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1、Text A Ancient Education in China Text B Innovation of Education in Ming & Qing Dynasties Supplementary Reading Chinas Employment Situation,整体上掌握Text A和Text B 两篇文章的内容，包括背景资料，单词，相关专有名词等。 完成Text A 和Text B 的课后题目。 浏览Text C。,2019/5/30,导读： 春秋时孔子兴办私学，“有教无类”。突破了官府对文化教育的垄断，扩大了教育对象的范围。西汉武帝时推行儒学教育，在长安兴办太学，还令天下
2、郡国设立学校，初步建立起地方教育系统。隋唐科举制度的完备推动了教育事业的发展，自此，从中央到地方，已建立起了一整套学校体制。 宋代学校制度更为完备，在中央有太学、国子学等，宋代私人讲学的书院兴起。书院注重依照封建伦理观念培养学生的道德品行，在学习方法上也鼓励讨论、辩难和让学生自讲心得，风气比较活跃。明朝强化了前代的科举制度。为了严厉控制士人的思想，实行八股取士，这体现出君主专制的强烈色彩。明代中期以来，书院比较兴盛，明朝后期东林书院以其评识朝政的活动而著名。清朝前期的科举和学校，基本承袭明代的制度，在教育方面进一步加强思想控制和文化专制。,2019/5/30,In the Spring and
3、 Autumn Period (770BC - 476BC), private schools prevailed and many scholars of different schools of thought spread their teaching in this way. Confucius, the great educator, devoted all his life to the private school system and instructed most students. It is said that over three thousand disciples
4、followed him, among whom there were 72 sages who went on to broaden the acceptance of the philosophy set out by their master - Confucianism: a philosophy embracing benevolence in living, diligence in learning, and so on.,Besides that, other schools such as Taoism, also taught widely and this led aft
5、erwards to a hundred schools of thought in the Warring States Period. During the succeeding years, private schools continued to exist although there were times when state education became fashionable.,During the reign of Emperor Wudi,the government introduced a system which was named taixue. Usually
6、 the students were provided with a free diet and mainly studied the classical Confucian books. Following examinations, those with good marks would directly be given official titles.,The Nine Grades of Rank in the Regime System (or Jiupin zhongzheng system), employed the following method: in each sta
7、te and county there was official acting as Zhongzheng with authority to decide how people were ranked in the local precincts according to ability.,The system of the Imperial Examination, or Keju in Chinese, became the method by which talented people were recognized and selected for future positions
8、in civil service.,The imperial examinations comprised two parts namely an arts exam and the wushu exam. The arts examination includes composition, study of books, laws, calligraphy, paintings and so on.,In the Song Dynasty subjects raised by government had been much less than that in the Tang Dynast
9、y, but the examination for jin shi was still fashionable. Meanwhile, regardless of form and content, the system underwent great innovation. Firstly the extension of matriculation was broadened. Secondly, the frequency of exams was limited to a fixed once every three years. Thirdly, the great reforme
10、r Wang Anshi (1021 - 1086) advocated an innovation which was much more practical. Finally, examinees names were closely covered on their papers which were then exchanged among different local examiners.,In the Song Dynasty, few governmental schools were erected, but it was the vogue for scholars to
11、set up numerous private educational organizations - shu yuan. The four most reputed shu yuan were named Bailudong Institute of Jiangxi, Songyang Institute and Yingtianfu Institute of Henan, and Yulu Institute of Hunan.,Central government managed to found schools called guozijian, and strengthened th
12、eir function to be the only road by which people could take the exams. There were in total three stages leading to realizing the dream of becoming an official: provincial examination (xiangshi), metropolitan examination (huishi) by the Board of Rites, and Palace examination (dianshi) by the emperor
13、himself.,The provincial and metropolitan examiners tested only eight-legged essays and people easily realized that the quality of that sort of essay was the key to achieving a pass.,As the tight hold on affairs held by the Qing Dynasty became more and more unpopular, the education system also needed
14、 fresh ideas and input as it was a disservice to the country. A trend appeared towards the way in which the positions of court officials could be purchased and this sometimes even gave rise to unlawful pass to the degraded system.,It is interesting to note that one of characters depicted in the nove
15、l Fan Jin Zhong Ju is quite a typical victim of the declining system.,1. Taoism (道教): refers to a philosophical or religious tradition in which the basic concept is to establish harmony with the Tao (道), which is the mechanism of everything that exists. Taoism had not only a profound influence on th
16、e culture of China, but also on neighboring countries. While the philosophical Taoism is not institutionalized, the religious Taoism is institutionalized and present in multiple countries. Taoist philosophy is deeply rooted in contemporary China, and is an unavoidable part of modern Chinese life.,20
17、19/5/30,2. Northern and Southern Dynasties（南北朝）：The Southern and Northern Dynasties was a period in the history of China that lasted from 420 to 589 AD. Though an age of civil war and political chaos, it was also a time of flourishing arts and culture, advancement in technology, and the spreading of
18、 Mahayana Buddhism and Daoism. The period saw large-scale migration of Han Chinese people to the lands south of the Yangtze River.,2019/5/30,3. Wang Anshi (王安石): A Chinese economist, statesman, chancellor and poet of the Song Dynasty who attempted controversial, major socioeconomic reforms. These re
19、forms constituted the core concepts and motives of the Reformists, while their nemesis, Chancellor Sima Guang, led the Conservative faction against them. In economics, his reforms expanded the use of money, broke up private monopolies and introduced some forms of government regulation and social wel
20、fare. In military affairs, he supported the use of local militias; and in education and government, he expanded the examination system and tried to suppress nepotism. Though successful for a while, he eventually fell out of favor of the emperor.,2019/5/30,4. Manchu ethnic group(满族): The Manchu peopl
