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1、Book One,Unit 4,Book One,Content,Warming-up,Reading,Writing,Text A,Text B,Book One,Lead-in questions,2. India Iraq Jordan Kuwait Yemen Libya Nigeria Philippines Singapore Sudan Tanzania Uganda,Book One,Lead-in questions,British English aeroplane booking office carat Christian name exhaust pipe trous
2、ers queue railway station motorway ground floor,American English airplane ticket office karat given name tailpipe pants,slacks line train station freeway, expressway first floor,Book One,Lead-in questions,British English mixed school graduation lift financial year fish monger primary school timber s
3、ingle ticket return ticket compulsory subject post-graduate student lorry, van holiday,American English co-education school commencement elevator fiscal year fish dealer elementary school lumber one-way ticket round-trip ticket required subject graduate student truck vacation,Book One,Questions: 1)
4、Which kind of English are you studying now, American English or British English? What are the differences between them? 2) In which aspests does American English attracts you? Through what channels does American English spread to the rest of the world? Offer some examples. 3) Chinese is increasingly
5、 popular outside China, do you see any possibility that Chinese will become the most prevailing language throughout the world in the future? Why/why not?,Group discussion,Book One,THE FUTURE OF ENGLISH H. L. Mencken,Book One,ReadingText A,Text Study,Main Idea & Structure,Sentence Analysis,Language P
6、oints,Useful Expressions,Text Translation,Book One,Main Idea and Structure,First reading: Scan the text and try to catch the main idea. The following words are for your reference to organize the idea: English most prevailing succinctness and simplicity American English resisted developing conquer,Se
7、cond reading: read the passage again and try to identify the structure of this passage.,For your reference,For your reference,Book One,English is the most prevailing language throughout the world and wins by its succinctness and simplicity. Though resisted by the English, American English is develop
8、ing and surpassing British English, and it will eventually conquer the world.,Main Idea,Book One,Structure,Para. 4-7,Main idea: English is the most prevailing language and its worldwide spread is due to the extraordinary dispersion of the English-speaking people.,Main idea: English wins by its advan
9、tages in vocabulary, pronunciation and arrangment. Its succinctness and simplicity are especially attractive to foreigners.,Main idea: Though resisted by the English, American English is developing fast. Its reasonable to predict that American English will eventually conquer the world.,Para. 8-14,Pa
10、ra. 1-3,Book One,Text Study,Book One,1 In the middle of the sixteenth century, English was spoken by between four and five millions of people, and stood fifth among the European languages, with French, German, Italian, and Spanish ahead of it in that order, and Russian following. Two hundred years l
11、ater, Italian had dropped behind but Russian had gone ahead, so that English was still in fifth place. By the end of the Eighteenth Century English began to move forward, and by the middle of the nineteenth it had forced its way into first place. Today it is so far in the lead that it is probably sp
12、oken by as many people as the next two languagesRussian and German combined. 2 How many people speak it today? It is hard to answer. Besides those to whom English is their native tongue, there are people who, though born to some other language, live in English-speaking communities and speak English
13、in their daily business. More importantly, English is now spoken as a foreign language throughout the worldvery often, to be sure, badly, but nevertheless understandably. It has become a platitude that one may go almost anywhere with no other linguistic equipment and get on almost as well as in New
14、York.,Para.1-2,Book One,Para.3-4,3 In part, of course, its spread has been due to the extraordinary dispersion of the English-speaking peoples. They have been the greatest travelers of modern times, and the most adventurous merchants, and the most assiduous colonists. Moreover, they have been, on th
15、e whole, poor linguists, and so they have dragged their language with them, and forced it upon the human race. 4 But there is more to the matter than this. English, brought to close quarters with formidable rivals, has won very often, not by force of numbers, but by the sheer weight of its merit. “I
16、n wealth, wisdom, and strict economy,” said the eminent Jakob Grimm a century ago, “none of the other living languages can vie with it.” To which the eminent Otto Jespersen was adding only the other day: English is simple, it has clear sounds, it packs its words closely together, it is logical in th
17、eir arrangement, and it is free from all pedantic flubdub.,Book One,Para. 5-6,5 When American pedagogues speak of the virtues of English they almost always begin by hymning its enormous vocabulary, which is at least twice as large as that of any other language. But this is not what enchants the fore
18、igner; on the contrary, the vast reaches of the vocabulary naturally alarm him. The thing that really wins him is the succinctness and simplicity of the language. We use, for all our store of Latin polysyllables, a great many more short words than long ones, and we are always trying to make the long
19、 ones short. What was once puniligrion is now pun; what was gasoline only yesterday is already gas. No other European language has so many three-letter words, nor so many four-word sayings. “First come, first served”that is typically English, for it is bold, plain, and short. 6 The English psycholog
