1、2022年考博英语-中共中央党校考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 问答题Identity is about how we define who we are. Literally, both identity and the self mean “the same as”. In cultural theory identity is used to describe the consciousness of self found in the modern individual. The modern self is understood to be autonomous and
2、 self-critical. The German philosopher G.W.F. Hegel saw individualism, the right to criticism and autonomy of action as the three main characteristics of modern subjectivity. This self-reflexive aspect of identity means that, in the modern age, identity is understood to be a project. It is not fixed
3、 The autobiographical thinking that characterizes modern identity creates a coherent sense of a past identity, but that identity has to be sustained in the present and remade in the future. The constant remaking of identity reveals that the sense of self is to some extent an illusion, because the m
4、aking of the self requires a constant interaction with the not-self or non-identity: the external world. In modem Western societies, certain identities have been privileged over others. Men have been privileged over women. White Europeans have been privileged over non-whites. Certain modes of sexual
5、 behavior have defined normal against deviant sexual identities. “Identity politics” is the term used to describe the emergence into the political arena of identities other than those of white, European, heterosexual men. The assertion of alternative identities has followed a number of different str
6、ategies which Jonathan Dollimore divides into four types of “reverse discourses”: (1) the assertion of a positive identity as normal and natural as the dominant “norm”; (2) the assertion of a negative identity, which is abnormal, but can be explained and assimilated by recourse to legitimating (for
7、example, medical or scientific) discourses; (3) the assertion of a different identity as more natural and normal than the dominant norm; (4) the strategy of transgression, where the very categories that define what is normal and abnormal are subverted. The first of these four can be described as ess
8、entialist strategies. They assert oppositional identity as essentially unchangeable. An example would be the cultural movement known as “negritude” which emerged at the end of the French Empire. One of its leading proponents, Leopold Senghor argued that African culture is “more sensitive to the exte
9、rnal world, to the material aspect of beings and things”. However, the result of such strategies is often anti-essentialist. An assertive African culture will in fact change the nature of both African and European identities. The fourth reverse discourse is explicitly anti-essentialist. Identity is
10、understood to be performative, not based on any essential characteristics, but rather is a performance based on cultural expectations. Dollimores example of an anti-essentialist identity is Oscar Wilde, who famously argued for the primacy of culture in his statement that “life imitates art”. One of
11、the most interesting developments in identity politics emerging from this insight has been queer politics. This has developed from lesbian and gay politics; but queer politics resists the division of sexuality into a binary opposition of essentialist homosexual or heterosexual identities. Instead, J
12、udith Butler argues that identities are the products of the discourses that define sexuality. We perform masculinity or femininity, homosexuality or heterosexuality according to a script already written as the cultural conventions of our society. In this view, identities are cultural constructions r
13、ather than pre-set. 1.What is the passage mainly about?2.Why does the author say that “in the modern age, identity is understood to be a project” in Paragraph 1?3.In whose interests is the term “identity politics” put forward in Paragraph 2?4.Why does the author mention the example of Oscar Wilde in
14、 Paragraph 2?5.What is the author likely to talk about in the following paragraph?【答案】1.The passage is about (the definition of) identity.2.Because the past identity has to be sustained in the present and remade in the future.3.People who are not privileged in modern Western society.4.Because he arg
15、ued for the primacy of culture in his statement, which subverted the very categories that define what is normal and abnormal.5.The following paragraph will discuss the influences on identities that social culture brings.2. 单选题If the police （ ）when they did there would have been serious violence.问题1选
16、项A.had not stepped inB.did not stepped inC.had not stepped downD.did not stepped down【答案】A【解析】语法题。考查虚拟语气，主句结构为would have done，表示对过去事情的虚拟，if引导的从句应该用had done过去完成，选项B和D可排除。step in “介入，干预”；step down “辞职，走下”。句意：如果警方没有介入的话，严重的暴力行为可能已经发生了。选项A符合题意。3. 问答题The second, or problem-oriented, approach is the exact
