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1、常见的修辞格翻译,一、比喻（figure of speech）,比喻无处不在，为各语言文化共有。比喻有四个要素：本体（tenor），喻体（vehicle），比喻词（comparative word）及相似点（point of resemblance）。这里主要谈谈明喻（simile）和暗喻（metaphor）的翻译。,英汉语明喻标记比较明显，一般需出现比喻词，汉语如像、如、仿佛、似等，英语如like，as，as if/though等。 英语的隐喻大致分三类：1.A is B；2.N1 of N2；3.只出现本体。 All the worlds a stage, and all men and
2、women merely players. 整个世界是座舞台，男男女女，演员而已。,With this faith we will be able to hoe out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. With this faith we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood. 抱有这个信念，我们就能从绝望之山凿出希望之石。抱有这个信念，我们就能把我们这个民族中那些刺耳的噪
3、音变成一部歌颂手足之情的美妙交响曲。,She has a photographic memory for detail. 她对细节有照相机般的记忆力。 （把her memory比作camera，但喻体camera没有出现。）,汉语暗喻大致也有三种，1.判断结构“甲是乙”；2.本体和喻体同时出现，但无判断词；3.状语加中心词（偏正式的结构） 薛蟠也假说来上学，不过是“三天打渔，两天晒网”也不曾有一点儿进益。（红楼梦） Xue Pan had hastened to register himself as a pupil. His school-going was, needless to say
4、, a pretence “One day to fish and two days to dry the net” as they say and had nothing to do with the advancement of learning. （杨宪益，戴乃迭）,潭西南而望，斗折蛇行，明灭可见。（柳宗元小石潭记） Viewed from the southwest, the pond sometimes zigzags like the shining Big Dipper and sometimes winds gloomily like a long creeping snake
5、.,她们一窝蜂地挤拢来，每人盛一碗，就四散地蹲伏或者站立在路上和门口吃。（夏衍包身工） They crowded strenuously around like a swarm of bees, each ladling out a bowl of meagre porridge, and then scattered, having their meal by crouching or standing at the pathway or the doorway.,比喻的翻译方法主要有：直译、直译加注、转换、意译等。明喻一般直译；暗喻中英汉语共有的“A是B”结构比较适合直译；带有文化内涵的习
6、语型比喻常直译加注；不适合直译的暗喻可考虑转换为明喻，或者改变喻体；放弃比喻修辞，翻译意义。,何等动人的一页一页！这是人类思维的花朵。（徐迟哥德巴赫猜想） What inspiring chapters! They are the flowers of the human brainwork. Education is not the filling of a pail, but the lighting of a fire. (William B. Yeats) 教育不是注满一桶水，而是点燃一把火。,“难道这也是个痴丫头，也像颦儿来葬花不成？”因又暗自笑道：“若真是葬花，可谓东施效颦了，不但
7、不为新奇，而且更为可厌。”（红楼梦） “Can this be another absurd maid coming to bury flowers like Daiyu?”he wondered in some amusement. “If so, shes Tun Shih imitating His Shih, which is not original but rather tiresome.” (Note: His Shih was a famous beauty in the ancient kingdom of Yue. Tung Shih was an ugly girl wh
8、o tried to imitate her ways.),New York was never mecca to me. And though I have lived there more than half my life, you wont find me wearing an “I love New York” T-shirt 纽约对于我来说绝不是麦加。虽然我已经在这里住了大半辈子，你却不会看到我穿上一件印有“我爱纽约”字样的T恤。 （麦加：位于沙特阿拉伯西部，伊斯兰教徒的朝圣地，后此专业名词普通化，意为“圣地”或“渴望之地”。）,一些人清醒，多数人被蒙蔽，少数是右翼骨干。（毛泽东选
9、集） Among the members of these parties some keep their heads, many are deceived, and a small number make up the nucleus of the right wing.,Hold fast to dreams, For if dreams die, Life is a broken-winged bird That cannot fly. (Langston Hughes) 紧紧抓住梦想吧， 如果梦想死亡， 生命就像鸟儿折了翅膀， 再也不能飞翔。,The enemys Achilles h
10、eel was his harbour defense. 敌人的致命处在于其海港防御。,更多实例分析： 月光如流水一般，静静地泻在这一片叶子和花上。薄薄的青雾浮起在荷塘里。叶子和花仿佛在牛乳中洗过一样；又像笼着轻纱的梦。 Like flowing streams, moonlight rushes down, silently clothing every leaf and flower. The lotus pond is cloaked in light mist. （Mist floats above the lotus pond.）The leaves and flowers are