20、ist, Dr. Ogden believes, indeed, that 850 words are sufficient for all ordinary purposes, and he has devised a form of simplified English, called by him Basic, which uses no more. Of his 850 words no less than 600 are the names of things, which leaves only 250 for the names of qualities and actions,
21、 and for all the linguistic hooks and eyes that hold sentences together.,Book One,Para.7-8,7 Does this seem too few? Then it is only to those who have forgotten one of the prime characteristics of Englishits capacity for getting an infinity of meanings out of a single word by combining it with simpl
22、e modifiers. Consider, for example, the difference between the verbs to get. To get going, to get by, to get on to, to get wise, to get off, to get ahead of, and to get over. Dr. Ogden proposes to rid the language of a great many verbssome of them irregular, and hence difficultby substituting such c
23、ompounds for them. Why, for example, should a foreigner be taught to say that he has disembarked from a ship? Isnt it sufficient for him to say that he has got off? And why should he be taught to say that he has recovered from the flu, or escaped the police, or obtained a job? Isnt it enough to say
24、that he has got over the first, got away from the second, and simply got the third? 8 But as English spreads, will it be able to maintain its present form? Probably not. But why should it? Every successful effort at standardization seldom succeeds. The schoolmaam has been trying since the Revolution
25、 to bring American English to her rules, but it goes on sprouting, and it will eventually conquer the English of England.,Book One,Para. 9-10,9 This guess indeed is rather too easy to be quite sporting. English has been yielding to American for fifty years past, and since the turn of the century it
26、has been yielding at a constantly accelerated rate. The flow of novelties in vocabulary, in idiom, even in pronunciation, is now overwhelmingly eastward. We seldom borrow an English word or phrase any more, though we used to borrow many; but the English take in our inventions almost as fast as we ca
27、n launch them. The American movie, I suppose, is largely responsible for this change, but there are unquestionably deeper causes too. English is still a bit tight, a bit stiff, more than a little artificial. But American has gone on developing with almost Elizabethan prodigality. All the processes o
28、f word-formation that were in operation in Shakespeares England are still in operation here, and they produce a steady stream of neologisms that he would have relished as joyfully as he relished the novelties actually produced in his time. 10 The English, from the Age of Anne onward, have resisted t
29、he march of American with a mixture of patriotic watchfulness and moral indignation, albeit with steadily decreasing effectiveness.,Book One,Para.11-12,11 The English travelers who began to swarm in America after 1800 gave willing aid in this benign work, and scarcely one of them failed to record hi
30、s horror over the new American words that he encountered, and the unfamiliar American pronunciation. Captain Basil Hall, who was here in 1827 and 1828, went to the length of making a call upon Noah Webster, then over 70 years of age, to lodge his protest. “Surely,” he said, “such innovations are to
31、be deprecated.” “I dont know that,” replied Webster stoutly. “If a word becomes universally current in America, why should it not take its station in the language?” “Because,” answered Hall, with a magnificent resort to British complacency, “there are words enough already.” 12 This hostility continu
32、es into our own day. At regular intervals the London dailies and weeklies break into sonorous complaints against the American invasion. Even the relatively cautious and plainly useful simplicities of American spelling (as in the -or words,Book One,for example) are sometimes denounced with great ranc
33、or. But it is really too late for the English to guard the purity of their native tongue, for so many Americanisms have already got into it that, on some levels at least, it is now almost an American dialect. There are hundreds of them in daily use in England, and many have become so familiar that a
34、n Englishman, on being challenged for using them, will commonly argue that they are actually English. 13 There are Englishmen who believe that the time has come to compromise with the invasion, and even to welcome it. The father of this pro-American party seems to have been the late William Archer,
35、who was saying so long ago as 1899 that Americans had enormously enriched the language, not only with new words, but with apt and luminous colloquial metaphors. The late Dr. Robert Bridges, Poet Laureate from 1913 until his death in 1930, was of like mind with Archer.,Para.12-13,Book One,14 I turn t
36、o Dr. Ogdens list of fifty “international” nouns for the Basic vocabulary, and find that no less than nine of them are American, not English. I turn to Professor Ichikawas list of English words that have been taken into Japanese, and Americanisms bristle from every page. Plainly enough, the conquest
37、 of the world by English, if it ever comes off, will really be a conquest by American.,Para.14,Book One,Sentence Analysis,Book One,1. English, brought to close quarters with formidable rivals, has won very often, not by force of numbers, but by the sheer weight of its merit. (Para. 4, Line 1-2) brin
38、g to close quarters with: bring into contact with formidable: difficult to defeat formidable rivals: 劲敌 merit: a quality deserving praise or approval Paraphrase: When English had to compete with other languages (like French and German) which were also very strong, it had very often won, and its vict
39、ory was not because it had a greater number of speakers, but because it had great advantages over other languages. Translation： 英语在与其劲敌的竞争中取胜，往往不是因为数量原因，而完全是因为其优点。,Book One,2. When American pedagogues speak of the virtues of English they almost always begin by hymning its enormous vocabulary (Para.
