between criminal law and civil law.,Arrest It is the law throughout UK that as soon as anyone is arrested, he/she must be charged and brought before the court with the least possible delay. Unless the case with which an arrested person is charged is very serious, he will usually be granted bail (保释) if he cannot be b