17、 opposite. A specific historical question is formulated, usually prompted by a reading of the secondary authorities, and the relevant primary sources are then studied; the bearing that these sources may have on other issues is ignored, the researcher proceeding as directly as possible to the point w
18、here he or she can present some conclusions. Each method encounters snags. The source-oriented approach, although appropriate for a newly discovered source, may yield only an incoherent jumble of dates. The problem-oriented approach, sounds like common sense and probably corresponds to most peoples
19、idea of research. But it is often difficult to tell in advance what sources are relevant. As will be shown later, the most improbable sources are sometimes found to be illuminating, while the obvious ones may lead the historian into too close an identification with the concerns of the organization t
20、hat produced them. Moreover, for any topic in Western nineteenth-or twentieth-century history, however circumscribed by time or place, the sources are so unwieldy that further selection can hardly be avoided, and with it the risk of leaving vital evidence untouched.In practice neither of these appro
21、aches is usually pursued to the complete exclusion of the other, but the balance struck between them varies a good deal. Some historians begin their careers with a narrowly defined project based on a limited range of sources; others are let loose on a major archive with only the vaguest of briefs. T
22、he former is on the whole the more common, because of the pressure to produce quick results that is imposed by the Ph.D degree - the formal apprenticeship served by most academic historians. A great deal of research consists not in ferreting out new sources but in turning to well-known materials wit
23、h new questions in mind. Yet too single-minded a preoccupation with a narrow set of issues may lead to evidence being taken out of context and misinterpreted - source-mining as one critic has called it. It is vital, therefore, that the relationship between the historian and his or her sources is one
24、 of give and take. Many historians have had the experience of setting out with one set of questions, only to find that the sources which they had supposed would furnish the answers instead directed their research on to quite a different path. Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie first turned to the land-tax regi
25、sters of rural Languedoc with a view to documenting the birth of capitalism in that region; he found himself instead investigating its social structure in the broadest sense, and in particular the impact of demographic change.Mine was the classic misadventure; I had wanted to master a source in orde
26、r to confirm my youthful convictions, but it was finally the source that mastered me by imposing its own rhythms, its own chronology, and its own particular troth.1.What does the passage mainly discuss?2.What is the first approach to historical studies?3.Why does the author say that the problem-orie
27、nted approach sounds like common sense and probably corresponds to most peoples idea of research?4.What does the author mean by In practice neither of these approaches is usually pursued to the complete exclusion of the other?5.According to the passage, what should be the appropriate way of studying
28、 historical sources?【答案】1.It mainly discusses about two ways of researching history.2.The source-oriented approach.3. Because the source-oriented approach, although appropriate for a newly discovered source, may yield only an incoherent jumble of dates.4.The author means that we should use the sourc
29、e-oriented approach and problem-oriented approach at the same time.5.Combine the two ways of studying history and find a balance point.4. 单选题（ ）he was in the United States as student studying computer science, but in reality he was spying on Silicon Valley firms for Gun Dap Systems, his employer.问题1
30、选项A.DisingenuouslyB.DiscretelyC.OfficiouslyD.Ostensibly【答案】D【解析】副词词义辨析。disingenuously “不诚实地”；discretely “离散地”；officiously“过分殷勤地，非官方地”；ostensibly “表面上，外表”。句意：表面上他在美国学习计算机科学，但实际上，他是在为他的雇主Gun Dap Systems监视硅谷的公司。选项D符合题意。5. 单选题With the expansion of the company, the manager has so much work to do that a h
31、oliday for him this year is （ ）.问题1选项A.out of questionB.out of the questionC.beyond all questionD.past question【答案】B【解析】词组辨析。out of question“毫无疑问”；out of the question“不可能”；beyond all question“毫无疑问”；past question“无可争辩”。句意：随着公司的扩张，经理有很多的工作要做，所以今年的假期对他来说是不可能的。选项B符合题意。6. 单选题Flannery OConnor was not as （
32、 ） as some writers who turn out reams of materials, but her stories are considered gems that live on after her early and tragic death.问题1选项A.potentialB.prolificC.vitriolicD.vicarious【答案】B【解析】形容词词义辨析。potential “有潜力的”；prolific “多产的”；vitriolic “硫酸的，刻薄的”；vicarious “替代的，代理的”。句意：Flannery O Connor不像一些创作大量作
33、品的作家那样多产。选项B符合题意。7. 单选题Recently, Japanese imports of manufactured goods from China have surged and the reputation of Chinese products has improved substantially, giving rise to concern that China will soon replace Japan as the factory of the world. An objective evaluation of Chinas industrial streng