40、5, Line 1-2) Pedagogue: a schoolteacher, an educator virtue: a particularly good quality hymn: to praise, glorify, or worship in or as if in a hymn Paraphrase: When American educators speak of the advantages of English, they almost always begin by speaking highly of its enormous vocabulary. Translat
41、ion： 当美国的教育工作者谈及英语的优点时，几乎总是以赞美其词汇量之庞大为开头。,Book One,3. But this is not what enchants the foreigner; on the contrary, the vast reaches of the vocabulary naturally alarm him. (Para. 5, Line 3-4) enchant: to attract and delight reaches: the extent or distance something can reach; scope alarm: to fill wi
42、th alarm; frighten Paraphrase: But the large size of the vocabulary of English is not what the foreigner is really interested in; on the contrary, the great variety of meanings and implications frighten him. Translation： 然而，吸引外国人的并不是词汇量大，相反，浩瀚的词汇很容易令外国人担忧。,Book One,4. The English, from the Age of An
43、ne onward, have resisted the march of American with a mixture of patriotic watchfulness and moral indignation, albeit with steadily decreasing effectiveness. (Para. 10) indignation: anger aroused by something unjust, mean, or unworthy albeit: although “with a mixture of patriotic watchfulness and mo
44、ral indignation” is a adverbial clause of result (方式状语从句 ); “with steadily decreasing effectiveness.” is adverbial clause of manner (结果状语从句 ). Paraphrase: From the Age of Anne up to now, the English people have been against the development of American English with a mixture of patriotic watchfulness
45、 and moral indignation, although their resistance has been less and less effective.,Book One,Translation： 自安妮时代以来，英国人就以一种带有爱国者的警惕和义愤的复杂心情，来拒绝美语的进入，尽管效果在日渐下降。,Book One,5. At regular intervals the London dailies and weeklies break into sonorous complaints against the American invasion. (Para. 12, Line
46、 1-2) at regular intervals: regularly, once in a specific period of time at intervals: from time to time sonorous: having or producing a full, deep, or rich sound Paraphrase: From time to time the London newspapers and weekly magazines publish articles to complain vigorously against the Americanisms
47、 in the English language. Translation： 每隔一段时间，伦敦的日报和周报便对美语侵入提出大声抗议。,Book One,6 . who was saying so long ago as 1899 that Americans had enormously enriched the language, not only with new words, but with apt and luminous colloquial metaphors. (Para. 13, Line 3-4) enrich: to make fuller, more meaningf
48、ul, or more rewarding apt: exactly suitable; appropriate luminous: easily comprehended; clear Colloquial: characteristic of the spoken language Paraphrase: He said in 1899 that Americans had greatly enriched the language by introducing new words as well as appropriate and clear metaphors with the fe
49、atures of spoken language. Translation： 他早在1899年就说过，美国用语大大丰富了英语语言，不仅为英语增加了新词，而且增加了一些恰如其分、通俗易懂、带有口语特色的比喻用法。,Book One,Language Points,Book One,vi. to (cause to) move faster (使)加快，加速 反义词decelerate e.g. The car accelerated as it overtook me. 那辆汽车一加速就超越了我。 The leader is losing ground as the rest of the runners accelerate. 领先者在其余赛跑者加速时就逐渐失去了优势。 vt. fml to cause to happen faster or earlier than expected (正式)使加快，促进，提前 e.g. China is accelerating its economic development. 中国的经济发