11、somewhat white now as though they had been bathed in milk. One will feel he is in a dream covered with thin gauze.,树缝里也漏着一两点灯光，没精打采的，是瞌睡人的眼。 Through the branches are also a couple of lamps, as listless as sleepy eyes. 他就像一只斗败的公鸡似的垂头丧气。 He was shaken and unnerved like a defeated fighting cock.,把这个赵寡妇
12、在屏风后急得像热锅上的蚂蚁一样。 All this made Zhao the widow behind the screen as frantic as an ant on a hot furnace. Marriage is a book of which the first chapter is written in poetry and remaining chapters in prose. 婚姻是一本书，第一章以诗写成，其余各章则以散文写成。,他清清楚楚地看见一条丁字街，横在他眼前。 He saw distinctly the cross-road ahead of him. Af
13、ter that long talk, Jim became the sun in her heart. 那次长谈之后，吉姆成了她心中的太阳。,三国演义中的一些例子： 玄德就马上执庶之手曰：“先生此去，天各一方，未知相会却在何日！”说罢，泪如雨下。 Xuande took Shan Fus hand. “Now we part,” Xuande said, “to go to different worlds. Who knows when we may meet again?” Xuandes tears fell like rain. (Moss Roberts),后曰：“旦夕如坐针毡，似
14、此为人，不如早亡！妾看宦官中之忠义可托者，莫如穆顺，当令寄此书。” “Day and night we sit on pins,” the Empress continued. “I prefer death to a life like this. Among our eunuchs Mu Shun is loyal and true. He could deliver the letter.”,张飞听了，瞋目大叱曰：“我哥哥是金枝玉叶，你是何等人，敢称我哥哥为贤弟！你来！我和你斗三百合！” The moment Zhang Fei heard this, his eyes widened
15、and he shouted, “Our brother is a prince of the blood, a jade leaf on the golden branch. Who are you to call him young brother? Come out now and fight three hundred rounds with me. ”,权曰：“今听臣言，则西蜀有泰山之安，不听臣言，则主公有累卵之危矣。” Huang Quan replied: “Heed my words and our rule can be secure as Mountain Tai. Hee
16、d them not and your own position will become as precarious as a pile of eggs. ”,曹操下令军中曰：“今刘备釜中之鱼，阱中之虎；若不就此时擒捉，如放鱼入海，纵虎归山矣。众将可努力向前。” Cao Cao instructed his men: “Liu Beis a fish in our pot, a tiger in our trap. If we dont take him, here and now, well be letting the fish back into the sea, setting the
17、 tiger free in the hills. Press forward and spare no effort.”,二、拟人,拟人是将物当作人来描写的修辞手法，其本质上是一种隐喻。拟人大致分四种：以动物拟人、以植物拟人、以无生命的事物拟人以及以抽象概念拟人。,It is useless for the sheep to pass resolutions in favor of vegetarianism while the wolf remains of a different opinion. 当狼依然持有不同意见之时，群羊通过的赞成素食主义的决议案也是徒劳无功的。 老蝈蝈大约有什么
18、心事，一大早就躲在树叶下唱，那调子显得深沉而悠远。 It seems that the old grasshopper takes something to heart, singing in the leaves of the tree in the early morning. The long long melody runs deep down into your heart.,A tree whose hungry mouth is pressed Against the earths sweet flowing breast; A tree that looks at God al
19、l, And lifts her leafy arms to pray. 树那饥渴的嘴唇紧紧贴住 大地乳汁甘美的胸膛； 它整天仰望着上帝， 举起枝叶繁茂的手臂祈祷。,他对沾满露水的青草瞥了一眼，青草也对他挤了一眼。 He glanced at dew-covered grass, and it winked back at him. The clock on the wall ticked loudly and lazily, as if it had time to spare. Outside the rattling windows there was a restless whispe