34、th, however, suggests that there is still a long way to go before it will become a truly advanced industrial country on par with Japan.First of all, the high proportion of labor-intensive products in Chinas exports means that its trade structure is typical of a newly industrializing economy (NIE).Th
35、is is different from that of developed countries, where the major export items, such as machinery, are technology-intensive. Although China is increasing its share of the global market for manufactured goods, including some information-technology (IT) products that are classified as high-tech, Chine
36、se exports are still highly concentrated in lower-end products. In the ease of televisions, for instance, Japan specializes in high-definition and other higher-end models, while China produces standard models whose unit values are much lower.Reflecting Chinas emphasis on processing trade, goods made
37、 in China contain large numbers of overseas components, some of which are made in Japan. According to official Chinese statistics, increasing exports by USS1 million requires importing intermediate goods and components worth $500,000, which do not form part of Chinas gross domestic product (GDP). Mo
38、reover, the proportion of this imported content is higher for high-tech than for low-tech products. A computer labeled made in China is likely to contain a large portion of imported contents including an Intel central processing unit (CPU), Microsoft Windows operating system, and a liquid crystal di
39、splay made in Japan or South Korea.In addition, approximately half of Chinas exports are produced by subsidiaries of foreign companies, to which dividends, interest charges, royalties and other fees must be paid. Even among Chinese companies with no capital relations with overseas companies, the maj
40、ority of their exports are processed under OEM (original equipment manufacturing) contracts and sold with foreign brand names. Thus only a very small percentage of the value-added of products labeled made in China is actually made by China. The latter corresponds to the concept of Chinas gross natio
41、nal product (GNP), and excludes import charges on intermediate goods and investment income paid to overseas countries.China is so heavily dependent on foreign partners that it has yet to develop its own edge-cutting technology and internationally recognized brand names. On top of this; Chinese compa
42、nies are inferior to their overseas counterparts in virtually every aspect, be it capital, human resources, or business management. As a result, China has no option but to look to cheap labor for its export competitiveness. Indeed, the majority of Chinas contribution to the value-added of its export
43、s lies with the cost of labor, and the very low wages in China, averaging less than $100 a month, imply that this contribution must be very small. As such, the common assumption that Chinese goods are competitive because the countrys wage levels are low holds true only for labor-intensive products a
44、nd does not necessarily apply to industry as a whole. Instead, Chinas low wages should be interpreted as a reflection of the fact that its labor productivity is poor. It is when Chinas wage levels approach those of Japan, reflecting a rise in productivity, which China will really become a formidable
45、 competitor for Japan.1.Why does the author say there is still a long way to go before it will become a truly advanced industrial country on par with Japan?2.According to the author, whats the difference between products labeled made in China and those labeled made by China?3.Which of the following
46、is true about the competitiveness of Japans products?4.The word “subsidiaries” in Paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to （ ）.5.Which of the following could be the best title for the passage?问题1选项A.Chinas trade structure is still lagging behind that of developed countries.B.Chinas export goods are not
47、as competitive as Japans.C.Without foreign help and advanced technology China cannot produce most of its products.D.China is still faced with the problems of backward trade structure, low-tech and labor-intensive products.问题2选项A.Products labeled made in China are high-tech products while the latter
48、are not.B.Whether China is the manufacturer of the original part of products and sells those products with Chinese brand names.C.Whether Chinese companies are subsidiaries of foreign companies.D.Whether Chinese companies are dependent on foreign partners.问题3选项A.Japan doesnt export lower-end products.B.Japan is the factory of the world.C.Japans major export items are high-tech products and competitive in business management.D.Japan doesnt put stress on processing goods.问题4选项A.furnishing aids
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