21、e or Man are an ethnic minority of China who originated in Manchuria (northeastern China). For centuries, the Manchu ethnicity has acculturated with the majority Han ethnicity of China. Most Manchu today speak Standard Chinese, while the Manchu language is only spoken by elderly people in remote nor
22、theastern China and a few scholars; there are around ten thousand speakers of Xibe, a closely related language spoken in the Ili region of Xinjiang. In recent years, however, there has been a resurgence of interest in Manchu culture among both ethnic Manchus and Han. The number of Chinese today with
23、 some Manchu ancestry is quite largewith 10.68 million members (in China), Manchu is the 3rd largest ethnic group in China after the Han and the Zhuang.,2019/5/30,导读： 就业是民生之本，是人民改善生活的基本前提和基本途径。中国有近亿人口，是世界上人口最多的国家。在中国，解决就业问题任务繁重、艰巨、紧迫。中国政府从亿万人民的根本利益出发，高度重视就业问题。中国政府依据中华人民共和国宪法，以及中华人民共和国劳动法等法律法规，保障劳动者的
24、就业权利，采取各种政策措施积极促进就业，不断满足劳动者的就业需求。中国政府从国情出发，通过实践探索并借鉴国际经验，制定和实施了一系列积极的就业政策。目前，中国已建立起市场导向的就业机制，计划经济时期形成的企业富余人员问题基本得到解决，在经济发展和经济结构调整中就业规模持续扩大，就业结构逐步优化，就业渠道不断拓宽，就业形式更加灵活，总体上保持了就业形势的基本稳定。,2019/5/30,Employment has a vital bearing on peoples livelihoods. It is the fundamental prerequisite and basic approac
25、h for people to improve their lives. China is the most populous country in the world. To solve the employment issue in China is a strenuous, arduous and pressing task.,Chinese government recognizes the importance of the issue of employment. Based on the Constitution of the Peoples Republic of China,
26、 the Labor Law of the Peoples Republic of China, and other laws and regulations, the Chinese government has protected the workers right to employment, and adopted various policies and measures to promote employment actively and steadily meet their needs for employment.,The Chinese government has exp
27、lored and drawn on international experiences and adapted them for use in the domestic situation, formulating and implementing a number of proactive employment policies Currently, China has established a market-oriented employment mechanism; largely solved the problem of surplus enterprise personnel
28、arising over the years under the planned economy; and, in the course of economic development and economic restructuring, expanded the employment scope continuously. As a result, the employment structure has gradually been optimized; the avenues for employment have been steadily broadened; the forms
29、of employment have become more flexible and the employment situation has been maintained basically stable.,2019/5/30,Text B Chinas Employment Situation,New forms of employment mushroomed, such as jobs in foreign-invested firms and economic entities of diverse forms, part-time jobs, temporary jobs, s
30、easonal jobs, work on an hourly basis and jobs with flexible working hours, and became important avenues for the expansion of employment.,As far as the employment structure is concerned, from 1990 to 2003 the proportion of those employed in tertiary industry rose steadily; the proportion of those em
31、ployed in secondary industry remained at around 21.6 percent; and the proportion of those employed in primary industry dropped to 49.1 percent.,2019/5/30,Text B Chinas Employment Situation,In the field of labor and employment, China has carried out remarkably effective exchanges and cooperation with
32、 the International Labor Organization, the United Nations Development Program, the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, and a number of other international organizations and many countries.,China exercises a proactive employment policy, and has established the employment principle of “workers fin
33、ding their own jobs, employment through market regulation and employment promoted by the government.“ The Chinese Government has persisted in promoting employment by way of developing the economy, adjusting the economic structure, deepening reform, coordinating urban and rural economic development,
34、and improving the social security system. It has adopted various effective measures and done everything possible to increase job opportunities, expand the scope of employment, and keep the unemployment rate within a socially tolerable range.,2019/5/30,Text B Chinas Employment Situation,1. the Consti
35、tution of the Peoples Republic of China (中华人民共和国宪法): The Constitution of the Peoples Republic of China is the highest law within the Peoples Republic of China. The current version was adopted by the 5th National Peoples Congress on December 4, 1982 with further revisions in 1988, 1993, 1999, and 200
36、4. Three previous state constitutionsthose of 1954, 1975, and 1978were superseded in turn. The Constitution has five sections which are the preamble, general principles, fundamental rights and duties of citizens, structure of the state (which includes such state organs as the National Peoples Congre
37、ss, the State Council, the Local Peoples Congress and Local Peoples Governments and the Peoples Courts and the Peoples Procuratorates), the national flag and the emblems of the state.,2019/5/30,2. World Bank (世界银行): The World Banks official goal is the reduction of poverty. According to the World Ba
38、nks Articles of Agreement (As amended effective 16 February 1989) all of its decisions must be guided by a commitment to promote foreign investment, international trade and facilitate capital investment. The World Bank differs from the World Bank Group, in that the World Bank comprises only two inst
39、itutions: the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Development Association (IDA), whereas the latter incorporates these two in addition to three more: International Finance Corporation (IFC), Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), and International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID).,2019/5/30,Thank You!,