20、ring wind. The room grew light and dark, and wonderous light again, as the moon played hide-and-seek through the clouds.,挂钟懒洋洋地滴答作响，声音那么大，好像时间很充裕。窗外，风不停地刮着，像在低声耳语般，窗户也被吹得格格地响。月亮在云层中捉迷藏时，房间里忽明忽暗，不时闪起奇幻的光芒。,群山肃立，江河挥泪，辽阔的祖国大地沉浸在巨大的悲痛之中。 The mountains are standing in solemn silence; the rivers are shedd
21、ing bitter tears; our motherland is soaked in enormous grief. A lie can travel half way around the world while the truth is putting on its shoes. 真理刚刚穿上鞋子，谎言却可能已经走过半个世界。,拟人一般可以采用直译、意译和转换（如转换为明喻）。 每条岭都是那么温柔，虽然下自山脚，上自岭顶，长满了珍贵的林木，可谁也不孤峰突起，盛气凌人。（老舍小花朵集） All the ridges were so amiable. None of them stood
22、 above the others with arrogance（a domineering manner/ posture）, though their slopes were fully covered with precious trees. （直译）,细雨如丝，一棵棵杨梅树贪婪地吮吸着春天的甘露。它们伸展着四季常绿的枝条，一片片狭长的叶子在雨雾中欢笑着。（王鲁彦我爱故乡的杨梅） Each waxberry tree is greedily sucking the spring rain，which falls down like fine threads/ softly. The ev
23、ergreen branches stretch out, each long and narrow leaf smiling in the smoky rain.（直译/意译）,说它贪玩吧，的确是呀，要不怎么会一天一夜不回家呢？可是，它听到老鼠的一点响动，又是多么尽职。（老舍猫） The cat is excessively fond of playing around. Yes, it is. Dont you remember that it once played around and did not go home for one day and one night? Anyhow,
24、 it will fulfil its duty the moment it hears the slightest sound made by a mouse.（直译）,At last the bee felt sufficiently confident to attempt a trial flight. 终于，蜜蜂觉得有充分信心可以作一次试飞了。 Culture is not satisfied till we all come to be a perfect man. It knows the sweetness and light of the few must be imperf
25、ect until the raw masses of humanity are touched with sweetness and light. 在所有人都变得完美之前，文化是不会满意的。文化懂得，在人类未开化的大众还未享受快乐和光明之前，少数人享有的快乐和光明必然是不完美的。,May is a boy with a fishing rod walking to the pond on Saturday morning, and young sweethearts strolling along the pond on Saturday nights. 五月是一个手持钓鱼竿在周末早晨走向池
26、塘边的男孩，也是周末晚上沿池塘漫步的情侣。,三、夸张（hyperbole）,夸张是运用丰富的想象力，在客观现实的基础上有目的地放大或缩小事物的形象特征，以增强表达效果的修辞手法，也叫夸饰或铺张。 夸张的作用是用言过其实的方法，突出事物的本质，或加强作者的某种感情，烘托气氛，引起读者的联想。夸张能引起读者丰富的想象和强烈共鸣。 在文学中，夸张是运用想象与变形，夸大事物的某些特征，写出不寻常之语。 例(1)：力拔山兮气盖世。 垓下歌项羽 例(2)：蜀道之难，难于上青天。蜀道难李白 例(3)：他种的瓜很甜，几十里外就闻到瓜香了。,夸张的翻译,夸张主要采取直译的办法。 这是多么让人心碎的事！ What
27、 a heartbreaking thing! 我从乡下跑到京城里，一转眼已经六年了。 Six years have passed by in a twinkle since I came to the capital city from the countryside.,A drop of ink may make a million think. 一滴墨水写成的文字可让千万人思索。 Noise proves nothing; often a hen who has merely laid an egg cackles as if she had laid an asteroid. 喧哗吵闹
28、证明不了什么；只生下一只鸡蛋的母鸡也常会咯咯叫，像是生下小行星似的。,She has more goodness in her little finger than he has in his whole body. 她小手指中的美德比他全身的美德还要多。 Miss Bolo went straight home in a flood of tears and sedan chair. 波洛小姐泪如泉涌，坐上轿子径直回家了。,四、双关（pun）,“用词造句时表面上是一个意思，而暗中隐藏着另一个意思。”现代汉语词典 在一定的语言环境中，利用词的多义和同音的条件，有意使语句具有双重意义，言在此而意
29、在彼，这种修辞手法叫做双关。双关可使语言表达得含蓄、幽默，而且能加深寓意，给人以深刻印象。,双关的翻译,直译： 双关含有双重意义，一般难以直译。如要直译，须将两重意思和盘托出。有时择其一翻译，另一意义紧随其后，置于圆括号内。,Perhaps from some vague rumour of his college honors, which had been whispered abroad on his first arrival, perhaps because he was an unmarried, unencumbered gentle man, he had been calle
30、d the Bachelor. 也许是因为他初来时大家交头接耳说他在大学里有过学位，也许是因为他是一位没有结婚、无拘无束的绅士，人们便称他为光棍学士。,Judge: “What made you think that you could park your car there?” Tourist: “Well, there was a big sign that read: Fine for Parking.” “你怎么想把车子停在那里？” “喔，那里有个大牌子，上面写着停车的好地方。（停车罚款）”,原文：Professor of physics: What is matter? Studen
31、t: Never mind. Professor: Then what is mind? Student: It doesnt matter. 译文：物理教授：“什么是物质？”（“你怎么 啦？”） 学生：“它不是精神。”（“不要紧。”） 教授：“那什么是精神？”（“那你介意什 么？”） 学生：“它不是物质。”（“我不介意什么。”）,译明义： 我说你们没见过世面，只认得这果子是“香芋”，却不知盐课林老爷的小姐才是真正的“香玉”呢！（红楼梦） It is you who are mistaken. You have seen too little of the world to understan
32、d. The daughter of our respected salt commissioner Lin is also a sweet potato. She is the sweetest sweet potato of them all.,原文：清风不识字，何必乱翻书。 译文：Gentle breeze, thou art illiterate， Why should thou turn over book leaves at random? （黄龙译） 此处“清风”一语双关，既指风，也指清朝统治阶级，是内容和形式的完美结合。主要表达对清朝统治阶级兴文字狱的不满这么一种精神意义。但是
33、要把这样的双重内容在英文中再现是几乎不可能的，译文也就难以传达原文的精神意义。上述译文试图采用以音意结合的做法：gentle一词中音节gen-和“清”字有点相似，同时以该词来表达“清风”的微风之意。但是，译文读者却无论如何也感受不到“清风”的更深刻的那层含义了。,原文：空对着，山中高士晶莹雪； 终不忘，世外仙妹寂寞林。 （红楼梦第五回） 译文：Vainly facing the hermit in sparking snow-clad hills, I forgot not the fairy in the lone woods beyond the world. (杨宪益、戴乃迭译) 原文以
34、“雪”指“薛”，即薛宝钗，以“林”指林黛玉。译文此时无法做到将原文内容和形式完整地传达，因而只好亏于形式而力存内容了。,译暗义： “娘，他们 是要剥我们中国人的脸皮啊，你知道吗？” 骄阳下，柳树上，回答他的是一片“知了，知了”的蝉声。 “Mother, what they asked me to do was to lose face for all Chinese! Dont you see?” In the scorching sun, from the willow tree, came the confirming reply of the cicadas chirrup:“see,
35、see ”,补偿： 双关是一种语言的内部意义即同一语言系统的语词在音、形、义上的联系。不同语言系统具有不同的语言内部意义体系。大多情况下，双关都很难很好地直译，但可以用译入语的其他修辞手法予以补偿。,东边日出西边雨，道是无晴却有晴。 In the east the sun is rising; In the west rain is falling; Can you see if its fair or foul?,胡太太叹了口气，看见胡国光还是一肚子心事似的踱方步。 “张铁嘴怎么说的？”胡太太惴惴的问。 “很好，不用担心了。我还有委员的福分呢！” “么事的桂圆！” “是委员！从前行的是大人老
36、爷，现在行的是委员了！你还不明白？”,Madame Hu gave a sigh and watched her husband anxiously pacing about as before. “What did Chang Tieh-tsui say?” She asked timidly. “He gave me very good news. We need not look for trouble, I have the possibility of being a member of a Committee!” “Whats a common tea?” asked the wi
37、fe, who only vaguely caught the sound. “A committee! Lords and esquires are out of date, and the prevailing nomination is to a Committee. Dont you still understand?”（钱歌川）,加注： 由于两种语言内部意义差异，译文中将双关语的双重意义天衣无缝地表达出来，常常不可能。为了帮译入语读者了解原作双关语的内涵，意者常借助于注释。可以是译明义+注释，也可以译暗义+注释，还可以意译+注释。,The professor rapped on hi
38、s desk and shouted, “Gentlemen, order!” The entire class yelled, “Beer!” 教授敲击讲台并大声说：“先生们，安静！” 全班大声回应道：“啤酒！” 注：order既可以理解为安静，也可理解为点菜。教授本意显然为前一种，学生却故意理解为后一种。,Diner: “Waiter, this soup is spoiled.” Waiter: “Who told you?” Diner: “A little swallow.” “服务员，这汤坏了！” “谁说的？” “一只小燕子” 注：swallow既有吞咽之意，也有小燕子之意，此处理解为暗义才有幽默效果。,We must all hang together, or we shall all hang separately. (Benjamin Franklin) 如果我们不团结在一起，我们将一个个被绞死。 我们必须紧密团结在一起，否则我们将一个个被绞死。 注：hang这里有团结和绞死二意，为同形同音异义双关。,